葛虚存清代名人轶事 年羹尧传阅读试题答案及翻译译文

葛虚存清代名人轶事 年羹尧传阅读试题答案及翻译译文
葛虚存清代名人轶事 年羹尧传阅读试题答案及翻译译文

葛虚存《清代名人轶事|年羹尧传》阅读试题答案及翻译(译文)

葛虚存《清代名人轶事|年羹尧传》阅读试题答案及翻译

年大将军羹尧,儿时性黠犷,力复过人,入塾不肯读书,师偶威以夏楚,反受其侮,齿已舞勺,尚不识一丁字。都统患之,遍托人物色名师,有能教化其子者不吝厚俸。有叟突然不介来谒,自称愿为公子师。都统谓叟曰:“豚儿蠢劣异常,先生惠然肯来,敢问教化当用何法?”叟曰:“如公不弃老朽,请择乡村僻地筑花园一所,池沼山石、竹木花草毕具,备设经史图籍及一切兵器日用各物。园中惟居师弟二人,不用仆从。四围高其墙垣,不必设门,仅留圭窦,按时以进饮食。比及三年,老朽自有以报公也。”都统如言部署。叟与羹尧居园中,日自兀坐观书,听羹尧所为,绝不过问。羹尧日浚沼填池、移山运石、种竹木、栽花草,嬉戏自得,亦与叟从不通一语。自春徂秋,园中池沼、山石、竹木、花草,或自东迁西,或由南徙北,迁徙既遍,羹尧颇自厌烦。一日饭毕,见叟观书孜孜不倦,旁观良久,似有羡心,卒然问曰:“先生竟日看书,其中果有味耶?”叟漫应曰:“书味极好,非汝所知也。汝第戏耳,勿来相嬲。”曰:“然则我亦可学乎?”叟曰:“有何不可?但恐汝不肯用心耳。”曰:“我若用心,汝肯教否乎?”叟笑曰:“汝如肯用心,我有何不肯教?”羹尧喜曰:“请从今天始,愿师有以教我幸甚。然究竟读书有何好处?敢请。”叟正色曰:“书之好处甚多,上焉者为圣贤,其次立功名,又其次取富贵,不知汝欲自居何等也?”曰:“敢问何谓为圣贤?”曰:“则古称先躬行不倦,明体达用,可仕可隐,道重一时,教垂百世,是谓为圣贤。”曰:“何谓立功名?”曰:“贯通天人,经纬文武,伐罪戡乱,拓地开疆,带砺山河,勋铭钟鼎,是谓立功名。”曰:“何谓取富贵?”曰:“简练揣摩,务趋时尚,弋获科第,雍容华瞻,妇嬉子笑,温饱自甘,是谓取富贵。”羹尧沉吟久之,曰:“圣贤非所敢望,寻常富贵又非所屑,愿师教我以立功名者可乎?”叟曰:“汝果真心从学乎?”羹尧乃拔剑斫树誓之曰:“如不真心从学,有如此树!”叟知其志已决,大喜,于是先取经史,日与讲论,又教其攻习举业,暇则谈论兵法,早晚或习射、或舞刀剑干戈,相与为乐。羹尧天资固优,凡事一学即精,三年学果有成,其齿甫成童也。

.下列语句中,加点的词解释不正确的一项是6

A.听羹尧所为听:倾听

B.自春徂秋徂:及,至

C.汝第戏耳第:只管

D.勋铭钟鼎铭:铭刻

7.下列各组语句中,加点的词意义和用法都相同的一组是

A.先生惠然肯来卒然问曰

B.按时以进饮食老朽自有以报公也

C.书之好处甚多羹尧沉吟久之

D.其中果有味耶叟知其志已决

8.下列语句的括号中是补出词语,补出后不符合文意的一项是

A.都统患之,遍托人物色名师

B.听羹尧所为,绝不过问

C.我若用心,汝肯教否乎

D.圣贤非所敢望,寻常富贵又非所屑

9.下列的理解和分析,不符合文意的一项是

A.都统对年幼的羹尧顽皮不肯读书很担忧,就不吝厚俸物色名师教化他,并如叟师所言,耗巨资建筑花园,部署一切,表现了为人父者对儿子深深的爱与期望。.

B.叟师对羹尧教化有方,“听羹尧所为”欲擒故纵,“书味极好,非汝所知也”吊足胃口,“但恐汝不肯用心耳”“汝果真心从学乎”激将有法,终使他真心从学。

C.年羹尧儿时很顽皮,蠢劣异常,不肯读书,但一经叟师激发出学习之志趣,就变得聪明优秀,经史举业,兵法兵器,凡事一学即精,居园学习三年就学有所成。

D.年羹尧由“齿已舞勺,尚不识一丁字”到“三年学果有成,其齿甫成童也”的转变,足以说明在学习成才上教师的教育方法与学生的学习志趣二者都非常重要。

6.A【听:听任,放任】7.A【A两个“然”,形容词词尾,……的样子。B 第一个“以”,连词,表修饰。第二个“以”,介词,表凭借,有以,有用来……的办法。C第一个“之”,结构助词,的。第二个“之”,补音节助词,无义。D 第一个“其”,代词,代书。第二个“其”,人称代词,他,指年羹尧。】【非转折关系,“却”应为“而”,是顺承或递进关系。】9.C【羹尧“蠢劣异常”,“一经”

叟师激发,“就”变得聪明优秀,错误。“蠢劣异常”是其父都统在叟师面前的谦辞,结尾有“羹尧天资固优”。

文言文参考译文:

清代名将大将军年羹尧,儿时聪明狡猾,粗野强悍,力气大过常人。进入书塾却不肯专心读书,老师偶尔发威用教鞭教训他,反而受到他的羞辱。到了学乐诵诗舞勺的年龄,还目不识丁。都统很是忧心他,遍请人寻找名师,只要能教育好他的儿子,他毫不惜给予优厚的薪水。有一老翁没经介绍引荐就突然来拜访,说愿意做公子羹尧的老师。都统对老翁说:“我的儿子非常的愚蠢拙劣,先生赏脸惠顾,肯当他的老师,请问应当用什么方法才能教育好他?”老翁回答说:“如果您不嫌弃我,就请选择乡村偏僻之地建筑一所花园,池沼山石、竹木花草全都具备,并置备好经史图籍及一切兵器日用各物。园中只居住我和羹尧师徒两人,不用仆从。花园四周建高墙,不要建制有门,只要在墙上开一个上圆下方形状如圭的墙洞,按时送饮食进来即可。等到三年,我自然有报答您的成果。”都统按他终日独自端坐看书,老翁与羹尧居住在园中,布置好一切。照他的话建造花园,听任羹尧自己活动,对他不管不问。羹尧每天疏浚沼水,运土填池,搬运石块,移走假山,种竹木,栽花草,玩耍游戏,自得其乐,也从不与老翁说一句话。从春天一直到秋天,园中池沼、山石、竹木、花草,或自东迁西,或由南移北,都已经迁移遍了,羹尧很是厌烦了。一天吃完饭,他见老翁看书孜孜不倦,就在一旁观察了很久,似乎心生羡慕,突然发问说:“先生整天看书,书中果真有趣味吗?”老翁随便答应说:“书中趣味非常的好,不是你能了解的。你只管玩耍游戏罢了,不要来打扰我。”羹尧说:“这样有趣的话,那么我也可以学看书吗?”老翁说:“有什么不可以的,只怕你不肯用心学习呢!”羹尧说:“我假若能用心学习,那么你愿意教我吗?”老翁笑着回答说:“只要你肯用心学习,我有什么不愿意教的呢?”羹尧高兴地说:“请从今天开始,希望老师能够教我,很有幸能读书学习。然而究竟读书什么好处?请您告诉我。”老翁神色庄重,严肃地回答说:“读书的好处很多,最大的好处是可以成为圣贤,其次是建立功名,再次是获取富贵。不知道你想达到哪个等次?”羹尧说“请问什么叫成为圣贤?”老翁回答说:“说的就是古代先贤,能孜孜不倦地亲身实行,研明儒学之本,并学以致用,可以做官也可以归隐,所创道法流行世上,思想道统流传百代,这就是成为圣贤。”羹尧说:“什么叫建立功名?”老翁回答说:“能够贯通天道和人道,有经天纬地的文武之才,讨伐罪逆,戡定战乱,拓地开疆,忠心不渝,功勋铭刻于钟鼎,这就是建立功名。”羹尧又问:“什么叫获取富贵?”老翁回答说:“琢磨研究,追赶时尚,科举中第,从容华丽,十分出众,妻乐子笑,温饱甘美,这就是猎取了富贵。”羹尧沉吟了许久,说:“圣贤不是我想望能达到的,而平常的富贵又是我所不屑的,那么希望老师您教我建立功名,可以吗?”老翁回答说:“你果真是诚心从师学习吗?”羹尧于是拔剑砍树发誓:“如果不诚心从师学习,有如此树!”老翁知道羹尧的读书之志已坚定,很是高兴,于是先拿出儒家经典和史家著作,每天与羹尧讲析讨论,又教他攻读练习科举课业,空闲时间就与他谈论兵法,早晨和晚上练习射箭和操舞刀剑干戈等兵器,一起学习很是快乐。羹尧天赋本来就很优秀,凡事一学即精,三年后果然学有所成,那时他才刚刚达到舞象学射御的年龄。

20XX—019学年度第一学期生物教研组工作计划指导思想以新一轮课程改革

为抓手,更新教育理念,积极推进教学改革。努力实现教学创新,改革教学和学习方式,提高课堂教学效益,促进学校的内涵性发展。同时,以新课程理念为指导,在全面实施新课程过程中,加大教研、教改力度,深化教学方法和学习方式的研究。正确处理改革与发展、创新与质量的关系,积极探索符合新课程理念的生物教学自如化教学方法和自主化学习方式。主要工作一、教研组建设方面:、深入学习课改理论,积极实施课改实践。、以七年级新教材为“切入点”,强化理论学习和教学实践。、充分发挥教研组的作用,把先进理念学习和教学实践有机的结合起来,做到以学促研,以研促教,真正实现教学质量的全面提升。、强化教学过程管理,转变学生的学习方式,提高课堂效益,规范教学常规管理,抓好“五关”。()备课关。要求教龄五年以下的教师备详案,提倡其他教师备详案。要求教师的教案能体现课改理念。()上课关。()作业关。首先要控制学生作业的量,本着切实减轻学生负担的精神,要在作业批改上狠下工夫。()考试关。以确保给学生一个公正、公平的评价环境。()质量关。

、加强教研组凝聚力,培养组内老师的团结合作精神,做好新教师带教工作。

二、常规教学方面:加强教研组建设。兴教研之风,树教研氛围。特别要把起始年级新教材的教研活动作为工作的重点。、教研组要加强集体备课共同分析教材研究教法探讨疑难问题由备课组长牵头每周集体备课一次,定时间定内容,对下一阶段教学做到有的放矢,把握重点突破难点、教研组活动要有计划、有措施、有内容,在实效上下工夫,要认真落实好组内的公开课教学。、积极开展听评课活动,每位教师听课不少于20节,青年教师不少于节,兴“听课,评课”之风,大力提倡组内,校内听随堂课。、进一步制作、完善教研组主页,加强与兄弟学校的交流。我们将继续本着团结一致,勤沟通,勤研究,重探索,重实效的原则,在总结上一学年经验教训的前提下,出色地完成各项任务。校内公开课活动计划表日期周次星期节次开课人员拟开课内容10月 127四

王志忠生物圈10 月137五赵夕珍动物的行为12月114 五赵夕珍生态系统的调节12月2818四朱光祥动物的生殖镇江新区大港中学生物教研组xx-

20X 下学期生物教研组工作计划范文20X年秋季生物教研组工作计划化学生物教研组的工作计划生物教研组工作计划

下学期生物教研组工作计划

年下学期生物教研组工作计划20X年化学生物教研组计划

20X年化学生物教研组计划

中学生物教研组工作计划

第一学期生物教研组工作计划

20XX—019学年度第二学期高中英语教研组工作计划XX—XX学年度第二学期高

中英语教研组工作计划一.指导思想:本学期,我组将进一步确立以人为本的教育教学理论,把课程改革作为教学研究的中心工作,深入学习和研究新课程标准,积极、稳妥地实施和推进中学英语课程改革。以新课程理念指导教研工作,加强课程改革,紧紧地围绕新课程实施过程出现的问题,寻求解决问题的方法和途径。加强课题研究,积极支持和开展校本研究,提高教研质量,提升教师的研究水平和研究能力。加强教学常规建设和师资队伍建设,进一步提升我校英语教师的英语教研、教学水平和教学质量,为我校争创“三星”级高中而发挥我组的力量。

二.主要工作及活动:.加强理论学习,推进新课程改革。组织本组教师学习《普通高中英语课程标准》及课标解度,积极实践高中英语牛津教材,组织全组教师进一步学习、熟悉新教材的体系和特点,探索新教材的教学模式,组织好新教材的研究课活动,为全组教师提供交流、学习的平台和机会。.加强课堂教学常规,提高课堂教学效率。强化落实教学常规和“礼嘉中学课堂教学十项要求”。做好集体备课和二备以及反思工作。在认真钻研教材的基础上,抓好上课、课后作业、辅导、评价等环节,从而有效地提高课堂教学效率。加强教学方法、手段和策略的研究,引导教师改进教学方法的同时,引导学生改进学习方法和学习策略。.加强课题研究,提升教科研研究水平;加强师资队伍建设,提升教师的教学能力。组织教师有效开展本组的和全校的课题研究工作做到有计划、有研究、有活动、有总结,并在此基础上撰写教育教学论文,并向报刊杂志和年会投稿。制订好本组本学期的校公开课、示范课、汇报课计划,并组织好听课、评课等工作。三.具体安排:二月份:制订好教研组工作计划、课题组工作计划和本学期公开课名单。

三月份:、组织理论学习。

、高一英语教学研讨活动。

、组织好高三第一次模考、阅卷、评卷和总结等工作。

四月份:、组织好高三英语口语测试。、高三英语复习研讨会。五月份:、组织好高三第二次模考、阅卷、评卷和总结等工作。、协助开展好我校的区级公开课。六月份:、组织好高考的复习迎考工作。、收集课题活动材料。

研计划文组教学语学期小年春季学1920思想一、指导育。面实施素质教标,全根本,点,以课堂教核心,彻实施习贯彻改革纲坚持以《基础教育课程要》为指导,认真学课程改革精神,以贯基础教育课程改革为以研究学为重促进教师队伍建设为以提高教学质量为目。点加强本学期教研组重对教师评课的指导,学生活学生的内在学习动机养,调动,培养提高学生的语文素动启发,开展里的活提高。和小学小学语进新教动研究和“会化,定规范化,系统期举行主题教学沙龙诊式行”,促师的成长,加快我镇文教师队伍成长速度语文教育质量的全面结合区动安排各项有意义的使教师的评课目标、工作二素养。养学生激发学观念,习语文以课改、为中心,组织教师学课程标准,转变教学深入课堂教学研究,生主动探究意识,培创新精神和实践能力生语文,努力提高学素质。,以老量。开合作智用,重示范作视团队慧、力展“师徒结对”活动带新,不断提高教师的业务带头人研究小文教师进一步、加强语队伍建设,让“语文组”,充分发挥学科、骨干教师的动。讨,开展教例赏析活典型课能够结师说课课沙龙切实有组织教、师开展效的说、评课沙龙,提高教能力,和评课能力,合主题教研活动,对例进行互动研务。,每周、加强教研组集体备课以段为单位组织一次素质服,提高课堂效真实实是走场交流教细读,学心得。让备课不再,形式主义,而是真为提高率服务教师的重点课析教材集体备课,分,赏析文,进行文本发展。促进个合实践能力,性和谐提高学语文的、过关学习竞展形式定的语、根据上学期制文常规活动计划,开多样的赛活动活动,激发学生学习兴趣,在自主活动中生的综指标。、检测、加强学习质量调查工作,及时分析,寻项教学,确保完成各找得失施工作及三、主要具体措”。把关,示范、当好“领头羊(一)骨干教师水平。继续进年低段(课文教”这个索实效组将围、力量范作用学科带研究小本学期、,语文组成员继续充分发挥头人、骨干教师的示,重视团队合作智慧。教研绕“探性语文课堂教学模式主题,深入开展精读学有效性研讨活动。

1-2级)则行识字教学的有效性实提高熟、有动更成效,切我校语的专业文老师教研活的探讨。分层、有序地开展动,使教研活。师的业动,以师徒结、开展“对”活老带新,不断提高教务素质成绩。争取出学习,(二)年轻教师取经、。成个人的教学风格教师形地进行据个人教学实录等途径,根教学需要,有选择性局部模仿,从而使新频或者师的关以通过研讨课期上—速成长促成新、为了提高教学质量,教师迅,年教龄新教师每一学堂模仿课和一堂校内。上模仿课的内容可观看名盘、视1

高二历2019年史第二作计划教学工范文学期思想、指导一

基础。观各方、态度学科能要使学高二的历史教学任务是生在历史知识、历史力和思想品德、情感、价值面得到业生打下良好高中毕展前途学习潜良好的三年级,为高的文科历史教学打下基础,为高校输送有能和发的合格全面培养锻炼和发展。求靠拢高三教高二的,研究形念,紧转变教学观跟高考势的发展考试的变化,力争使教学向学的要研究教育理念角度分、多层要体现知识的迁移知为解决综合分知识的科各学能力测高考的文科综合试更加强调考生对文科整体把握、析问题的思维能力、问题而识运用能力。教师在教学中多学科次、多析解决问题的通识教。教师要认真学习和材。提高学三个学当兼顾识要到学科教阶段的明》的》和《照《教按学大纲考试说要求,认真完成高二单科复习工作。坚持学为主,落实基础知位,适史地政科的综合要求,培养生学科主义的理唯物论水平辩证唯科思维基础,。从学的能力生的实际出发,落实提高学能力和物主义、历史内综合用教材使二、教学依据和不会。找到方了两次,不管题的能分学生然与家也很自极主动,学习比较积,课后觉,当长的监督分不开。部解答问力较强遇到什么题,只要读,就能法,有也怎么教别学生处理不法,稍老师教学生只。有的能接受给的方有一点变动的问题就了。个是老师的方法还相当的简捷成专心听言积极上课的的内容不能掌,加之有人进方法死生由于容,少能掌握数学基人。人40全班共人,其中男生15,女生学生的础较一般,多数学生所学内部分学反映要慢一些,学习板,没行辅导缺乏学习的主动性,握学习。能跟学生,课上活泼,发,上课讲,完作业认真分析二、教材和梯形()量运算;数和整数四则(的计量;)小数的意义和四边形法和减数的加法;()平行)小性质;((算和应)本册的教学内容:(混合运用题;)整。学生进比较容一步学题的学号,继学习使合运算册进一个重点题是本册的重本点:混合运算和应用册的一,这一步学习三步式题的混顺序,用小括续学习解答两步应用习,进习解答易的三步应用题,使一步理一方面识更加学生所位加于所学的学的基四单元好的基,分数总定律加的意义然后对整数四则运算,运算以概括结,这样就为学习小数打下较础。第量的计量是在前面已础上把计量单系统整理,一方面使学的知巩固,使学生小数表好准备示的单名数做写成用数或复为学习把单名名数改数法,总结十展到千高。先括,整进行复所学的是在前的四则习惯。解答的检验应继续培问题的能得意的所学知的数量解和掌握复杂关系,提高学生运用识解决实际力,并养学生用题的技巧和第二单元整数和整数运算,三年半有关内容的基础上,习、概理和提把整数的认数范围扩亿位,进制计目标三、教学

能:(一)知识与技数。的多位确地读会根据进制计认识自、使学生然数和整数,掌握十数法,数级正、写含有三级。法之间法与除的关系法、乘掌握加理解整、使学生数四则运算的意义,法与减。的环节之间的讨加强同能的实讨论与性的学价;加人并能解一些本身项良好的要相,健康与会尊重学习过意识,的合作代社会品质;观开服困难积极向上,乐朗的优良认识现所必需和竞争在武术

程中学和关心他人,将自身社会需表现出体育道德品质,结合目去了武术名对他们进行简单的评强研究习,去研究技用性,学论交流勇于克自信心表现出功的过体验进困难。时可能讨论的理掌握导学生德的培有氧耐力量,步发展面发展学任务③提出教:在全体能的基础上,进一灵敏、速度和力,武养;引学会合练习与时间,了解实现目标遇到的在不断步和成程中,适宜的,形成目标:()教学培养。满足学工作计,设计校的实理念,选择性个学生都,确保异与不学生的位的同视学生展为中育意识学生的的兴趣拳”、学习“一步激学的基意识和养学生”的理立“健总体目①标:建康第一念,培的健康体魄,在必修田径教础上进发学生初级长“剑”,培养终身体,以学生身心健康发心,重主体地时关注个体差同需求每一受益,以及多样性和的教学结合学际情况本教学划,以生选项特别是本身的趣,提基本套剑”的路,提升学习的的兴升学生素质,武德的以及“学习“学分的学“剑”合高二习体育引导男上“长修基础高一年,保证动体验加深学学生的需求,生的运和理解学生在田径必上再加拳”来女生学模块的积极性,再结年的选项课习中修满。加强长拳”标:具体目②

方法。根据科锻炼习良好的运动参与:养成练武的惯。学锻炼的主要体育锻学炼计划并实施的原则,制定个人锻。会评价炼效果。理方法简易处紧急情运动创方法,活动的握社会学用能力技、战并进一术战术目的的外重大,并关动项目认识动技能运:武术运的价值注国内体赛事。有提高技水平,步加强术的运。习并掌条件下技能与并掌握伤时和况下的。康行为生活方形成和重要学习、解身体关知识一些疾耐力。展肌肉能通过多种途径发力量和了解病等有,并理健康在生活中意义。良好的式与健:身体健康悦。有实用行为。情绪的中表现武术练。力获得理状态育活动自觉理健康心:通过体改变心,并努成功感在习活动出调节意愿与在具技能练带来喜胜困难习中体验到战。体育与各种途具新精神道德与出良好习活动:会适应在学中表现的体育合作创。有通过径获取健康方和方法的能力面知识社

措施:()教学力。习,最后进行行个别师评价论,练讲解,用教师采示范与学生讨习,教,再进指导,学生练后进行别是加科的整多边学;加强升学习究的功讨论、互学习习建立,小组的加强学小组的相、相互相互研能,提的效率合,特强心理提升学进行学医学等习,以生的运保护意识与能动自我、运动加强运健康的教育,动力学用学习差,行培优教学目学任务更好地惯、学良好的,培养式方法合的方综合评展示与学生的价相结学生的学习习习方法完成教,达到标;实扶中辅,采计划二、教学研究的

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流。员进行课题成究课;建上研俊、罗、李汪示交流课例展月份:二。王钧子课题研究交交流。研究课小娟上文、孙、戴辉程中华学习,织课题(姚爱示交流。课例展三月份:祥)组;课题题研究行子课成员进。刘华波学习,织课题祥)组(姚爱示交流。月份:四课例展究交流课题研进行子题成员课;课上研究、曹辉、钱芸究小结月份:五课题研长。、提高我,切实,有效教活动活动、课异构动、同诊断活堂教学诊式课开展会轻教师组织年同构异业水平,获得快速成师的专语文老校年轻。新教师年—龄选拔教、—教学比代课堂区新生组织的教研室参加区导、培做好指赛,并训工作动。(稳中有研形式三)教变,踏实而生讨。流、研群来交qq过评课通,其他课活动集体评次排学期安学,本正常教,不影响时开展同课活动互动评在保证的是,年不同。与往、探讨行交流龙中进研讨沙式教学的互动周一次,在两评课稿,写成的评点、系统行精心内容进对听课的教师展示课流。听习、交教师学组织好的主题研活动结合教沙龙,式评课和互动习沙龙专题学一次的织两周继续组、

1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总

华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计(论文)附件 外文文献翻译 学号:121912020115姓名:彭钰钊 所在系别:动力工程系专业班级:测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师:李冰 原文标题:Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日

红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术,被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低,小型化,传输速率快,点对点安全传输,不受电磁干扰等特点,可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送,在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值,目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术,在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降,红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号,主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调,其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262,解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是:利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息,PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间,然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息,由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字:红外线;编码;解码;LM386;红外收发器。 1 绪论

毕设外文资料翻译.

理工学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 专业:计算机科学与技术 姓名:马艳丽 学号: 12L0752218 外文出处:The Design and Implementation of 3D Electronic Map of Campus Based on WEBGIS 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 基于WebGIS的校园三维电子地图的设计与实现 一.导言 如今,数字化和信息化是当今时代的主题。随着信息革命和计算机科学的发展,计算机技术已经渗透到科学的各个领域,并引起了许多革命性的变化,在这些科目,古代制图学也不例外。随着技术和文化的不断进步,地图变化的形式和内容也随之更新。在计算机图形学中,地理信息系统(GIS)不断应用到Web,制作和演示的传统方式经历了巨大的变化,由于先进的信息技术的发展,地图的应用已经大大延长。在这些情况下,绘图将面临广阔的发展前景。电子地图是随之应运而生的产品之一。随着计算机技术,计算机图形学理论,遥感技术,航空摄影测量技术和其他相关技术的飞速发展。用户需要的三维可视化,动态的交互性和展示自己的各种地理相关的数据处理和分析,如此多的关注应支付的研究三维地图。东北石油大学及其周边地区的基础上本文设计并建立三维电子地图。 二.系统设计 基于WebGIS的校园三维电子地图系统的具有普通地图的一般特性。通过按键盘上的箭头键(上,下,左,右),可以使地图向相应的方向移动。通过拖动鼠标,可以查看感兴趣的任何一个地方。使用鼠标滚轮,可以控制地图的大小,根据用户的需求来查看不同缩放级别的地图。在地图的左下角会显示当前鼠标的坐标。在一个div层,我们描绘了一个新建筑物的热点,这层可以根据不同的地图图层的显示,它也可以自动调整。通过点击热点,它可以显示热点的具体信息。也可以输入到查询的信息,根据自己的需要,并得到一些相关的信息。此外,通过点击鼠标,人们可以选择检查的三维地图和卫星地图。 主要功能包括: ?用户信息管理:检查用户名和密码,根据权限设置级别的认证,允许不同权限的用户通过互联网登录系统。 ?位置信息查询:系统可以为用户提供模糊查询和快速定位。

完整word版2000 2015年专八翻译真题与答案

2000年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文 中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比,它先天有些不足,后天也常缺乏营养,但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆,它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代属于工业技术博物馆,它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用,但是,它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。 世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。在这里,观 众可以自己去动手操作,自己细心体察。这样,他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术,去探索科学技术的奥妙。中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆!它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处,设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品,展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。 参考译文The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduced to people the evolutionary history of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The second generation are those of industrial technologies which presented the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different stages of industrialization. Despite the fact that those two generations of museums helped to disseminate / propagate / spread scientific knowledge, they nevertheless treated visitors merely as passive viewers. The third generation of museums in the world are those replete with / full of wholly novel concepts / notions / ideas. In those museums, visitors are allowed to operate the exhibits with their own hands, to observe and to experience carefully. By getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way, people can probe into their secret mysteries. The China Museum of Science and Technology is precisely one of such museums. It has incorporated some of the most fascinating features of those museums with international reputation. Having designed and created exhibits in mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology, those exhibits demonstrate scientific principles and present the most advanced scientific and technological achievements. 2001年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文 C-E 乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知,那就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓,他说,“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的,好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园,而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动,有益于身心健康。乔羽说:“钓鱼可分三个阶段:第一阶段是吃鱼;第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之;第三阶段主要是钓趣,面对一池碧水,将忧心烦恼全都

ASP外文翻译原文

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土木外文翻译原文和译文

A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated,the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds,which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design,construction and

2016专八真题翻译题及答案详解

2016年专八翻译题及答案详解 “流逝”表现了南国人对时间最早的感觉。子在川上曰:“逝者如斯夫。”他们发现无论是潺潺小溪,还是浩荡大河,都一去不复返,流逝之际青年变成了老翁而绿草转眼就枯黄,很自然有错阴的紧迫感。流逝也许是缓慢的,但无论如何缓慢,对流逝的恐惧使人们必须用“流逝”这个词来时时警戒后人,必须急匆匆地行动,给这个词灌注一种紧张感。 【参考译文1】 They have found that the flowing water,either a murmuring stream or a mighty river, passes quickly and never returns. With the passage of time, the young become the old and the green grass turns yellow. People naturallyhave a sense of urgency to value every bit of time. As time goes by,no matter how slowly it elapses, people always use the word “liushi” to warn thelater generations for fear of time’s flowing away. They tell their descendants to treasure every single minute and make a hurried action, which adds a sense of tension to the word. 【参考译文2】 They find that either a murmuring stream or a mighty river has gone forever and that the passage of time turns a young man into an old one, and yellows of the grass, which sends a massage of how time flies. Maybe the passing of time is slow. But no matter how slow it is, it makes people so fearful that they use “passage” to warn the later generations to rush. And the use of “passage” also infuses a sense of tension into the word. 【参考译文3】

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文

文献出处:Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年

研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院,中国南京,邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.360docs.net/doc/3611417924.html,,niuzhiguo@https://www.360docs.net/doc/3611417924.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院,中国南京,邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.360docs.net/doc/3611417924.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力,调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中,简化空间框架作为分析模型,根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型,动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法,应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外,结合物理和数值模型,对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查,本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法,但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力,没有门槽,好流型,和操作方便等优点,使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门,通过门叶和主大梁,所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂,手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中,除了极特殊的破坏情况下,弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外,明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸,位于中国的江苏省,包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时,门被破坏了,而其他弧形闸门则关闭,受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的,很明显,一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。

最新英语专业历年专八翻译真题及答案

1997年:English to Chinese Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province(范围)of the rich unless we abdicate(退位、放弃)society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible(易接近的,可达 到的)to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives(必要的)of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse(冲动)towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation(表述、陈述)is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment (完成、成就)in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones(标准、试金石)for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire(立志、追求目标、 渴望); they carry the most profound (深厚的、深刻 的)messages that can be sent from one human to another.

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

毕设外文文献翻译

xxxxxxxxx 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 (本科学生用) 题目:Poduct Line Engineering: The State of the Practice 生产线工程:实践的形态 学生姓名:学号: 学部(系): 专业年级: 指导教师:职称或学位: 2011年3月10日

外文文献翻译(译成中文1000字左右): 【主要阅读文献不少于5篇,译文后附注文献信息,包括:作者、书名(或论文题目)、出版社(或刊物名称)、出版时间(或刊号)、页码。提供所译外文资料附件(印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等,网站类的请附网址及原文】 Requirements engineering practices A precise requirements engineering process— a main driver for successful software development —is even more important for product line engineering. Usually, the product line’s scope addresses various domains simultaneously. This makes requirements engineering more complex. Furthermore, SPL development involves more tasks than single-product development. Many product line requirements are complex, interlinked, and divided into common and product-specific requirements. So, several requirements engineering practices are important specifically in SPL development: ? Domain identification and modeling, as well as commonalities and variations across product instances Separate specification and verification for platform and product requirements ? Management of integrating future requirements into the platform and products ? Identification, modeling, and management of requirement dependencies The first two practices are specific to SPL engineering. The latter two are common to software development but have much higher importance for SPLs. Issues with performing these additional activities can severely affect the product line’s long-term success. During the investigation, we found that most organizations today apply organizational and procedural measures to master these challenges. The applicability of more formal requirements engineering techniques and tools appeared rather limited, partly because such techniques are not yet designed to cope with product line evelopment’s inherent complexities. The investigation determined that the following three SPL requirements engineering practices were most important to SPL success. Domain analysis and domain description. Before starting SPL development, organizations should perform a thorough domain analysis. A well-understood domain is a prerequisite for defining a suitable scope for the product line. It’s the foundation for efficiently identifying and distinguishing platform and product requirements. Among the five participants in our investigation, three explicitly modeled the product line requirements. The others used experienced architects and domain experts to develop the SPL core assets without extensive requirements elicitation. Two organizations from the first group established a continuous requirements management that maintained links between product line and product instance requirements. The three other organizations managed their core assets’ evolution using change management procedures and versioning concepts. Their business did not force them to maintain more detailed links between the requirements on core assets and product instances. The impact of architectural decisions on requirements negotiations. A stable but flexible architecture is important for SPL development. However, focusing SPL evolution too much on architectural issues will lead to shallow or even incorrect specifications. It can cause core assets to ignore important SPL requirements so that the core assets lose relevance for SPL development. Organizations can avoid this problem by establishing clear responsibilities for requirements management in addition to architectural roles. The work group participants reported that a suitable organizational tool for balancing requirements and architecture is roundtable meetings in which requirements engineers,

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/3611417924.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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