南京市中考英语阅读题型分析及阅读策略
南京市中考英语阅读题型分析及阅读策略
发表时间：2014-09-19T10:08:46.590Z 来源：《考试与评价》2013年第12期供稿作者：吴乔[导读] A篇是关于学生熟知的可爱的动漫形象的原创者的故事，简单有趣。
■ 吴乔南京郑和外国语学校
现阶段，对阅读能力的考查已成为国内外各类英语测试必不可少的部分，从某种意义上说，阅读已经成为英语考试成绩的一个风向标，而且在这些测试中，阅读理解占有相当大的比重。在一份中考英语试卷中，篇幅最长的、最耗时间的、生词最多的、单题分值最高的题型就是阅读理解。笔者通过对南京市2010-2014年五年来中考英语阅读理解题型的分析，结合自己的日常教学实际，总结出几点阅读理解解题策略。
一、 2010-2014 年南京市中考英语阅读理解基本情况分析
2010年：A篇是关于学生熟知的可爱的动漫形象的原创者的故事，简单有趣。B篇关于极限熨衣服运动,内容新颖，但学生较为陌生，所以不易理解。C篇是一个关于聪明的小龙的童话故事。D篇是关于私人空间的跨文化交际文章。2011年：A篇是一份详细介绍去英国旅行的导游说明。B篇介绍了一个可爱活泼的女孩Elena通过自己的努力和坚持实现了自己的理想——修建了一条供人慢跑的小道。C篇讲述了一个正义战胜贪婪的童话故事。D篇介绍了美国历史上最早的一个环境主义者——John Muir。
2012年：A篇以图表的形式介绍了有关2012伦敦奥运会的一些情况。B篇以说明文的形式介绍了有关英语诗歌的韵脚。C篇讲述了“once in a blue moon”（千载难逢）这个习惯用语的用法及来历。D篇讲述了男孩Jason沉迷于电脑游戏中忘乎所以，之后被父亲强行制止的故事。E篇分析了世界人口分布不均的原因。
2013年：A篇要求学生看图辨别方向，解决问题。B篇是一份旅游景点宣传手册。C篇摘录于柯南道尔的侦探小说《福尔摩斯》。D篇很有教育意义，全文围绕“What is success?”（什么是成功？）展开。通过课堂Mr Gruber对学生进行设问和启发以及学生的各种各样的回答，点出成功的关键。E篇是中考最爱出的科普文章，介绍了关于GPS（全球定位系统）的知识。2014年：A篇是关于介绍参观旧金山市政大厅的导游说明。B篇介绍了历史上四位名人在当时对于未来世界运动和运输情况的预测，其中两位预测正确。C篇选取了关于狮子和老鼠的寓言故事，告诉我们不能轻视任何人，天生我材必有用。D篇讲述了Mike Myers老师和他的学生通过在哥斯达黎加雨林的七天旅行，意识到了保护雨林的重要性。
南京市中考英语阅读理解的语言材料一般选自英美国家的原版报刊、杂志等媒体，题材广泛，信息量大，可读性强。语言材料既有趣味性和幽默感，又不乏教育意义，话题方面越来越与现实生活紧密联系,具有浓厚的时代气息，充分体现语言教学的与时俱进，贴近学生的生活实际。体裁形式也丰富多样，涉及记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格等，一般以记叙文为主。纵观2010-2014年的南京市中考英语22篇阅读理解,涉及人文类题材、社科类题材和科普类题材。由此可见，中考阅读理解基本为常见题材,应在学生的掌握范围之内。但应注意,近几年科普类的阅读文章有所增加。
二、 2010-2014 年南京市中考英语阅读具体考点分析
南京市中考英语阅读理解主要考察学生综合运用所学知识的能力，包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评估能力等。具体来说，按照《新课标》对初中毕业生阅读技能的要求，南京市中考英语阅读理解主要考查以下几个要点：
①考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力，针对段落或短文的主题、主题思想、标题或目的而设计。
②考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力，针对文章的细节而设计。
③考查根据上下文猜测生词含义的能力，要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的单词或短语的含义，以猜测单词居多。
④考查根据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力，文章中没有明确的答案，要求考生在理解全文的基础上进行合理的推理和判断。
⑤考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段、各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力，主要考查句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。
⑥考查推断作者写作意图和态度的能力。
“简单的推理和判断”要求考生能在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推论，从而得出文章的深层含义。推断题大多会涉及文章的暗示、推论、结论、人物的身份和关系。推断题分为细节推断和全文推断，占阅读理解的20%左右，属于中考的拉分题。这类题除了需要透彻的理解短文、理顺文章的脉络外，还要求学生有一定的思考提炼和逻辑推理的能力。做推断题一定要遵循“立足主旨，忠于原文，只推一步。”的原则。细节推断题往往是对某个长难句子或者重点段落的理解，所以出题点往往和主旨有着千丝万缕的联系。既然这样，那么违背文章主旨的推断就一定不对了。另外，细节推断题要善用排除法，排除与原文细节不符的错误选项，排除原文当中的细节重复或故事复述。全文推断一定要从作者的立意观点角度出发，不能单凭自己的主观推断。尊重原文也很好理解。任何一类的题目，无论是细节题，主旨题还是推断题，与原文意思相左的选项一定是错误选项。连意思都是不对的，那就无所谓推断不推断了。第三点也就是最难理解的，究竟什么叫做是“只推一步”。“只推一步”的意思就是要适度推测。首先不能不推，既然是推断题不是细节题，那就不能照抄原文。在做细节题时，与原文一致的一定是正确选项，但是在推断题中就恰好相反了，因为既然是推断题，那还是要推理的，直接照抄就不符合推断二字的意思了。除了不能照抄原文以外，也不能二次推测或者随意推测。简单推理和判断题所占的比例较多表明中考阅读测试越来越关注对考生判断、推理、逻辑分析等高层次能力的考察。这种命题方向能有效引领教师在教学中发展学生的逻辑思维，培养学生的想象力和激发学生的潜能。
三、南京市中考英语阅读题型趋势分析
近几年来，南京市中考英语阅读理解题的难度适中，试题中有一半相对容易，主要是为了能让一部分英语学习困难的学生顺利通过考试，达到合格乃至及格；一部分试题中等难度；还有少量试题有一定的难度，目的是为了高级中学的人才选拔。一般而言，南京市中考英语阅读理解题的易、中、难题的比例约为5:4:1。根据对南京市五年来中考阅读理解题型的分析，笔者总结出以下几点命题趋势：1. 选材更趋多样化，更具应用性，贴近学生日常生活，和素质教育相结合
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最新中考英语阅读理解点+例题-全面解析 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读理解 Some parents are always comparing their children with themselves when they were young, or with other people when they were children. "When I was your age," a father said to his sixteen-year-old son one day, "I was at the top of my class every year. And I knew what I wanted to do when I left school. I had goals. You are always at the bottom of your class, and you have no goals." The man's son said nothing. He had heard this from his father many times. "And when your mother was your age," the boy's father went on, "she had a good job and she was earning money. You don't even have a part-time job. You earn nothing." The man's son still said nothing. He had heard this before, too. "And when your older brother was your age," the boy's father went on, "he studied hard. You just waste your time." And the man's son still said nothing. Finally, the boy's father said, "And when Abraham Lincoln was your age, he worked all day and studied at night." This time the son could not stay silent. "And when Abraham Lincoln was your age, Father," he said, "he was the President of the United States. What are you?" His father had no answer to this. （1）The father compared his son with the following people EXCEPT ________. A. himself B. the boy's brother C. Abraham Lincoln D. the boy's classmates （2）How did the boy probably feel? A. Happy. B. Afraid. C. Angry. D. Surprised. （3）What can we infer from the passage? A. Some parents like comparing their children with other children. B. The boy's father studied very well when he was young. C. The boy was the youngest child in his family. D. The father wanted his son to become President of the USA （4）What is the passage mainly about? A. A happy family on vacation. B. A father complaining about his son. C. A son lying to his father. D. Abraham Lincoln as a child. 【答案】（1）D （2）C （3）B （4）B 【解析】【分析】主要讲了一个抱怨自己儿子的爸爸。 （1）细节题。根据"When I was your age," a father said to his sixteen-year-old son one day, "I was at the top of my class every year.可知爸爸把儿子和自己比较；根据"And when your older
【英语】英语中考英语阅读理解及答案1
【英语】英语中考英语阅读理解及答案1 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读理解 What do you see when you look at abstract （抽象的）art? Can you understand it? Does it look like anything? Abstract art became popular in the early 20th century. Artists did not want to paint, draw, or sculpt things exactly like they looked. They didn't want their art to be realistic（现实的）. They were more interested in basic shapes and colours. Picasso is probably the most famous of these artists. He painted and drew in many, many styles. Sometimes he used a lot of blue colours （his "blue period"）. Later, he used more red and pink colours （his "rose period"）. Many of his other paintings are called "cubist （立体派的）" because they are made of painted squares. After a long time, Picasso's paintings became more and more abstract. He painted people and things using strange shapes. His work was so strange that many of his workmates didn't understand it. Kandinsky, another famous artist, used lines, shapes, and patterns to paint his subjects. His paintings also used strong colours to express feelings. Other artists like the surrealists （超现实主义画家），were interested in subconsciousness （潜意识）. Painters like Breton and Magritte used many symbols in their work. The meaning or subject of their work wasn't always clear. Dali, another surrealist artist, painted pictures that looked like dreams. There are still many abstract artists around the world. That's the way many artists prefer. They want each person to look at art and find their own meaning in it. （1）Which would be most like abstract art? A. A painting of a house. B. A sculpture of a car. C. A drawing of two people in a coffee house. D. A red and blue painting, with no clear subject. （2）What happened to Picasso's work after a long time? A. It became more abstract. B. It became less strange. C. He went from using red colours to using blue colours. D. He only painted with coloured squares. （3）How did Kandinsky express feelings? A. By using strong colours. B. By painting realistic people. C. By painting with a lot of symbols. D. By painting in red and pink colours. （4）Which of the following is NOT true? A. Picasso painted in many different styles. B. Dali was interested in dreams. C. Abstract artists feel each work of art only has one meaning. D. Magritte's art was full of symbols.