《英语词汇学 》复习资料
《英语词汇学》复习资料1
Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.
Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.
1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.
2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into
the English language.
3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be
dealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.
4.“Mal-”in “maltreat”is a 4 prefix, while “inter-”in “interstate”is a 5
prefix.
5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English language
of 6 endings, and a language of 7 endings.
6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest
their meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.
7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and
the later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.
8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or
12 .
9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.
10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a
word plus a part of another word.
11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural
groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.
12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17
meaning.
13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its
minimal components which are also known as semantic features..
14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of word
meaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.
15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specific
word is included in that of another more general word.
Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true”and F for “false”.
1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word
of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.
2.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, so
they have strong productivity.
3.“Can-opener” used as slang to mean “all-purpose key”.
4.Native words are neutral in style.
5.The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the
Far East, and India.
6.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary,
particularly in earlier times.
7.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is morpheme.
8.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
9.Base is what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.
10.Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the English
vocabulary.
11.“Fore-”in “forehead”and “fore-”in “foreknowledge”belong to two kinds of
prefix.
12.Word-building and word-formation are relative synonyms.
13.The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone
a process of extension of meaning.
14.Parent—child and husband—wife are two pairs of converses.
15.Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity.
Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.
1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?
2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?
3.List the four sources of synonyms.
4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? Ⅳ. Answer the following questions according to the requirement.
Classify the three pairs of antonyms according to types of antonyms you have learned and describe the characteristics of each type of them.
interviewer/interviewee; male/female; old /young
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答案
I．Fill in the blanks.
1. morpheme
2. denizens
3. diachronic
4. pejorative
5. locative
6. leveled
7. lost
8. onomatopoeic
9. grammatical
10. lexical
11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending
15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19.
concatenation 20. hyponymy
II.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.
1-5 TTTFT 6-10 TFFFT 11-15 TFFTF
III.Answer the following questions briefly.
1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?
1)All national character 2) stability 3) productivity 4) polysemy
5) collocability
2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?
1)Prefixes primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, i.e. prefixes do not
generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning.
2)Suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function is to change
the grammatical function of the base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.
3)So prefixes are categorized on a semantic basis while suffixes are divided on a
grammatical basis.
3.1)Borrowing; (2) dialects and regional English (3) figurative and euphemistic
use of words (4) coincidence with idiomatic expressions
4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?
1)Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the
core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual
meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally
has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech
community. (3%)
2)Associative meaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is
open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as
culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background,
education, etc…（3%）
Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.
1.
1)Interviewer& interviewee are converses; male & female are
complementaries; old & young are contraries.
2)Complementaries truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so
opposite to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no
possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other or
vice versa. Complementaries are nongradable, and they cannot be used in
comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very”to
qualify them.
3)Contraries are gradable antonyms. The existence of one is in relation to the
other. We can say: A man is rich or very rich and also we can say a man is
rich than the other. Contraries are characteristic of semantic polarity. These
antonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and can
accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.
4)Converses consist of relational opposites. The pairs of words indicate
reciprocal social relationships that one of them cannot be used without
suggesting the other. It also includes reverse terms, which comprise
adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying an
act or state that reverse or undo the quality, action or state of the other.
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复习资料2
I. 单选题
1. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.”, there are ________ functional words.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
2. Conversion is amethod________________________.
A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech
B. of converting words of one meaning into different meaning
C. of deriving words through grammatical means
D. of changing words in morphological structure
3. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ________________.
A. subsea
B. prewar
C. postwar
D. desks
4. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.
B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.
C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectiveswhen converted to nouns.
D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.
5. _________ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of
word-meaning.
A. Grammatical meaning
B. Denotative meaning
C. Associative meaning
D. Connotative meaning
6. The words what have emotive content in themselves are said to contain __ meaning.
A. collocative
B. affective
C. stylistic
D. denotative
7. __________ explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.
A. Etymological motivation
B. Onomatopoetic motivation
C. Morphological motivation
D. Semantic motivation
8. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT __________.
A. works
B. worker
C. working
D. worked
9. “Smog”is formed by combining “smoke”and “fog”. So it is an example of
A. clipping
B. compounding
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C. blending
D. back-formation
10. The word “smog”is created by blending, with the structure of __________.
A. head + tail
B. head + head
C. head + word
D. word + tail
11. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of ________________.
A. translation-loans
B. emantic loans
C. word formation
D. borrowings
12. Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?
A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nag
B. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mare
C. policeman, constable, bobby, cop
D. domicile, residence, abode, home
13. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________________.
A. appreciative
B. pejorative
C. conntative
D. collocative
14. General features of English contains the following except _________.
A. simplicity
B. receptivity
C. adaptability
D. imprssiveness
15. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except .
A. compounding
B. affixation
C. acronym
D. conversion
II判断题
1. The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the
Far East, and India. （）
2. The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone a
process of extension of meaning. （）
3. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquest
which brought many Latin words into the English language. （）
4. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, so
they have strong productivity. （）
5. Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, and
stylistic coloring. （）
6. Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the English
vocabulary. （）
7. The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term.
（）
8. Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity. （）
9. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary,
particularly in earlier times. （）
10. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are not
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directly related to the primary meaning. （）
III简答题
1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?
2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.
答案
I． 1-5 AADDB 6-10 BDBCA 11-15 CBADC
Ⅱ. 1-5 TFFTF 6-10 TFFTF
Ⅲ. 1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. Associativemeaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc…
2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.
Explain different types of homonyms with examples.
Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear
(a kind of fruit)
Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig) Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of an animal)
复习资料3
I．Fill in the blanks.
Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.
1.The __1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.
2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into
the English language.
3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be
dealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.
4.“Mal” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” is a 5_
prefix.
5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English
language of___6__ endings, and a language of __7__ endings.
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6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest
their meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.
7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and
the later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.
8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or
__12 .
9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.
10.___14__ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a
word plus a part of another word.
11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural
groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.
12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same _16_ meaning, but differ in _17_
meaning.
13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its
minimal components which are also known as semantic features.
14.Radiation and ___19___ are the two coinages which the development of word
meaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.
15.__20____deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more
specific word is included in that of another more general word.
Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F on the answer sheet:
1.Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, changes in sound and spelling, and
dialects.
2.“Radiation”shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are not
directly related to the primary meaning.
3.Borrowing is a very important source of synonyms.
4. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.
5.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.
6.Motivation explains the connection between the linguistic form and its meaning.
7.Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, and
stylistic coloring.
8.The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms from
polysemants.
9.The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked
term.
10.If the words differ in range and intensity of meaning, the words are not identical
in denotation.
11.The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman
Conquest which brought many Latin words into the English language.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/368624236.html,ponential analysis is to break down. the conceptual sense of a word into its
minimal distinctive components.
13.Celtic language made great contributions to the expansion of the English
vocabulary.
14.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.
15.Shortening includes clipping and blending.
Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.
unbearable international ex-prisoner.
2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.
3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.
4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.
Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.
1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?
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答案
I．Fill in the blanks.
1. morpheme
2. denizens
3. diachronic
4. pejorative
5. locative
6. leveled
7. lost
8. onomatopoeic
9. grammatical 10. lexical 11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20. hyponymy
Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets:
1．F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6. T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.T
11.F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. T
Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.
unbearable international ex-prisoner.
un+bear+able:(1)‘bear’ is a free morpheme, and ‘un’, ‘able’are bound morphemes. inter+nation+al: ‘nation’ is a free morpheme, and ‘inter, al’ are bound morphemes.
ex+prison+er: ‘prison’ is a free morpheme, and ‘ex, er’ are bound morphemes.
2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.
1)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.
2)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.
3)Backformation is therefore the method of creating words by removing the
supposed suffixes, so called because many of the removed endings are not suffixes but inseparable parts of the word.
4)For example, it is a common practice to add –er, -or to verb bases to form
agential nouns.
5)Reasonably, people make verbs by dropping the ending such as –or in editor, -ar
in beggar and –er in butler.
3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.
1)Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the
conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.
2)Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for
different styles.
3)Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in
question.
4)Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of
the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.
4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.
(1)Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words
identical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit)
(2)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and
meaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)
(3)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and
meaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of animal)
Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.
1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?
1)Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with reference to spelling
and pronunciation, as both have the same orthographical form but different meanings. This creates the problem of differentiation.
2)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact
that the former refers to different lexemes which have the same form and the latter the one and same lexeme which has several distinguishable meanings.
3)One important criterion by which to differentiate them is ‘etymology’, i.e.,
homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.
4)The second principal consideration is ‘semantic relatedness’. The several
meanings of a single polysemous lexeme are related and can be traced back to
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one central meaning. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.
5)In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword
whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.