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Traditional Net Making Adult Education Centre of Kuusankoski

2005

This teaching material has been produced in Adult Education Centre of Kuusankoski as a part of the project "Promoting Intra-European Mobility for Elderly" which is supported by the European Union. The project is coordinated by Athens Network of Collaborating Experts (ANCE), Athens, and the other partners are Kolleg - College for Management and Design of Sustainable Development gGmbH, Berlin, SCIENTER - Centro di Ricerche e Servizi Avanzati per la Formazione, Bologna, Italy and K.A.P.I - Elderly Day Care Center, Athens. The one year long project has been started in the autumn of 2004.

More information on the project: https://www.360docs.net/doc/368350883.html,.

Traditional Net Making in Finland

Net Making History

A hundred years ago net making was a part of everyday housework in the wintertime. Net was mainly needed for fishing gear, drag seines and drum nets. In the inland net making was mainly women's job, whereas in the coastal area, where fishing had a more important role as a means of living, also men took part in net making.

However, making and using nets has been practised much longer. The oldest net in the world was made of willow bark and according to archaeological studies it was nearly 10,000 years old. The net was found on the Karelian Isthmus in the former Finnish municipality of Antrea, which nowadays belongs to Russia. The net had been preserved in the bottom mud and peat of ancient Lake Ancylus until it was found in 1913. The length of the net was estimated to have been 30 meters and the height 1.5 metres. The meshes, i.e. the knot intervals of the net, were 6 centimetres, so it is possible that it had been used for catching for example lake breams.

In the old days willow bark, tree roots, leather bands and birch bark were used as net making material. Later, twine and rope made of flax and hemp were used. In Finland nettle twine was commonly used, since it was tough and water resistant and therefore good material for nets. Manufactured cotton became popular in the 1870s, from which on fisherman's twine was used in net weaving. In the 1920s and 1930s nylon twines replaced cotton.

The tools have remained the same throughout the centuries. The shuttle, on which the twine is wound and with which the meshes and knots are made, was made of as hard and tough wood as possible, for example of birch, and also of bone and metal. Nowadays plastic has replaced other materials. For smaller meshes a smaller shuttle was used, but actually the size of the meshes was determined by a gauge stick. The gauge stick was made of same material as the shuttle. It had to be as smooth and hard as possible so that the meshes would glide on it.

According to Leea Virtanen (Tapiola, Suuri suomalainen er?kirja 3), in order to guarantee a good catch, magic was used already when making nets. A net weaver would slap on the fingers of his/her helper and simultaneously mention a name of a fish. This was repeated until all the fish of the local lakes had been mentioned. Finally the net weaver would snatch the net from the helper, slap the helper's fingers and exclaim, "All the fish in the water."

Net making course, 20 lessons

Objective

Each participant makes a mini size net, for example 150 cm x 50 cm (picture 2). Twined birch bark floats are made for the upper framing rope (head rope) and the birch bark sinkers (stones) for the lower framing rope (foot rope).

Picture 2.

Tools and materials

A shuttle, on which the twine is wound (picture 3);

Picture 3.

a gauge stick which is a 3.5 centimetres wide, 3-4 centimetres thick and 10 centimetres long wood stick, around which the meshes are woven (picture 4);

Picture 4.

a metal gauge stick, which in threading of the upper framing rope is the same width as the knot

interval and in threading of the lower framing rope is about 20 per cent wider (picture 5).

Picture 5.

12-ply fisherman's twine is used for the net. 18-ply fisherman's twine is used for the end twines and

for the upper and lower framing ropes braided cotton or flax rope.

Lesson plan

Lesson 1: The objective of the course, net making history, tools and materials. Winding the twine on shuttle.

Lessons 2-3: Practising the knots, weaving the first double row of meshes (3 metres), threading the gathering twine into the first double row of meshes and starting the weaving.

Lessons 4-10: Net weaving continues. 18 rows of netting are woven.

Lessons 11-13: Net weaving continues. 4 birch bark floats and 4 birch bark sinkers (stones) are made.

Lessons 14-20: Threading the upper and lower framing ropes and the end twines.

Net making techniques

Traditional nets can be woven at least in two different ways

- by a technique, in which the netting is woven vertically

- by a technique, in which the netting is woven horizontally

Winding twine on the shuttle

Twine is wound back and forth, not only in one direction. This prevents the twine from getting twisted.

WEAVING VERTICALLY

Twine is wrapped twice around the gauge stick and tied in a hard knot (picture 6 and drawing 1).

Picture 6.

The loops are slipped off the gauge stick (picture 7 and drawing 2). The loop is now the size of the mesh.

Picture 7.

Drawing

2.

The loop is tied into a thicker auxiliary twine (picture 8).

Start weaving the first double row of meshes by putting the shuttle through the starting mesh from above and by putting the gauge stick in the formed loop (picture 9 and drawing 3).

Picture 9.

3.

Drawing

Pinch the twine with your left forefinger on the place where you are going to make the knot and tighten the twine (picture 10).

Picture 10.

Make a loop upwards to the left. The shuttle is put through the previous mesh from below (picture 11 and drawing 4).

Picture 11.

Drawing

4.

Pull the twine tight and take your finger off it, so that a knot is formed. Thus you have made a new mesh to the first double row (picture 12).

Picture 12.

Continue making the meshes until the first double row is twice as long as the net is going to be. The shuttle twine is left to the first double row of meshes (drawing 5 and picture 13).

Drawing 5.

Picture 13.

A weaver's knot (also known as the sheet bend or the bowline knot) is used for continuing the twine (drawing 6).

Drawing 6. When the first double row is long enough, the meshes from the other side of it are threaded on an auxiliary twine. The meshes must not be twisted (picture 14).

The auxiliary twine is tied into a 0.5 metre loop (picture 15).

Picture 15.

The auxiliary twine is tied tightly around a nail. Start weaving the actual net from the end where the shuttle twine was left. Weave the net from left to right. The gauge stick is put below the shuttle twine and the first mesh is taken from above (drawings 7 and 8, picture 16).

7.

Drawing

8.

Drawing

Picture 16.

The mesh is tightened and pinched with the left forefinger, and the twine is put through the same mesh from below (picture 17).

Picture 17.

The twine is tightened and the first mesh of the net is ready (picture 18).

Picture 18.

Make sure that the first double row does not get twisted during the process (picture 19).

Picture 19.

Slip meshes off the gauge stick when it gets crowded (picture 20).

Picture 20.

The rest of the meshes are slipped off the gauge stick when the row is ready (picture 21).

Picture 21.

Turn the net around and start a new row from left to right (picture 22).

Picture 22.

Continue weaving the net row by row. Make as many rows as are needed for the desired height of the net (picture 23).

Picture 23.

THREADING THE FRAMING ROPES

Floats are used in the upper framing rope and sinkers in the lower framing rope. On this course they are made in a traditional way of birch bark.

The threading of the ropes is done with the help of a metal gauge stick which in threading the upper framing rope can be the same width as the mesh intervals. The basic rule is that the upper framing rope is about 20 per cent shorter than the lower framing rope.

Twine (the same as the weaving twine) is tied to the framing rope which is thicker flax rope (picture 24).

Picture 24.

The required amount of floats are put into the twine, approximately one float in every 50

Picture 25.

A float is tied into the first rope mesh (picture 26).

Picture 26.

A metal gauge stick is put as a measure across the twine and a mesh is taken from below (picture

27).

Picture 27.

The twine goes above the roping twine, from inside the mesh (picture 28).

A loop is made of the twine upwards to the right and taken up from the right side of the mesh which has been made in front of the twine (picture 29).

Picture 29.

The formed knot is tightened (picture 30).

While making the knots, make sure that the twines are close to each other so that the knots do not slip (picture 31).

Picture 31.

END TWINES

After the upper and lower framing ropes have been threaded to the net, end twines are threaded to both ends of the net. The end twines must be about 5-10 centimetres shorter than the height of the net. The end twines must be slightly thicker than the twine used for threading the framing ropes. The end twine is tied into the upper and lower framing ropes with a hard knot (picture 32).