英语饮食习语的文化含义

中西饮食文化对比研究

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 分析简?奥斯汀的作品《爱玛》中的理性主义 2 解析《宠儿》的象征意义 3 A Comparison of Western and Eastern Privacy Concepts 4 The Religious Thoughts in The Pilgrim’s Progress 5 从原型批评理论观点看《红字》的圣经原型 6 An Interpretation of Nightingale in The Nightingale and the Rose 7 目的论指导下《页岩》英译汉中的词类转译现象 8 A Contrastive Study on the Religious Constituents of Chinese and Western Christians 9 中国英语学习者道歉言语行为的中介语石化现象 10 英语中的性别歧视 11 《吉檀迦利》中的泛神论思想 12 《阿甘正传》承载的美国青年价值观 13 美国英语与英国英语在词汇上的差异 14 《论自然》—浅析爱默生的超验主义自然观 15 论小学英语教学中的词汇教学策略 16 Verification of Soft Term in Letter of Credit 17 On English Translation of Chinese Menu and the Connotation of Chinese Culinary Culture 18 英语中常用修辞格 19 Advertising and Its Application 20 Maternal Love in The Millstone 21 中美饮食文化实体行为与非实体行为的民族差异 22 目的论在公司宣传广告英译中的应用 23 从生态视野解读狼图腾 24 论《财神和爱神》中十九世纪末美国社会的阶级冲突及解决 25 An Analysis of Hemingway' Religious Complex in The Old Man and the Sea 26 浅析《还乡》中爱格敦荒原的象征意义 27 28 论环境和社会制度对人的行为和品格的影响——以《雾都孤儿》中南希的形象分析为例 29 中美个人理财规划的对比分析 30 从谭恩美小说中“家”的概念看其文化身份认定 31 中美企业并购中的文化整合分析 32 弗吉尼亚伍尔夫《墙上的斑点》的叙事技巧分析 33 试析《弗兰肯斯坦》中的哥特风格 34 成人第二语言习得中的石化现象 35 从《嘉莉妹妹》看美国梦与道德观 36 女性意识的觉醒——评《雨中的猫》中的人物对比描写 37 谈呼啸山庄的复仇主题 38 约翰·福尔斯《法国中尉的女人》的元小说叙事研究 39 美剧《欲望都市》中女性语言的语用分析 40 英汉社交称呼语礼貌规范和语用失误研究 41 中文菜名英译的失误与分析 42 《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的性格分析

中国饮食文化英文介绍

中国饮食文化英文介绍 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢 篇一：中国饮食文化——英文版 China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China’s local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. Certainly, there are many other local cuisines that are famous, such as Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine. 中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。因为中国地方菜肴各具特色，总体来讲，中国饮食可以大致分为八大地方菜系，这种分类已被广为接受。当然，

还有其他很多著名的地方菜系，例如北京菜和上海菜。 Shandong Cuisine 山东菜系 Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. 山东菜系，由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香，鲜，酥，软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料，山东菜系通常很辣。山东菜系注重

中国饮食文化英文介绍

Chinese Food Culture 1.Characteristics of cuisines in southern part of China Chinese cuisine has a number of different genres, but the most influential and typical known by the public are the 'Eight Cuisines'. These are as follows: Shandong Cuisine, Guangdong Cuisine, Sichuan Cuisine, Hunan Cuisine, Jiangsu Cuisine, Zhejiang Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine and Anhui Cuisine. We have roughly separated Chinese cuisine into two genres. They are Cuisines of the north part and the southern part. Cuisines of the southern part of China are really featured. They have various differences with northern cuisine. Firstly, abundant rain drops and sunlight in South China provide favorable conditions for the growth of millet and rice. Compared with people in North China who have to spend much time in cold weather, people in South China are less preferable to meat diet, which contains lots of fat and protein. Southern Chinese prefer plant diet quite a lot. Many people are accustomed to drink soup both before and after the meal. Guangdong Soup(老火靓汤) Secondly, South China is one of the most developed areas in China. It welcomes people from the entire world. As a result, Southern Cuisine, especially Guangdong Cuisine, emphasizes a flavor which is clear but not light, refreshing but not common, tender but not crude. Thirdly,People in South China tend to be more careful and sensitive than northern people. As a result, their dishes as well as appearance are really cute and attractive. Just like dim sum(点心), which means “touch the heart”, is one of the most famous Cantonese meal. It consists of a variety of delicacies and is usually served for breakfast or dinner. Spicy-hot Fish麻辣鱼Mapo Tofu (Stir-Fried Tofu in Hot Sauce)麻婆豆腐Pork Rips排骨)Penaeus orientalis对虾 2.Characteristics of cuisines in northern part of China Cuisines of the north part of China have several characteristics. people in the north tend to eat cooked wheaten food. Or in other words, people eat more food made of flour. This is because the climate here is temperate continental climate, which means there are less rain drops and sunlight. And this climate provides favorable conditions for the growth of wheat. First,When it comes to cooked wheaten food, there is a place many people are familiar with. That is Shanxi(山西). As the saying goes, “east or west, Shanxi cooked wheaten food is best”. Shanxi is famous for its diverse and delicious cooked wheaten food. With a history of 2000years, Shanxi cooked wheaten food is gaining more and more popularity at home and even abroad. Cooked wheaten food in Shanxi,there are round 280 kinds of cooked wheaten food, among which the sliced noodles is the most renowned one. Apart from the sliced noodles刀削面, boiled food also includes hand-pulled noodles拉面, He lao饸饹）Tijian,剔尖Maoerduo猫耳朵, Jiupian(揪片) ，which are all delicious and tasty. As for the cooked food, it includes fried cake(炸糕)、Yi wo su(一窝酥)、fried dough twist （麻花）,Shuai bing(甩饼) and so on. Other steamed wheaten food includes steamed bun、You mian kao lao（莜面栲栳）、Gao liang mian yu（高粱面鱼）. Second, food in the north is often more salty and greasy than that in the south.

中西方饮食文化差异论文

课程论文 英美文化课程论文 系别：教育二系 专业年级：初教六班 姓名：李倩 学号：13310604 指导教师：李智强 职称：讲师 2015年6月13日

目录 中文摘要...........................................................................英文摘要...........................................................................前言 (1) 1中西方饮食文化差异………………………………………………1~5 1.1中美饮食文化的历史差异 (1) 1.2中西方饮食观念的差异 (3) 1.3中西方中美饮食文化食材差异 (5) 1.4中西方饮食文化的用餐方式及餐具差异 (5) 2中西方饮食文化的相互影响及思考 (5) 参考文献： (7)

[摘要]：本篇论文探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异，饮食文化在世界文化中起着非常重要的作用。中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异，不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点。在不同的文化背景下，无论是在观念、对象、方式、餐具、还是礼仪等各方面，这些不同都是显而易见的。但是，随着国际的交流与融合，中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展，这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进作用。 [关键词]: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 文化差异 前言 随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高，而随着中国与世界接轨，麦当劳,肯德基等快餐及西餐越来越多的渗透到了中国的餐饮文化中。而中国的饮食也在西方许多国家享有盛誉。现今，中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。餐饮产品由于地域特征、气候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 1.1中美饮食文化的历史差异 中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系，而饮食在两个文化中都占有非常重要的地位。我们将会通过大量调查得来的数据及细致的研究为您分析中西方饮食文化的异同,优劣，希望对您今后的饮食结构的改善有所帮助。 历史上，中国是世界上最古老的国家之一，有五千年的悠久而厚重的历史。千百年来形成了博大精深的文化.随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异，四大菜系逐渐形成，四大菜系自成体系,各有特点,但共同点是用料复杂考究，制作方法复杂。口味多种多样。 西方以欧美为代表,其文化同样源远流长.到中世纪，欧洲文化已十分完善,

饮食文化方面词汇大全

饮食文化 各大菜系major styles of cooking / cuisine 粽子Zongzi: a pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves （eaten on the Dragon Boat Festival） 月饼moon cake 蜜饯candied preserved fruit / sweetened preserved plums 豆沙sweet bean paste 蛋黄egg yolk 咸蛋黄marinated egg yolk 海鲜seafood 扇贝scallop 大葱scallion 葱green onion 肉馅minced meat 鱼糜minced fillet 虾糜minced shrimp 饺子Jiaozi boiled dumpling 八宝饭8-treasure rice 鲤鱼carp 青鱼black carp 草鱼grass carp 欧洲鲫鱼crucian carp 鲫鱼golden carp 鲈鱼bass 桂鱼Chinese perch 石斑鱼garoupa 三文鱼/ 大麻哈鱼salmon 金枪鱼tuna 鳕鱼cod 年糕rice cake - year cake 胡桃walnut 饭票，餐券meal ticket 涮羊肉thin slices of mutton for boiling in a hot pot 芝麻sesame

油条deep-fried dough sticks 酱油soy sauce 绿豆mung beans 油饼deep-fried dough cake 汤soup 菜dish 豆浆soybean milk 盖交饭rice served with meat and veggies on top 香菜cilantro （Chinese parsley cilantro/ coriander） 粉丝glass noodles; vermicelli made from bean starch, etc. 馒头steamed buns 花卷steamed twisted rolls 包子steamed stuffed buns 肉包子steamed bun with meat filling 肉馅meat filling 豆沙包steamed bun filled with bean paste 豆沙馅bean-paste filling 春卷spring roll （a thin sheet of dough, stuffed, rolled and fried） 包饺子making Chinese dumplings 案板kneading board 擀面杖rolling pin 馅stuffing; filling 面团儿dough 饺子皮dumpling wrappers 馄饨皮wonton wrappers 网筛wire strainer 蒸笼bamboo （food）steamer 锅贴pot sticker 烧卖shaomai （a steamed dumpling with the dough gathered at the top）葱饼scallion pancake 推棍儿pancake spreader 甜面酱sweet sauce made of fermented flour 北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck 面条noodles 拉面hand-stretched noodles; ramen 方便面instant noodle 挂面fine dried noodles 炒面fried noodles 凉面cold noodles in sauce 馄饨wonton （dumplings in soup） 刀削面shaved noodles 米粉rice flour

中美在饮食文化方面的差异 英语论文

淮阴工学院课程论文（2010-2011学年第二学期） 论文题目: 跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异——以中美饮食文化为例 课程名称：跨文化交际英语任课老师：余洪虹 姓名: 植云 班级: 艺术1093 学号: 1092202325

跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异 ——以中美饮食文化为例 摘要：饮食是一种文化，而不同的文化背景孕育着不同的饮食文化，中国饮食以食表意，其博大精深不可言喻，而美国的饮食则是吃什么就是什么。在中西方文化互相交融的今天，美国文化有值得我们学习和借鉴的地方，同时中华饮食文化的优点也要继承，本文着重从中美饮食文化进行比较，从而用客观的视角去审视中西方饮食文化。 关键词：饮食文化，中国饮食，美国饮食，文化差异 1中国饮食文化的特点 中国的历史悠久，文明源远流长，具有上下五千年的文化，因此饮食文化也比较丰富，它也是祖国丰富文化宝库中的一朵奇葩。中国从原始社会开始都是以大杂居为主，远古时期以部落为单位，后来一直演变，直到现代社会都是以家庭为单位，团团圆圆一直是中国人的愿望，中国人的集体意识形成了中国饮食文化的一大特点就是—一家人都是吃一桌菜，并且大多数家庭是以圆桌为主，一家人围在一起，表示家人和和睦睦、团团圆圆。中国人的饮食很讲究色、香、味原则，三者缺一不可，为使食物色美，通常是在青、绿、红、黄、白、黑、酱等色中取三至五色调配，也就是选用适当的荤素菜料，包括一种主料和二、三种不同颜色的配料，使用适当的烹法与调味，就能使得菜色美观。食物香喷，可以激发食欲，其方法即为加入适当的香料，如葱、姜、蒜、辣、酒、八角、桂皮、胡椒、麻油、香菇等，使烹煮的食物气味芬芳。烹调各种食物时，必须注重鲜味与原味的保留，尽量去除腥膻味；譬如烹调海鲜时，中国人则爱用葱姜。因此适量的使用如酱油、糖、醋、香料等各种调味品，可以使得嗜浓味者不觉其淡，嗜淡味者不嫌其浓，个人根据自己的口味选择。 因为中国自古以来地大物博、人口稠密，所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以谷物为主，肉少粮多，辅以菜蔬，这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食，而菜则是为了下饭，即助饭下咽。因为主食并不可口，必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点，但是不等同于盐。因为主食的单一性，所以，只有在菜上面花功夫，因此，中国的菜大都比较注重口味，

中国饮食英文论文

摘要 中国饮食文化博大精深、源远流长是来华外宾了解中国文化的一个重要窗口。菜铺上的菜名对人们有着很好的指示作用,它传神的表达出菜本身的特点和美好寓意。与此同时,随着我国日益与国际接轨,中国菜越来越受外国友人的亲睐。特别是2008奥运会的举办成功，有一次以最震撼最夺目的方式把中国推向世界。 但由于中国饮食烹饪方式多样，文化内涵丰富，相关专业性强，因而容易导致中国菜名的英译错误。中国菜名的英译错误不仅不能准确的表达出菜本身的特点,还给人留下不好的印象,闹出了国际笑话。因此，如果我们在翻译的时候把握翻译原则，注意灵活运用相关的翻译方法，中国菜名的翻译不至于成为翻译的“拦路虎”。 关键词：中国菜名; 翻译原则；翻译方法 注意：关键词应是3至5个名词

Abstract Chinese diet culture, with a long history, is rich and profound, which has become an important window for the foreign guests to get acquainted with Chinese culture. Chinese dish names on the menu have a good indication for people. It vividly expresses the characteristics of the food and good moral. At the same time, as our country increasingly has interfaced with international, Chinese dishes are becoming more and more popular among foreigners. Because of 2008 Olympic Games in China, it is one of the most brilliant ways to show China to the whole world. However, different Chinese food cooking ways, rich food culture and professional strong bring about difficulties for translation. Chinese dishes translation error can’t express the characteristics of the food and give people a bad impression. Therefore, we should grasp the translation principles and note the flexible use of relevant translation method. Keywords: Chinese dish names; translation principles; translation methods (注意：中英文Abstract摘要标题用小二号黑体)（内容用小四号）

传统中国美食的英文词汇

传统中国美食的英文词汇： 烧饼Clay oven rolls 油条Fried bread stick 韭菜盒Fried leek dumplings 水饺Boiled dumplings 蒸饺Steamed dumplings 馒头Steamed buns 割包Steamed sandwich 饭团Rice and vegetable roll 蛋饼Egg cakes 皮蛋100-year egg 咸鸭蛋Salted duck egg 豆浆Soybean milk 米浆Rice & peanut milk 饭类～ 稀饭Rice porridge 白饭Plain white rice 油饭Glutinous oil rice 糯米饭Glutinous rice 卤肉饭Braised pork rice 蛋炒饭Fried rice with egg 地瓜粥Sweet potato congee 面类～ 馄饨面Wonton & noodles 刀削面Sliced noodles 麻辣面Spicy hot noodles 麻酱面Sesame paste noodles 鸭肉面Duck with noodles

鹅肉面Goose with noodles 鳝鱼面Eel noodles 乌龙面Seafood noodles 榨菜肉丝面Pork , pickled mustard green noodles 蚵仔面线Oyster thin noodles 板条Flat noodles 米粉Rice noodles 炒米粉Fried rice noodles 冬粉Green bean noodle 汤类～ 鱼丸汤Fish ball soup 贡丸汤Meat ball soup 蛋花汤Egg & vegetable soup 蛤蜊汤Clams soup 蚵仔汤Oyster soup 紫菜汤Seaweed soup 酸辣汤Sweet & sour soup 馄饨汤Wonton soup 猪肠汤Pork intestine soup 肉羹汤Pork thick soup 花枝汤Squid soup 花枝羹Squid thick soup 甜点～ 爱玉Vegetarian gelatin 糖葫芦Tomatoes on sticks 长寿桃Longevity Peaches 芝麻球Glutinous rice sesame balls 麻花Hemp flowers

中国饮食文化英文版

China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. Certainly, there are many other local cuisines that are famous, such as Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine. 中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。因为中国地方菜肴各具特色，总体来讲，中国饮食可以大致分为八大地方菜系，这种分类已被广为接受。当然，还有其他很多着名的地方菜系，例如北京菜和上海菜。 Shandong Cuisine 山东菜系 Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. 山东菜系，由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香，鲜，酥，软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料，山东菜系通常很辣。山东菜系注重汤品。清汤清澈新鲜，而油汤外观厚重，味道浓重。济南菜系擅长炸，烤，煎，炒，而胶东菜系则以其烹饪海鲜的鲜淡而闻名。Shandong is the birthplace of many famous ancient scholars such as Confucious and Mencius. And much of Shandong cuisine's history is as old as Confucious himself, making it the oldest existing major cuisine in China. But don't expect to gain more wisdom from a fortune cookie at a Shandong restaurant in the West since fortune cookies aren't even indigenous to China. 山东是许多着名学者的故乡，例如孔夫子和孟子。许多山东菜的历史和孔夫子一样悠久，使得山东菜系成为中国现存的最古老的主要菜系之一。但是不要期望在西方国家的山东菜馆里从签饼(中国餐馆的折叠形小饼,内藏有预测运气话语的纸条)获得更多的好运气，因为签饼在中国也不是本土的。 Shandong is a large peninsula surrounded by the sea to the East and the Yellow River meandering through the center. As a result, seafood is a major component of Shandong cuisine. Shandong's most famous dish is the Sweat and Sour Carp. A truly authentic Sweet and Sour Carp must come from the Yellow River. But with the current amount of pollution in the Yellow River, you would be better off if the carp was from elsewhere. Shandong dishes are mainly quick-fried, roasted, stir-fried or deep-fried. The dishes are mainly clear, fresh and fatty, perfect with Shandong's own famous beer, Qingdao Beer 山东是个巨大的被向东流去的大海环绕的半岛，黄河曲折的流经其中部。因此海鲜是山东菜系的主要构成。山东最着名的菜肴是糖醋鲤鱼。正宗的糖醋鲤鱼必须打捞自黄河。但是因为现在黄河的众多污染，其他地方的鲤鱼更好一些。山东菜主要是速炸，烧烤，炒或深炸。菜肴清新肥美，搭配山东本地的着名啤酒——青岛啤酒就完美了。 Sichuan Cuisine 四川菜系 Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Szechuan Cuisine, is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil,

英美国家饮食文化

英美国家的饮食文化 有句格言：We eat to live，not live to eat.意思是：我们为了生存而吃，不是为了吃而生存。同中国一样，英美国家也习惯一日三餐。早餐的时间因人而异，一般是在早上七点半至八点半，午餐时间为中午十二点至两点，晚餐时间为七点至九点。美国人没有下午四、五点钟喝午茶的习惯，而英国人则非在下午四、五点钟喝午茶不可，有时除了喝咖啡或热茶外，还要加上些蛋糕。饼干等之类的东西。 早餐一般先吃水果或喝果汁，然后吃麦片粥，或谷类做的薄片加牛奶，再吃些鸡蛋、火腿、咸肉，有时还有烤面包。 午餐较简单，一般工作的人不回家吃午餐，有的带两片在家准备好的三明治，有的去快餐厅或餐馆简单吃一点食物。 晚餐是一天中最重要的一餐。所谓正餐，通常指星期日、生日或特别的日子精心烹制的膳食。绝大部分家庭在正餐前都换衣服。正餐的菜肴因场合不同而不同。一顿齐全的正餐顺序大致如下： 一、开胃品：饮料、酒或水果。 二、汤：喝汤时有时加黄油和面包。 三、主菜：鱼、肉和蔬菜，还有土豆和米饭。普通人一道主菜就够了，宴请时，最多也不过三、四个菜。这和中国人花费很多时间去准备很多饭菜是完全不同的。 四、餐后食品：包括点心、水果、冰淇淋等。 五、最后一道是咖啡。有些国家，如英国，在喝咖啡前还吃些饼干和乳酪。 英美等国人的饮食与中国人的饮食有很多不同之处。他们喜欢吃生菜，即使肉类、鱼类食品也煮得很生。肉中常常带血。这也许与他们认为煮得太熟的食物会破坏其营养成分相关吧。他们不喝热开水，而喝生水。他们的自来水是绝对干净的。 在英语国家赴宴须知 当你接到赴宴的请柬后若未即时回答对方你不能参加时，那就意味着你欣然接受了，那你就理应按照请柬上的时间、地点准时到达宴会场所。 每个席位都摆放有一个餐盘，盘里放着三副刀叉（knife and fork）和几把汤匙（spoon），两个酒杯，一块餐巾（napkin）和一只水杯。 服务员上菜（serve the dish）时，往往是等客人吃完一道后再上另一道菜。菜都是从左侧放进客人的餐盘的，每上一道菜，空盘子都得收走。吃这道菜时应

中国饮食文化

4.5 饮食文化 1．菜单 1)中国英文菜单现状： 中国饮食文化源远流长，享誉全球。随着中国旅游业的快速发展及北京奥运会的胜利召开，越来越多的海外人士来华旅游或工作，餐饮业作为旅游业的重要组成部分，也面临着国际化与走向世界的问题。对于这些来华的海外人士来讲，一次地道与美妙的用餐经历不仅会使旅途充满乐趣，也会使他们领略到中华美食的魅力与华夏文化的一个侧影。然而如果语言不通，即使品尝到珍馐美味，也无法知晓它的选材与烹制，更无从领略其中的文化内涵，因此一份正确精美的英文菜单对于国外友人是十分重要与必要的。 中餐以色、香、味俱全而著称于世，中国菜的命名方式更是异彩纷呈，一个菜名往往蕴含多重文化内涵，因此要把“色、香、味”俱全的中国菜名准确翻译成英文绝非易事。 目前中国菜的英文翻译良莠不齐，问题重重，简要可以归为以下几类： A．对菜品本身不了解，简单的逐字翻译 中国菜取料丰富，烹制复杂，取名抽象，且富含文化色彩，因而如果对菜名只进行简单的直译，则没有办法让国外友人对用料、烹制手法及菜品所蕴含的文化内涵有所了解。以下是某地中餐馆带有英文翻译的菜单。我们可以看出有几个菜名只是简单的直译，既不达意，也谈不上准确，仅举几例加以说明。 干炒牛河：Fuck to fry cow river 这道菜是放了嫩牛肉片炒制的河粉，河粉是以大米磨成稀浆蒸制而成的薄米粉条，广东、广西各地城乡均出产。所以牛河是两种原料，即牛肉和粉条，而却被直译成cow river,这显然是字对字的翻译，译者根本没弄清这道菜是什么。而对来就餐的外国游客来说，更是一头雾水了。“干炒”是烹饪方法的一种，所以在翻译这道菜名时应把烹饪方法翻译出来，然后再加上原料，其正确译法应该是“Fried rice-noodle with beef”。这样一来，就餐的客人就知道这“干炒牛河”的“奥妙”了。 上汤云吞：Top soup cloud swallows 云吞是广东人对馄饨的叫法。正确的翻译是“WonTon”,这一用法已经被西方人所接受并且使用。而我们在这份菜单中看到的翻译确是“cloud swallows”即“白云吞下”,这就是逐字翻译，让人看了后感到莫名其妙。上汤指用老鸡，火腿，猪骨，瘦肉加水等熬出来的高品质的口味鲜美的汤。但直译的“Top Soup”就让人觉得不知所云了。其实这道菜可以翻译成“Won Ton Soup”。类似的说法还有“Dumpling Soup”即上汤水饺。由此可见，在翻译带有“上汤”这类菜名的时候，往往都是把“上”这个概念给省略了，直接译成“soup”就可以了。 炸酱面：Fry the sauce 炸酱面在这份菜单中被翻译成“fry the sauce”是一个动宾结构的祈使句，意思是让用餐者自己去“炸”那个“酱”！这显然是错误的。而我们知道炸酱面是北京传统的小吃，就是把炸好的酱与现煮好的面拌着一起吃。所以“炸酱面”应该译为“noodles with soybean sauce”。

英美文化差异

Cultural differences on politeness between western and Chinese can be found in many aspects of daily communication, including addressing, greeting and parting,compliments, apologies, thanks, etc. In the following, we will look at some cultural different between China and western. 1.Greeting and Parting When people meet acquaintances or friends, people usually greet each other . The purpose of greeting is to establish or maintain social contact. So formulaic expressions are often used, but such formulaic expressions often causes conflict because of the great cultural differences between Chinese and native English speakers. In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other “Good morning/evening/afternoon. “Fine day, isn’t it? ”How is everything going?” Have you eaten yet?” What are you going to do?” Where have you been?”etc. Westerners treat them as real question. While in Chinese, we always say “你吃了吗？”“你上哪里去？”“你干什么去？”to show our consideration. Parting may be divided into two steps. Before the final prating, there is usual a leave-taking. Western and Chinese cultures have diverse ways to deal with leave-takings. Firstly, in English society, during the closing phase of an encounter, from ”I” perspective, reasons for terminating the encounter are presented in mitigatory comments. Typical comments are associated with expressions of apology, such as “I” am afraid I must be off, I have to relieve the ba by-sitter” etc. Western people believe that to be willing to visit and converse with someone is to have respect for him.; to terminate the visiting is not of one’s own free will, but because of some other arrangements, therefore they always try to make their leaving sound reluctant by finding some reasons and apologize for it to make the leaving acceptable for both parties. English speakers often signal several times before leaving. “Well, it’s been nice to see you again. I do enjoy our talk and the lovely dinner, but I must be going soon”. Thank you very much for asking me over. I hope we’ll be able to get together again before long…” Consolidation in a wider range of common acquaintances also occurs, in expressions such as “Say hello to Jack for me” or “Remember me to John”. In Chinese society, during the closing phase of and encounter, usually, from a “you ”perspective, reasons for ending the encounter are set forth in mitigatory expressions. Such expressions include“你挺忙的，我就不多打扰了。”“你一定累了，早点休息吧，我 要告辞了。”, etc. With these words, they may stand up from their seats. Chinese leave-taking is very short and quick. Western people think it so abrupt that they have not prepare for it. While moving to the door, Chinese employ expressions of apology like“对不起没，打扰了。”“对不起，占用你不少时间。”It should be noted that these expressions employed by Chinese guests to show concern for their hosts can only be appropriate for business visits in the English environment2..AddressingBoth western and Chinese people have two kinds of personal names---a surname and a given name. But the order and the use of these names in the two languages are somewhat different. In Chinese, the surname comes first and then the given name. And people like add“小”before their family name. Such as“小王”、“小郑”、“小李”、“小徐”and so on.. While westerners names are written and spoken with the given name first and the family name last. So John Smith's family name is Smith, not John. In a formal setting, address men as "Mister" (abbreviated as "Mr."), married women as "Misses" (abbreviated as "Mrs."), and unmarried women as "Miss" (abbreviated as "Ms."). These days many women prefer to be addressed using the abbreviations "Ms." or "M.", pronounced "miz". If the person has an M.D. or Ph.D., they will often be addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated as "Dr."). Faculty are addressed as "Professor" (abbreviated as "Prof.").In an informal situation,westerners will introduce each other by first name, without titles, and occasionally by just the last name. If you are introduced to somebody by first name, you can address him or her by first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for someone who holds an important position, such as the university president or provost. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should be addressed using their title and last name (e.g., "Professor Smith"). When in doubt, use the formal manner of address, since it is better to err on the side of formality. It is also appropriate to ask how they prefer to be addressed. Children should always address adults in the formal fashion, using their title and last name. Another difference is about the form of addressing. From the viewpoint of sociolinguistics, forms