最新跨文化交际复习资料

跨文化交际复习资料Unit 1&2

Reviewing Papers for Intercultural Communication

Unit 1&2

I. Keywords

(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）

(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。）

(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。）

(4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。）

(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。)

(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。）

(7) Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。）

(8) Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。）

(9) Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。）

II. Definition of some terms

1. Culture: From intercultural perspective, culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with the world and with one another that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.

2 Intercultural communication: It refers to the communication between or among people from different cultures. More precisely, it is the communication between people

whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。)

3. International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than

- 1individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。)

4. Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races. (跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。)

5. Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。）

6. Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members

of the same culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。）

III. Key Points

(1) The 3 characteristics of culture

●Culture is coherent

●Culture is learned

●Culture is the view of a group of people

3 things culture does

●Culture ranks what is important

●Culture furnished attitudes

●Culture dictate how to behave

(2) The nine components of communication.

(3) The definition of intercultural communication.

(4) The forms of intercultural communication.

International communication, Interracial communication, Interethnic communication, Intracultural communication.

IV. Difficult Points

(1) Distinct perspective definition of Culture

(2) The characteristics of Communication.

(3) How to understand Communication

(4) Relationship between culture and communication

References:

1)Culture is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. It can be defined from distinct perspectives；

●From Intellectual Perspective

●From Anthropologic Perspective

●From Psychological Perspective

●From Social Perspective

●From Intercultural Communication Perspective

2）The following are some of the most distinctive features listed in the literature on communication.

Communication is dynamic

Communication is an on-going activity. In any communication event, the sender and the receiver of messages constantly shift from being encoders to decoders and the messages also change in each turn of interaction.

Communication is interactive

Communication is always done in two ways: the source sends messages to the receiver and

the receiver responds to the message received and sends his message or response to the source. Thus the source and receiver are in a reciprocal situation attempting to influence one another in the process. What the influences are and how the influences function are among the major concerns of intercultural communicators.

Communication is both verbal and non-verbal

Speech is only one of the channels that messages are transmitted. We do not have to say everything we intend to communicate in words. We use our body, signs, and even clothing to show

others what we have in our minds. According to statistics most part of our communication is done by non-verbal means.

Communication can be either intentional and unintentional

Intention is not a necessary condition for communication to take place. A sigh of frown accompanying speech, if noticed by the receiver, may also carry unintended messages to the receiver. For the two parties involved in the communication process, any behavior of one interlocutor, intentional or unintentional, can produce certain effects and generate certain meanings to the other. To complicate the matter, very often we are unconscious of the message sent and the effect it has produced. Therefore, unexpected results may arise.

Communication is rule-governed

Though communication is a complex process, there are still rules for speakers to follow as to

how messages are constructed and interpreted. The patterns, however, are crucially defined. To study communication and intercultural communication in particular is , to a large extent, to discover the patterns that regulate communicative behavior of the interlocutors. If the patterns are shared and understood, any communication will become easy and effective.

Communication depends on the use of symbols

Symbols or codes are the basic ingredients of communication. Symbols may take the form of written or spoken words, body signs, Braille, an object like a picture or a dress, color, and many other symbols that represent certain meanings to whoever recognize them and make sense of them.

All cultures use symbols, but they usually attribute different meanings to the same symbol and may use different symbols to mean the same. Competent intercultural communications, therefore, must learn to “read” the symbols used by their interlocutors and understand the exact messages.

Communication is irreversible

Communication can not be retrieved---- the message delivered and interpreted by the receiver

can never be taken back. Though we can modify our message, the effect produced by the original message still remains. The implication is that improper communicative behavior may have serious consequences.

Communication takes place in both a physical and a social context

Communication does not take place in a vacuum. We interact with other people within

specific physical surroundings and under a set of specific social factors. The physical surroundings