翻译论文摘要引言

The pseudobulbs and subterranean organs (roots and rhizomes) of Eulophia epidendraea, and Malaxis acuminata in subfamily Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae) were investigated to determine morphology, anatomy and mycorrhizal occurrence.

（研究兰科树兰亚科的Eulophia epidendraea（黄花美冠兰）和Malaxis acuminata（沼兰属浅裂沼兰）的假鳞茎和地下器官（根和根茎）以确定其形态，结构和真菌菌根的发生）

The examined sections showed the following common anatomi-cal characteristics.

（被研究的切片显示以下几个相同的结构特点）

The pseudobulbs had a uniseriate epidermis. The assimilatory cells were scattered in the form of mucilage/water storage cells in the ground tissue.

（假鳞茎有单层表皮，同化细胞以粘液或蓄水细胞的形式分散在基本组织中）The vascular bundles were collateral and embedded in the ground tissue. Raphides occurred as idioblasts.

维管束并行嵌入到基本组织中。针晶体发生在异细胞中。

Rhizomes had an uniseriate epidermis, parenchymatous ground tissue differentiated into outer and inner zones with polygonal intercellular spaces. Vascular bundles scattered, collateral and discontinuous form in both the taxa. Aeration cells were present in roots and rhizomes of M. Acuminata.

根状茎有单层表皮，薄壁基本组织分为含多边形细胞间隙的内区和外区。维管束以分散、并行和不连续形式存在于两个类群中。通气细胞存在于M. Acuminata （沼兰属浅裂沼兰）.的根和根状茎。

The transverse section of E. epidendraea roots had multi-layered velamen with spiral thickening followed by uniseriate exodermis with that had webbed tilosomes. The parenchymatous cortex contained raphides and water storage cells. Vascular bundles were 11–15 arched. Roots of M. acuminata had an uniseriate velamen, exodermis, parenchyma-tous cortex, endodermis and pericycle. The vascular bundles were radially arranged, and 11–12 arched. The xylem and phloem were embedded in sclerenchymatous tissue.

E.epidendraea（黄花美冠兰）根的横切面有多层螺旋加厚的根被，其次是有webbed tilosomes.单层的外皮。薄壁皮质包含针晶体和储水细胞。维管束为11-15个拱形排列。M. Acuminata（沼兰属浅裂沼兰）的根有单层膜，外皮层、薄壁皮层、内皮层和中柱鞘。维管束11-12个拱形呈放射状排列。木质部和韧皮部嵌入到厚壁组织。

The entry of the mycorrhizal fungi was chiefly through root hairs in roots and epidermis in rhizomes of M. acuminata, and in E. epidendraea. Fungi formed pelotons in both the taxa and microsclerotia and monilioid cells in the root cortex of E. epidendraea. Additionally, Glomus- type vesicles were occasionally present in the roots of M. Acuminata. Description of characteristics arising from this investigation may provide additional morphological and anatomical means of identification.

菌根真菌的进入主要是通过M. acuminata,和E. epidendraea根的根毛.根状茎的表皮。两个类群中都有真菌形成的菌丝团，E. Epidendraea.的根皮质中有微菌核和骨髓细胞。此外，M. acuminata的根中偶尔出现球型囊泡。这次研究所产生的特性可以提供额外的形态和解剖的识别方法。

1.Introduction

Orchidaceae, is one of the ecologically and morphologically most diverse families among flowering plants. It is the second largest plant family comprising of about 800 genera and more than 24,000 species world-wide (Fay and Chase,

2009). The production of non-endospermous seeds, one of the distinctive features of the family (Werker, 1997) requires association with mycorrhizal fungi for ger-mination and development during the early stages of the life cycle (Smith and Read, 2008). Orchids are divided into five subfamilies: Apostasioideae, Vanilloideae, Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae (Chase et al., 2003, 2015), and have diverse life-forms each with variously modified vegetative and floral structures.

1引言

兰花是开花植物中生态和形态最多样的家族之一，它是第二大植物家族，在世界各地上约有800属24000余种(Fay and Chase, 2009)非胚乳种子生产家族鲜明的特点之一(Werker, 1997) 是需要在生命周期中的早期阶段联合真菌菌根的萌发和发育(Smith and Read, 2008)兰科分为五个亚科：拟兰亚科，Vanilloideae, Cypripedioideae,兰亚科，树兰亚科(Chase et al., 2003, 2015), 有各种改良植物和花结构的不同生命形式。

Species are fully or partially mycoheterotrophic (largely dependent on mycorrhiza for carbon supply), terrestrial, epiphytic or epilithic, are sensitive to habitat disturbance, degradation and fragmenta-tion, and in India represented by 1331 species belonging to 186 genera (Misra, 2007). Terrestrial orchids have creeping, fibrous or fleshy rhizomes, and roots with varied functions (Sevgi et al.,

2012). The function of roots in terrestrial orchids includes: nutri-ent absorption and substrate fixation, storage as in tuber-like roots, and roots specialized in storage, absorption, and fixation (Dressler,1981).

物种是完全或部分mycoheterotrophic（绝大部分取决于菌根碳供应）陆生，附生或石生对生境破坏，退化，破碎是敏感的，在印度有1331个种隶属于186个属，(Misra, 2007)陆地兰花有匍匐状，纤维状或肉质根茎，并且根具有多种功能。(Sevgi et al.,2012).在陆地兰花中根的功能包括：营养吸收和底物固定，块茎状根的存储，根专门存储，吸收和固定(Dressler,1981).

Anatomical description assists in understanding physiological processes as well as phylogenetic relationships (Yeung, 1998; Liu and Zhu, 2011), and aids in plant identification when floral or veg-etative traits are not available (Chase and Palmer, 1989; Dengler,2002). Stern and Carlsward (2006) suggested anatomy as a mean in examining relationships to evolve a stable systematic classifica-tion and to solve taxonomic problems among taxa. For example,

解剖学上的描述有助于理解生理过程以及系统发育关系，(Yeung, 1998; Liu and Zhu, 2011), 在植物识别中，当花或植物的性状是不可用时(Chase and Palmer, 1989; Dengler,2002). Stern and Carlsward (2006) 建议解剖作为一种研究关系的方法以发展稳定的系统分类并解决类群的分类问题。

For example,vegetative anatomy provided additional evidence to support the molecular analyses (nuclear and plastid DNA sequences) that the genus Mormodes and Cycnoches of Catasetinae (Orchidaceae) are closely related (Pridgeon and Chase, 1998; Stern and Judd, 2001). Similarly, anatomical evidence like the presence of tilosomes, adax-ial and abaxial foliar fiber bundle distribution, and O-thickened exodermal cell walls, supported the union of orchid genera Laelia,

例如：植物解剖学提供了额外的证据支持分子分析（核和质体DNA序列），Mormodes属和Catasetinae（兰科）的天鹅兰密切相关（Pridgeon and Chase1998年，斯特恩和贾德，2001年）。同样，像核糖体的存在，正面和背面的叶纤维素的分布，和o-型加厚外皮层细胞壁，支持兰花属Laelia,的联合）

Psychilis, Quisqueya, Scaphyglottis and Sophoronitis which were scat-tered among several alliances within Laeliinae based on a molecular phylogenetic study (Pridgeon et al., 2005; Stern and Carlsward,2009). A recent anatomical investigation of members of the sub-family Epidendroideae also strongly emphasized the importance of a detailed anatomical study of vegetative characters in solving systematic problems of orchid taxonomy (Aybeke, 2012).

（Psychilis, Quisqueya, Scaphyglottis and Sophoronitis 被分散在一个以分子系统发育研究为基础的Laeliinae联盟中（Pridgeon et al., 2005; Stern and Carlsward,

2009)。最近，对树兰亚科的亚家族的解剖研究也强烈强调了在解决兰花分类学的系统问题上植物性状详细的解剖学研究的重要性）(Aybeke, 2012).

differences in terrestrial orchids was carried out by Sasikumar(1973). However, later studies on the morphology and anatomy of the members of Orchidaceae have mostly involved systematic groups focusing on certain tribes such as Maxillarieae (Stern et al.,2004), and Diurideae (Pridgeon and Chase, 1995), subtribes such as Catasetinae (Stern and Judd, 2001), Laeliinae (Stern and Carlsward,2009), Triphorinae (Carlsward and Stern, 2009) and Onciidinae(Stern, 1997; Stern and Carlsward, 2006), and subfamilies such as Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae (Aybeke, 2012).

（在以前，陆地兰花分类相关的形态学和解剖学差异的研究是由Sasikumar进行的（1973）然而，后来对兰科植物成员的形态和解剖的研究中，大多离不开系统，针对某些（植物）族如Maxillarieae (Stern et al.,2004), and Diurideae (Pridgeon and Chase, 1995), 亚族如Catasetinae (Stern and Judd, 2001), Laeliinae (Stern and Carlsward,2009), 和Onciidinae(Stern, 1997; Stern and Carlsward, 2006), 亚家族如Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae (Aybeke, 2012)

The subfamily Epidendroideae is one of the largest in Orchi-daceae encompassing more than 15,000 species grouped into 11 tribes, 38 subtribes and 576 genera (Dressler, 1993). Most members of this subfamily are tropical

epiphytes (usually with pseudob-ulbs), but some are terrestrial and a few are myco-heterotrophs. Genus Eulophia R. Br. belongs to subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Cymbidieae and subtribe Eulophiinae. The genus consists of more than 300 species of terrestrial perennial orchids with fleshy tubers (Norah, 2014). Species with pseudobulbs are distributed in the warmer regions of the world, especially in Asia and Africa. In India, 28 species of Eulophia have been reported (Bhattacharjee, 2001). The terricolous Eulophia epidendraea (J.K?nig ex Retz.)

C.E.C. Fisch. has relatively prominent and angular pseudobulbs and is found in moist and dry deciduous forests. Leaves of this orchid are long and narrow, grass-like, up to 51 cm in length and 1.7 cm breadth in the midrib region. Inflorescence usually arises from the base of the pseudobulbs (Abraham and Vatsala, 1981). This orchid is widely distributed in West Bengal and South India.

（树兰亚科在兰科植物中是最大的，包括15000余种分为11个族38个亚族576个属(Dressler, 1993)，这个亚科的成员大多是热带附生植物（通常pseudob-ulbs)但有些是陆生，极少数是真菌的异养生物，黄花美冠兰属R. Br。属于亚科树兰亚科、cymbidieae族、eulophiinae亚族。这个属包含300种以上的有着肉质块茎的陆生多年生兰花(Norah, 2014)，含有假鳞茎的物种分布在世界的温带地区，特别是亚洲和非洲，在印度，28种黄花美冠兰已经被报道(Bhattacharjee, 2001)陆生的黄花美冠兰(J.K?nig ex Retz.)C.E.C.甘草具有较突出的假鳞茎，在潮湿和干燥的落叶阔叶林分布。这种兰花，叶长而窄，像草一样达

到长51厘米和中脉区宽1.7厘米。花序通常源于假鳞茎的基部，这种兰花主要分布在西孟加拉邦和印度南部。

Malaxis Sw. belongs to subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Malaxideae and subtribe Malaxidinae. This genus consists of more than 300 species of terrestrial, lithophytic, rarely epiphytic, taxa with world-wide distribution. Taxa in Malaxis are found in India, Bangladesh and Malaysia (Trivedi, 2009). Malaxis acuminata D. Don is a terrestrial orchid, growing in a marshy habitat. The stems may reach up to 7 cm in length with few sheaths below. Leaves are 12 cm long and green, often shaded purple. Inflorescence reaches 30 cm, flowers 1.25 cm in length and greenish to yellow–purple in color (Pushpa et al., 2011)

Malaxis Sw. （沼兰属SW）.属于兰科树兰亚科，Malaxideae 族Malaxidinae 亚族。本属包括300多种物种，陆生，石生和极少的附生。类群分布于世界各地，沼兰属被发现在印度，孟加拉国，马来西亚(Trivedi, 2009). 浅裂沼兰D.是陆生兰花，在一片沼泽地生长。茎可达7厘米，长度为几鞘以下。叶长12厘米，绿色，常有遮蔽的紫色。花序达30厘米，花长1.25厘米，颜色有绿色，紫色，黄色–（Pushpa et al.，2011）

Both the orchids are of medicinal importance. Rhizomes of M. acuminata are used as an aphrodisiac, styptic, antidysenteric, febrifuge and tonic (Puspha et al., 2011). In addition, this orchid is an important ingredient of Ashtavaraga used in

the preparation of the traditional ayurvedic medicine Chyawanprakash (Puspha et al., 2011). Tubers of E. epidendraea have anti-diarrhoeal activ-ity (Maridass, 2011). These therapeutic properties have resulted in a large-scale harvest of these orchids from the wild, unsustain-able collection and habitat destruction having greatly reduced their populations in the wild.

兰花的药用价值，M. acuminata 的根状茎被用作春药，止血，止痢药、退热药和补品（puspha et al.，2011）。此外，这种兰花在传统的阿育吠陀医学chyawanprakash中是制备ashtavaraga的重要成分（puspha et al.，2011）。E. epidendraea块茎具有抗腹泻活性（maridass，2011）。具有这些治疗的性质，导致野生兰花被大规模收割，不能忍受的采集和栖息地的破坏，大大降低了他们野外的物种。

Anatomical studies in Eulophia and Malaxis are limited. Tsujita and Yukawa (2008) studied the root anatomy of Eulophia zollingeri and described the presence of mycorrhizal fungal pelotons in the root cortical cells. Anatomical examination of the leaf, stem and roots of Eulophia species (E. gracilis Lindl., E. petersii Rchb.f., E. guineensis Lindl. and E. keithii Ridl.) were performed for their inclusion as outgroups in the phylogenetic evaluation of sub-tribe Catasetinae (Stern and Judd, 2001).

对美冠兰属、沼兰属在解剖学上的研究是有限的。Tsujita and Yukawa （2008）研究了美冠兰属zollingeri根的解剖，描述了在根皮层中菌根真菌菌丝团的存在。在Catasetinae亚族的系统评价中对美冠兰属叶，茎和根的解剖检查(E. gracilis Lindl., E. petersii Rchb.f., E. guineensis Lindl. and E. keithii Ridl.) 将作为外类群进行(Stern and Judd, 2001).。

The anatomy of the pseudobulbs of M. acuminata was recently investigated for its phyto-pharmacognostical diagnostic value (Chinmay et al., 2011). Mycorrhizal association in E. epidendraea has been reported by Sathiyadash et al. (2012) but mycorrhizal status of M. acuminata has not been investigated previously. The major objective of the present study was to describe and compare the anatomical characteristics and the mycorrhiza of E. epidendraea and M. Acuminata.

对M. acuminata假鳞茎的解剖用于植物生药学诊断价值研究，对E. epidendraea 的菌根联合被Sathiyadash et al. (2012)报道，但之前M. acuminata 的菌根没有被研究。本研究的主要目的是描述和比较E. epidendraea 和M. Acuminata.菌根的解剖学特点。

（维管束