初中生英语跨文化交际.docx
初中生英语跨文化交际
【内容摘要】语言乃是文化的重要载体与介质，文化同语言二者之间表现为内容与形式的关系。因此对母语之外第二语言的学习，实则即是对全新文化的学习过程。英语现已成为各种文化背景的公众能够进行有效沟通的重要文化载体形式。基于此，教师为学生进行英语授课时，应注重使学生了解英语语系国家的特定文化背景。为此，本文从初中英语教学中渗透跨文化意识的意义入手，对初中生跨文化意识养成策略展开论述，以供参考。
【关键词】初中英语跨文化交际文化背景
2001年我国教育部颁布实施的《英语课程标准》中明确要求对学生文化意识的培养应放在与语言知识与技能培养同等重要的地位上。然而从国内近年来英语教学对学生跨文化意识培养的情况来看，高中与大学均较为重视培养学生的跨文化意识，与之相比而言，初中阶段对学生跨文化意识的培养情况难以尽如人意，同时也鲜有研究成果问世。基于此种情形，应注重在初中英语教学过程中培养学生的跨文化意识，以便藉此提升学生对英语知识的领悟能力。
一、初中英语教学中渗透跨文化意识的意义
在初中英语教学中培养学生的跨文化意识，能够使学生通过英语世界文化背景的掌握，提升其学习兴趣，增进其英语学习效能。
1.了解中西方文化的差异性能够使学生的英语语言实际运用能力得以增强
中西方的文化差异表现在诸多方面，以社交礼仪为例：在中国，邀请别人参加宴会或某种活动，时间由邀请方确定，被邀请者视受到邀请为一种荣幸，一般都会按时赴约。在美国，主人邀请他人来家中作客或者邀请他人出席活动等举动，通常被视为对他人私隐时间的占用，因此必须通过协商的方式确定时间。在欧美国家，如若他人向你奉上礼物，应立即打开，这代表着对送礼人的尊重，是社交礼仪的体现；在国内如若在送礼人面前拆开礼物，则是对送礼人缺少尊重的表现。由此可见，学生基于提升自身英语语言交际能力的目的，则应当对英语语系国家的社会、历史、国情、习俗等文化加以了解。
2.对英语语系国家文化背景的了解能够提升学生的英语阅读能力
英语阅读能力并非是对英文文本内容的诵读能力，而是能够通过阅读了解文本的内涵。可以说，阅读能力的养成有赖于学生具备较强的知识综合运用能力。对英文文本内容的理解，不仅要求学生具备英文语法知识，还要有一定的专业知识或文化背景知识。实践表明，在语言难度小时，阅读英语作品有困难主要是因为文化意识的缺乏。这一点许多英语学习者深有体会。因为英语作品的作者对文章的背景文化一般都比较熟悉，材料中词语的运用以及文章意义的表达都自然得体，吻合英语表达范式。然而作为读者而言，如若对文本中的文化背景欠缺了解，则仅仅能读懂文本内容的大概，对其中的思想内涵难以窥见全貌。
二、初中生跨文化意识养成策略
1.注重在英语教学中实现跨文化交际意识的渗透
（1）注重对英语教材内涵思想的发掘，使学生从中感受到不同的文化信息。之所以一些学生在通过英语与他人进行社交时存在瑕疵，原因即在于这些学生并不了解中西方社会在文化方面存在的差异。根据当前的初中英语教材编写体例看，相当一部分篇目收录了英语语系国家文化介绍的内容，因此教师在教学中应通过这些文章内容帮助学生养成跨文化意识。
（2）注重通过听说训练帮助学生养成跨文化意识。在任何语言的学习过程中，学习者通常所遭遇的最大难题即在于其母语思维。同时，在现实社交过程当中，谈话者之间对语言形式的遴选往往会受到一些外部条件的左右，诸如空间、谈话这的性格因素、立场等。
2.注重激活英语教材内容。
初中英语教材中遴选了诸多同英语语系国家与地区的文化相关的内容，因此教师在教学中应注意引导学生对中西方文化的差异性进行辨析，同时结合教材所列举的实例进行教学，使学生从中获益。例如：在学到Howoldareyou？时，老师要告诉学生，在中国打听年龄很平常，但在外国问年龄，特别是问女士年龄时，她们往往会说：Sorry，it'smysecret.因为西方人认为年龄、收入、财产、婚姻、家庭、行动去向等属于个人隐私，随意打听是不礼貌的。所以当与外国人交谈时，除非他们毫不介意，这类问题容易使谈话陷入僵局，因此在谈话中可以选择天气、新闻作为交流内容。
3.注重为学生创设跨文化语言交流情境。
教学情境的创设能够提升学生的英语语言习得能力。因此初中英语教师应在教学中根据学生的学情，为学生创设跨文化语言交流情境，如教师可以在讲授英美文学作品时，先为学生讲解书中的人物，同时注意观察学生的反应，以便洞悉学生对书中人物的了解程度，其后要求学生对人物角色进行评价，随之教师为学生分配角色和英文台词，要求学生以书中人物的口吻进行模拟社交。特定的情境可以激发学生学习英语的兴趣，学生会满怀热情地学习相关内容，了解英语国家的文化。
另外，可以在条件成熟的情况下，开展英语文化日活动，通过COSPLAY表演或是为学生讲解英语语系国家的节日习俗，使学生了解英语语系国家的文化背景，从而提升学生在英语学习过程中的文化敏感度。
跨文化交际(英文版)
Cross –cultural communication Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in
新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版
期末考试范围 ? 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%） ? 2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。（15%） ?eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. ? 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。（25%） 4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%） 5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论 （comment)。（30%） 如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中 美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。 价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等 篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 A Unit10 B Unit1 A Key concepts reservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的 humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神 Q1、what is a reserved person like? Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen? Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship. Q3、what is sportsmanship? Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while al so showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Case study Q、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation?
跨文化交际英语作文
The differences in gifts culture between Chinese and the western Chinese and western have the custom of gifts, gift of east and west have paid great attention, and that it should be reciprocity, back and forth. However, the western culture and eastern culture gifts behavior or have very big difference. If we do not pay attention to these gifts cultural differences, and maybe one day when we and the western friends, we would be in trouble. Living in California town of Chinese children's king Michael reading grade five, he particularly clever, study is also very hard, because this result also is very good. In the school year ended and the result was not announced before, mike parents will give teachers a small gift certificates and a thank you card thanks teacher in a year to mike's help. After a few days, year-end results announced, mike without a surprisingly high class, the result is far far higher than other students. A few of the students with lower scores of parents in heard that mike parents have to the teacher very angry after gifts, they think mike's result was the parents to the teacher bribes paid it. Because China's gift in it is quite common, in order to pay homage to express gratitude, for friendship, want to people, and so on, can choose to give gifts, even civilians and officials, junior and superior, parents and teachers gifts between is normal things. But in the United States to have the public interest relationship between each other between the imagination of gifts to each other is more sensitive. Although mike parents just out of gratitude teacher kindness and give gifts, but the teacher and mike announced results directly related, this time can't really give gifts is the American potential consciousness, if choose announced results in gifts before, then, yeah, it would involve the suspicion of bribery. So, some parents misunderstanding to doubt the result of the hard to avoid is mike. Another example:An American woman living in Wisconsin volunteered to tutor English to a Chinese woman who had moved into the same community. “Before each lesson, and on each and every visit,” the American reported, “the Chinese lady brought me a gift — a book, some paper sculpture, flowers, or candy. It was embarrassing。” Unknowingly, this American was experiencing a vestige of protocol rooted centuries deep in the Chinese culture。 In America, lavish, extravagant gifts are definitely out. An appropriate alternate to a gift is to take the deserving person to dinner, or to an entertainment or sporting event. On the contrary, gift giving is an institution and a revered custom in China. “gift giving is a necessity, not merely a nicety as in the West。” In China the proper gift is thought to express the giver's true friendship, gratitude, and respect far better than words can. Of course, the western culture and eastern culture gifts or have many other behavior very big difference. First is gift ideas for the difference. The Chinese tend to pay attention to the present the essential meaning, namely its practical value, but don't like useless things. For new couples give gifts, the past is often feel, bed sheet, antependium, ZhuSheng for newborns, often sent packing elegant small clothes, are very inexpensive. Chinese New Year holiday even directly red
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力 中宁五中张永宏 摘要：本文通过分析我国英语教学现状，探索英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性，具体分析“跨文化交际能力”的三大组成，思考培养英语跨文化交际能力的具体方法。 关键词：跨文化交际语义文化语用文化 多年来，我国的英语教学主要采用传统的教学方法，即传统的听说法“with its end less and mind-numbing repetitive drills”和古老的以教师为中心的语法—翻译法。教师往往只注重学生语言形式的正确与否或使用是否流畅，而较少注重结合语言使用的场合来培养学生综合运用的能力。学生在这种教学模式下，经过十几年的英语学习，即使是有些成绩很好的学生也不能用所学的英语同外国人进行有效地交流。为了改变这种现状，人们必然对英语教学提出新的要求。而跨文化交际能力的培养却能在一定程度上弥补传统教学的这种缺陷。 首先，何为跨文化交际呢？“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“intercultural communication”或“cross-cultural communication”，它既指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和社会文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质社会及宗教等环境的不同，因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的社会文化、风土人情和语言习惯等诸语境因素，造成人们不同的说话方式或习惯话语。这就可能使交际双方对对方的话语做出不准确地推论，从而产生冲突、误会或交际的故障。 跨文化交际能力就是针对文化冲突提出来的，它是一种在理解、掌握外国文化知识与交际技能的基础上，灵活处理跨文化交际中出现的实际问题的能力。 一、英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性。 1、近年来, 随着改革开放步伐的加快, 对外交往日益频繁, 国与国之间的交流也越来越 广泛, 特别是社会信息化提高, 国际互联网的开通使更多的人足不出户便涉及到跨 文化交际。中国成功地加入WTO后，国际市场对能用英语熟练有效地交际的复合型人才的大量需求给外语教学提出了新的挑战，所以培养跨文化交际能力有其现实意义。 2、培养跨文化交际能力有助于我们要打破以往“就语言教语言”的模式，把交际因素引 进到英语教学中来，在英语教学过程中揭示那些隐伏在语言背后的，易引起误会和冲突的文化因素。掌握语言不只是掌握语法、音位和语义规则，还必须考虑到外国社会文化背景造成的语言之外的规则。 3、培养跨文化交际能力有利于处理好语言和文化的关系。语言和文化是不可分割的，二 者相互依存、相互影响。语言是文化的载体，又是文化的重要组成部分，也是文化的
《英语跨文化交际》课程教学大纲-
《英语跨文化交际》课程教学大纲 课程编号：1233201 课程名称：英语跨文化交际 总学时：16学时 试验或上机学时：无 先修课及后续课：先修课：涉外礼仪 一、课程说明 1.课程性质：本课程是继《涉外礼仪》之后的专业必修课。 2.教学目标及意义： 本课程是与专业基础课同时开设的专业课，旨在通过学习跨文化交际基础理论，结合涉外礼仪实践，分析跨文化交际案例，提高跨文化交际意识，并在语言学习的同时，更多关注相关国家的文化，特别是通过与本族文化的对比，提高跨文化交际能力。 3. 教学内容与教学要求： 英语专业教学大纲强调，在语言学习过程中要培养学生的跨文化交际意识，增强对文化差异的敏感性和宽容性，提高处理跨文化交际冲突的灵活性，即跨文化交际能力。 跨文化交际能力包括语言运用能力，相关国家文化知识以及相关专业的能力和交流能力。通常认为语言运用能力特指外语知识和外语技能，忽视了学习者对目的语国家的文化知识的要求，特别是灵活运用已有的本国和目的国的相同之处，相似之处和差异进行跨文化交流的能力。 交际的主要媒介是语言但语言并非唯一的媒介。诸多非语言手段，如手势，面部表情，时间和空间的使用等，都具有重要的交际功能。而任何交际，无论是语言的还是非语言的，都是在特定文化环境中进行的，必然受到该文化中价值观念、思维方式、传统习惯、交往规约等的影响和制约。因此，这些文化内涵也是交际能力的重要组成部分。 不同文化之间，在方方面面都存在明显的差异。实践证明，文化背景不同的人进行交际时，这些差异常常成为障碍。要减少此类交际障碍，促成有效交流，跨文化意识与跨文化交际能力必不可少。 任何人都生活在特定的文化之中，思想、语言、行为等都受到该文化的影响与支配。 文化意识即指对此有清醒的认识。跨文化意识首先涉及对文化多元的认识。对文化而言，既有国别文化的不同，一国之内亦有主流文化与种种亚文化之分，同时个体间的差异也不容忽视。因此，不能理所当然地以本文化的规则来评价不同文化背景人的交际行为。 其次，不同文化间既有异（个性），也有同（共性），要辩证的看待文化。另外，应该树立文化平等观。文化没有高低优劣之分，跨文化交际目的是理解和沟通，促进各民族间的长期友谊和共同发展，在培养文化意识和跨文化意识的同时，还要认真思考汉语与英语文化在主要方面的异同之处，分析跨文化交际中可能出现的问题及其对应策略。 本课程以语言学习为前提，强调在语言学习的过程中提高利用外语进行跨文化交际的能力，通过对交际与语言，语言与文化，文化与价值观的学习和讨论，提高跨文化交际意识；通过对文化现象的思考和讨论，反思语言学习过程，增加对文化差异的敏感性； 通过课堂活动和案例学习，提高跨文化交际意识和能力，达到有效交流的目的。 4. 教学重点和难点： 本课程内容包括：交际与文化，语言与文化，文化与价值观，语言交际和非语言交际，
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. 2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas. 3.It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general. The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom. Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected. American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.
跨文化交际英文
C r o s s–c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then
新编跨文化交际英语教程1-10单元翻译
1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43 虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观 文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。 跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。
跨文化交际英语
旅游英语内容丰富，建议根据旅游管理专业的不同方向划分不同的专题内容模块，如下图1所示高尔夫英语模块，邮轮英语模块，酒店英语模块，即根据学生（不同专业方向）所需，细化旅游英语课程的内容，同时将跨文化交际知识和技能融入模块化教学中，提升旅游专业学生的跨文化交际意识和能力。 课程设置方面，旅游英语应承接大学英语教学，其最佳开课时间为大二下学期或大三上学期，开课时间以连开两个学期最优，可适当增加每周课时量为2-4.另外，与旅游英语课程为中心，其相关辅助的旅游文化课程（如介绍中西文化和海南本土文化）的开设则有助于学生全面有效地提高跨文化理解力和跨文化能力的提升，这才是旅游英语课程跨文化教学的目的。 目前海南高校采用的旅游英语教材种类繁多，且多偏重词汇与句型，而真正交际中的文化障碍无法解决，常出现语法正确却“文化错误”的现象，再者针对海南本地旅游发展所需的教材却几乎没有。因此根据旅游管理专业不同方向的专题模块，开发出本土化系列教材乃当前海南旅游业发展所需，学生实习就业所需。 涉外旅游活动本身就是跨文化交际的过程，因此与该教材配套的相关文化知识介绍﹑情景语境练习设计﹑project-based task﹑survey﹑相应的音视频等都可上传至我省教育部门官网，向全省乃至全国免费开放。此外，将旅游英语系列教材内容及网上资源做成APP软件，对教材使用者免费下载，如此，旅游英语课程的纸质版﹑网络版﹑手机版相辅相成，构成立体化的系列本土教材。当然，这一任务需要海南省各大高校合作完成，发挥各自有的专业和资源优势，由教育部门统一管理，建立海南省旅游英语课程网络教学资源的共享机制，还可拓展至其他专业课程。 旅游英语的跨文化教学又对教师有更高的要求（知识面广﹑熟悉相关旅游活动﹑掌握英语语言技能﹑具有跨文化敏感性及体验），笔者建议:1)充分利用社会资源。聘请兼职教师，包括长期从事旅游业，具有跨文化旅游服务经历的外语人才参与课堂教学互动与分享；2）培养现有的师资队伍。根据教师的专业背景和课程安排情况，安排教师到相关旅游单位或酒店进行“挂职锻炼”，切身进行旅游活动实践，增强教师的跨文化交际体验，打造“双师型”教学队伍；3）强化校本培训。开展学校内部专题文化讲座﹑旅游英语跨文化教研活动﹑教师跨文化体验分享活动﹑学校与合作旅游企业双向交流活动等以扩大任课教师对旅游活动和跨文化感受的理解和掌握，最终提升跨文化旅游英语教学效果。 具有实践性和应用型特点的旅游英语跨文化教学仅依赖传统课堂教学很难使学生达到自觉﹑有效﹑灵活的跨文化交际行为这一层次的。因此建议：1）授课过程中，添加微课教学和案例教学方式，让学生体验旅游英语的跨文化交际情境，换位思考，并进行跨文化案例分析讨论，使学生由知识学习﹑技能掌握，逐步向行为实践过渡，真正体现旅游英语跨文化教学的实践性和应用性；2）建立旅游实习实训中心（含旅游英语3D模拟实训室），理论课堂和实践课堂相结合。鼓励学生在理论知识的基础上，自主创设真实跨文化旅游情境（如酒店服务﹑导游服务），实际操练旅游英语知识﹑技能和文化教学的重难点；3）充分利用学校的留学生资源﹑外教资源﹑涉外企业管理人员，以项目任务形式指导学生做相关的交际活动﹑调研活动，在实践中体验旅游跨文化交际，且与专业课教学相结合，将相应的专业课理论和研究方法应用于调研报告的撰写和分析中；4）根据系列本土化立体教材内容，同时将相应配套资源（练习﹑音视频﹑文化信息等）做成APP软件，与课堂授课相呼应，增加学生课后实践练习的机会。同时依托网络平台，建立旅游英语文化交流吧，鼓励同学们上传自己的作品（文章﹑交际音视频），以供相互学习讨论，增强其旅游英语的实践能力。
大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版
Chapter 1 Culture Definitions: 1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。(P12/P29) 2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。(P19/29) 3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29) 4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。(P25/30) ?Case 2 (P8) The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why. Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication Definitions: ?Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）(P37/P60) ?Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。） ?Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。） ?Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。） ?Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. 信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人. ?Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。） ?Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。） ?Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.