土木工程专业英语文章
Text A Field Measurement of Density and Moisture Content
Control of field compaction requires frequent determination of the density and moisture content
of the compacted soil, and also measurements of the moisture content of the excavated soil to assess
its suitability as filling material. There is a number of standard methods of measuring field dry density, the two most commonly used being the sand-replacement method and the core-cutter method
①
. Both these methods are outlined briefly below; in each case the bulk density of the soil is determined by finding the weight of material occupying a known volume and, by measuring the moisture content of a representative sample, the dry density can then be calculated.
Sa nd-r epla cement Method
A hole approximately 4 in. diameter ( 8 in. diameter for coarse-grained soils) is excavated to
the depth of the layer to be tested and the material removed is weighed. The volume of the hole is then determined by running in dry, closely-graded sand of known bulk density from a suitable container, the volume of sand used being found by weighing the sand-filled container before and after the test. The test may be performed on all types of soils, but is liable to give too high a value for the bulk density of wet granular materials as a result of the surrounding soil flowing into the sample hole during excavation.
Cor e-cutter method
This method is useful for soft, cohesive soils which are free from stones. A 4 -in. internal diameter cutter of known weight and volume is driven into the soil and then dug out. The soil sample
is trimmed flush with the ends of the cutter and weighed to determined the bulk density.
With any of the standard methods for dry density, it is necessary to make a number of
103measurements over a comparatively small area in order to obtain a representative average value,
since considerable variations occur as a result of testing errors. It has been suggested that between 5
and 10 measurements per 1, 000 cu yd of fill constitute a reasonable number as regards the amount of
testing time involved, but recent work indicates that about 40 dry density and moisture content measurements per 1, 000 cu yd of fill are necessary to obtain a mean value with an accuracy not poorer than ±2 for the percentage air voids at the 90% confidence limits
②
. Clearly this number of
tests would be impracticable using the standard methods of measurement, but efforts are at present being made to develop methods which can be carried out with greater rapidity.
One possible approach is based on the fact that the scattering and absorption of gamma radiation is a function of the bulk density of the material. Briefly, a radioactive source ( caesium 137 ) contained in the end of a stainless-steel probe is inserted in the soil to a depth of up to 6 in. and a Geiger-Muller tube which detects gamma radiation is placed on the surface about 8 in. from the probe to measure the rate of transmission of radiation through the material. Alternatively, in soils containing large stones which make it difficult to insert the probe without causing undue
disturbance,
both the source and detector may be placed on the surface separated by lead shielding and the backscatter method used, although this method suffers from the disadvantage that measurements are
largely confined to the upper 2 in. of soil.
Since this equipment records the bulk density, it is necessary to determine also the moisture content of the material before the dry density can be calculated. This may also be done with nuclear
techniques using a radium/ beryllium source of fast neutrons placed on the ground surface alongside a
boron trifluoride counter which records the number of slow neutrons scattered back after collisions
have occurred between the fast neutrons and nuclei of hydrogen present in the soil moisture. This measurement is also made on a unit volume basis and therefore the difference of the two readings give the dry density of the soil.
Wor ds and Expr essions
measurement n. 测量
density n. 密度
moisture content 含水量
compaction n. 压实, 夯实
access v. 估计, 评价
suitability n. 适用性
sand-replacement method 换砂法
core-cutter method 钻心法
bulk density 毛体积密度
sample n. 试样
run in 倒入, 注入
liable a . 易于……的, 有……倾向的
104
土木工程专业英语granular a . 粒状的, 粒料的
trim v. 修整, 创平
flush v. 使齐平; a . 齐平的
flush with 与……齐平
as regards 关于, 至于
confidence n. 信任, 信心
confidence limit 置信界限( 用于数理统计)
scatter v. 散射, 分散
absorption n. 吸收
gamma n. 伽玛( 希腊字母)
radiation n. 辐射, 放射
radioactive a . 放射性的
caesium n. 铯( 化学元素)
probe n. 探头
disturbance n. 扰动, 妨碍
shield vt. 用盾掩护; n. 防护
nuclear a . 核的, 原子核的
radium n. 镭( 化学元素)
beryllium n. 铍( 化学元素)
neutron n. 中子
boron n. 硼( 化学元素)
trifluoride n. 三氟化合物
collision n. 碰撞
nucleus n. [ 复] nuclei 核, 原子核
Notes
①There is a number of standards of methods of measuring field dry density, the two most commonly used being the sand-replacement method and the core-cutter method. 本句可译为: 野外
量测干密度的标准方法有多种, 其中最常用的两种是换砂法和钻芯法。在“There be”句型中,
在系词be 之后紧跟着像a number of, a lot of 这类词组来修饰作主语的复数名词, 但由于不定
冠词a 紧跟在系词之后, 此处习惯用is 而不用are.
②It has been suggested that between 5 and 10 measurements per 1 , 000 cu yd of fill constitute
a reasonable number as regards the amount of testing time involved, but recent work indicates that about 40 dry density and moisture content measurements per 1, 000 cu yd of fill are necessary to obtain a mean value with an accuracy not poorer than ±2 for the percentage air voids at the 90% confidence limits. 本句可译为: 据建议, 考虑到测试所需的时间, 每1, 000 立方码的填土测定
6 ～10次作为一个适宜的次数, 但近期研究表明, 对于在90% 置信界限时的空隙率来说, 为了
使干密度和含水量的测定获得精确度不低于±2 的平均值, 每1, 000 立方码的填土需作大约
105
UNIT 1840 次测定。between 5 and 10 是主语measurements 的定语, 这里是介词短语作定语用。
Text B Tests for Determining the Density of Soils
Tests for density may be divided into two classes: laboratory tests to set a standard for density, and field tests to measure the density of a soil in place in the roadway structure. Laboratory tests may
in turn be subdivided on the basis of compaction procedure, into“static”,“dynamic”or“impact”methods.
Sta tic Tests
Some agencies have used a static test to determine maximum density of laboratory samples. One such test is conducted as follows. About 4, 000 g of soil containing a designated percentage of water
are placed in a cylindrical mold 6 in. in diameter and 8 in. high. The sample is compressed under a load of 2, 000 lb /in. , applied at a speed of 0. 05 in. /min. When the full load is reached, it is held for a period of 1 min. and then gradually released. Using the known dry weight of soil, mold
diameter, and the measured height, the dry density of the sample is computed. Enough samples are processed to delineate the peak of the moisture—density curve. This peak value represents the standard.
Dynamic or Impact Tests
Most agencies determine optimum moisture content and maximum density with dynamic or impact tests. Samples of soil, each containing a designated percentage of water, are compacted in layers into molds of specified size. Compaction is obtained with a given number of blows from a freefalling hammer of prescribed dimension and weight that has a flat, circular face. The peak of the
moisture-density curve represents standard density.
Field Tests for Density of Soils in Pla ce
( 1 ) Field Density and Moisture Content by Sampling
The procedure for determining relative compaction by sampling is as follows:
1 ) Dig a small sample of the compacted material through the full depth of the layer to be tested.
2 ) Obtain the wet and dry weights of the sample. From these also determine the moisture content of the sample.
3 ) Determine the volume that the sample occupied in the fill by finding how many pounds of a material of known unit weight are required to fill this space. Sand or water poured or pumped into a
flexible rubber liner have served this purpose.
4 ) From the dry weight of the sample and the known volume that it occupies in the fill, obtain the dry weight per cubic foot.
5 ) Determine the relative compaction of the soil in the fill by dividing its dry weight per cubic 106
土木工程专业英语foot by the laboratory standard density.
( 2 ) Field Density and Moisture Content Measurement with Nuclear Devices
In recent years, the state transportation agencies and large local agencies have increasingly adopted nuclear devices for determining in-place densities and moisture contents.
The principle of measurement by nuclear means is relatively simple. A source of nuclear energy provides both gamma and high-velocity neutrons. The gamma rays are reflected to a degree dependent of the density of the material through which they travel. The high-velocity neutrons are slowed down by any hydrogen atoms they contact, hence more neutrons are slowed down if a given
soil has a higher moisture content. The intensity of the reflected gamma rays and slowed down neutrons are measured separately by Geiger-Muller counter tubes. Gauge readings are easily converted to density and percent moisture using calibration curves or microprocessors.
Nuclear devices overcome some of the disadvantages of the sampling method. Since determinations can be taken quickly and while construction equipment is operating, delays are minimized, and this can reduce construction costs. Also, more readings can be taken, which leads to greater confidence that prescribed densities have been obtained and also permits a statistical approach to compaction control.
Wor ds and Expr essions
field test 现场测试
dynamic a. 动力的
designate v. 标示, 指明cylindrical a. 圆柱体的
release v. 释放
delineate v. 描出……的外形, 描绘optimum a . 最佳的
prescribe v. 规定
gauge n. 表, 量器
convert v. 转换
calibration n. 校准; 标定statistical a. 统计的, 统计学的
最新土木工程专业英语期末复习题
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第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。
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土木工程专业英语论文.doc
Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and
土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。
土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署
自我介绍作文之英语作文自我介绍带翻译
自我介绍作文之英语作文自我介绍带翻译
英语作文自我介绍带翻译 【篇一：英文版自我介绍翻译(共4篇)】 篇一：面试用英语自我介绍怎么说 面试用英语自我介绍怎么说? 面试过程中自我介绍是在所难免的，中文自我介绍尚且难倒了很多人，更何况是英文自我介绍呢，但是面试用英语自我介绍在一些外资企业或者和英语相关岗位也是不可避免的。今天我们就说一说面试用英语自我介绍怎么说? 其实自我介绍大体都是一样的，简单的基本介绍，个人情况和兴趣爱好的一个阐述，话不多说先举一个例子吧。(先英文后中文吧) hello, everybody, my name is xxx, my personality alacrity is bright, i like to make friend, enjoying to read some books about philosophy usually, i like discussing problems with my friends together, i feel very happy to know everyone, hoping to get along with everyone delectation in the day of aftertime. 大家好，我是xxx，我的性格活泼开朗，喜欢交流，日常生活中我喜欢看一些哲学性的书，很喜欢和朋友一起探讨问题，非常高兴认识大家，在之后的生活里能够和大家相处融洽。大家在做英文自我介绍过程不用担心和害怕，并不是所有的面试官英文水平都很好，有些可能根本就听不懂你在说什么，在这个面试过程中你最重要的是要保持微笑和自信，无论多么蹩脚的英文你首先要保证流利和自信就可以了。 篇二：考研英语自我介绍及各个专业所对应的英语翻译 考研英语自我介绍及各专业所对应英语翻译自我介绍 (self-introduce)
土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译
土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020
Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and
土木工程专业英语
non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数
土木工程专业英语结课论文
2012级土木工程（本）专业《土木工程英语》课程论文 论文题目：高层建筑防火的研究 Research of high-rise building fire prevention 专业班级： 学生姓名： 学号： 论文成绩： 评阅教师： 2015年11 月14 日
（一） 基于性能化防火设计方法的商业综合体典型空间防火优化设计研究 正文：改革开放以来，我国市场经济蓬勃发展，各种类型的商业建筑如雨后春笋般涌现。然而人们在享受高效便捷的购物消费和休闲娱乐的同时，商业综合体及其建筑群的巨大规模、多样功能、众多人数、复杂流线、与城市多层面多点衔接等特点，极大程度地增大了灾害风险，特别是城市和建筑中最易发生的灾种——火灾的风险。传统的建筑防火设计以“条文式”的防火规范为依据，无法满足部分现代商业综合体迅速发展的设计需要，当因结构、功能、造型等方面的特殊要求，出现现行国家消防技术规范中未明确规定的、现行国家消防技术规范规定的条件不适用的、依照国家消防技术规范进行设计确有困难的情况时，将采取针对性更强、更加先进、经济、合理、有效的性能化防火措施进行建筑和规划设计。与此同时，性能化防火设计方法以其在火灾场景和人员疏散模拟等方面的突出优势，也将被更多地运用于优化“条文式”防火设计规范框架内的规划与建筑方案设计。可见研究大型商业综合体的性能化防火设计措施，并利用性能化防火设计的方法调整优化规划与建筑设计以避免和减轻火灾危害是亟待解决的重要课题。本论文共分为十章，分别介绍了课题的研究背景与意义，国内外商业综合体性能化防火的研究现状，要素构成及火灾危险性，建筑的火灾机理与性能化防火设计参数，五大类商业综合体典型空间的防火优化措施，最后提出结论与展望。本文的核心研究内容是结合商业综合体空间要素构成特征的火灾特点以及建筑防火设计中的三个重要指标（防火分区、疏散距离、疏散宽度），提炼五大类商业综合体的典型空间，即密集空间、竖向贯通空间、超大水平开敞空间、狭长通道空间和地下空间，以建筑学和城市规划学的视角，一方面运用计算机技术，对“超规范”的设计方案进行性能化防火设计安全评价，另一方面对条文式规范框架内的设计方法进行优化。性能化防火策略作为消防设计乃至贯穿整个建筑、规划设计全过程的设计思路，已初步为我们展现出应用领域的美好前景，本文旨在进一步完善和发展以数字技术为基础的性能化防火设计方法，为建筑和城市减灾防灾目标的实现提供更有力的保障。
土木工程专业英语修正版
Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the
土木工程专业英语段兵延第二版全书文章翻译样本
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境管理。此处环境涉及建筑符合科学规范所有构造，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其她当代社会和大量人口集中地区基本公共设施。她们也建造私有设施，例如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其她设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径大型构造。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整都市和乡镇，并且近来始终在规划设计容纳设施齐全社区空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把她非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位军事工程师工作而采用名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设工程师，尽管其包括领域更为辽阔。 领域。由于包括范畴太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量技术专业。不同类型工程需要各种不同土木工程专业技术。一种项目开始时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学实验以拟定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对本地影响，涉及对空气和地下水也许污染，对本地动植物生活影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环保需要。交通工程专家拟定必须不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程导致对本地公路和其她交通网络承担。同步，构造工程专家运用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和阐明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家工作进行监督和调配则是施工管理专家。依照其她专家所提供信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工数量和耗费，所有工作进度表，订购工作所需要材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外监督工作以保证工程能准时按质完毕。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了当代土木工程师必备品，由于它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需大量数据从而拟定建造一项工程最佳办法。
《土木工程专业英语》课文翻译 作者 戴俊 第01单元
第一单元 课文 土木工程前言 或许，工程师对于人类文明形成所做出的贡献多于其他专业人才群体。在各个社会中，工程师的作用就是发展技术应用以满足实际需要。例如，应用电力系统向城市供电，应用水轮驱动水碾，应用人造心脏延长生命，等。向我们提供水、燃料、电力的系统，交通网络系统，通讯系统，以及带来其他方便的系统是工程技术应用的产物。尽管真正的工程师们在以上进步和人类幸福中所起的作用，但对他们所起作用的理解仍是不完全的。 工程是将知识转化为实际有效应用的技术，工程师则是在这样的转化中起关键作用的人。工程是服务人类的职业，人类环境是需要考虑的重要事项。通常，区分工程师和科学家一直存在困难，决定科学家的工作在哪里终止，工程师的工作从哪里开始也存在困难。 科学与工程中有联系的工作的基本区别在于它们的目的不同。科学家以发明为目的，而工程师坚持有效使用发明来满足人类的需要。例如，德国物理学家亨利奇·赫兹发现了无线电波，而古里耶尔莫·马克尼则利用无线电波发展了无线电信技术，这是一项工程奇迹。在相关科学家建立了核裂变的科学原理后，制造原子武器、建造核电厂的艰难工作则由电力、化学和机械工程师来完成。 土木工程是以向人类提供安全、舒适住所为目的的工程分支。住所是人类的基本需要之一，它由土木工程师负责提供。供水和灌溉系统的有效规划能增加一个国家的粮食产量。住所除了简单的掩蔽功能外，土木工程师还能将其建造来为居住者提供安宁、舒适的生活。世界上的工程奇迹——从塔形结构到今天的薄壳结构——都是土木工程发展的结果。道路、铁路、桥梁等交通网线是土木工程师的劳动果实，没有这样的交通网线，社会将不可能得到发展。 任何工程学科都是由各种专业分支构成的巨大领域，土木工程的主要专业分支如下： 1.结构工程 结构工程是土木工程的最重要专业分支，结构的建造需要有效的规划、设计和施工方法，以实现完整的建造目的。一般地，结构工程建造包含五个步骤： ●定位，并合理排列结构构件，形成确定的形式，以实现最佳的使用功能。 ●决定作用于结构上不同力的大小、方向和性质。 ●结构分析，弄清受上述作用力的结构构件的行为特征。 ●结构设计，以保证不同载荷作用下的结构稳定性。 ●结构施工，采用精心选择的材料，由熟练工人完成。 2.岩土工程 为了实现建筑于地面结构的有效功能，必须知道土的特征。岩土工程给出土的基本知识体系，这一分支涉及以下方面： ●土——“土力学”下的材料——的性质和行为特征。 ●结构、机器等基础的不同类型及其稳定性。 岩土工程也涉及基础的分析、设计和施工。 3.流体力学、水力学和水力机械
土木工程专业英文简历范文
土木工程专业英文简历范文 Basic personal information Name: Mr. Fan Sex: Male Residence: Zhejiang, China Height: 183cm Marital Status: Single weight: 78kg Political outlook: Party members Education: Undergraduate Graduation Time: 2007-07-12 graduate institutions: Qingdao University of Science and Technology ID: 330 ********* 020314 Professional: Engineering, Civil Engineering Existing Title: No Second Profession: Management Engineering -> Project Management Now living Venue: Zhejiang recommendation index: ★★★ (maximum 5 stars) Job intentions Position Type: Real estate / construction professionals job type: Full-time Monthly requirements: Discuss a specific job: construction site management Second, the specific positions: the structural design of the three specific positions: construction-site technical management Four specific positions: five non-specific positions: None Hope that the working areas: Zhejiang Hangzhou in other areas of work: None Relevant work experience and expertise Talent type: Ordinary working hours of job-related: 1 year Foreign Language: English Language: 4 Other foreign languages: No other foreign language proficiency: None Mandarin level: the capacity of standard computer: Excellent Education / training experience From September 2004 to July 2007, Qingdao University of Science and Technology / Civil Engineering, Engineering Management / University English four, the National Computer II Work experience / job skills and expertise July 2007 Real Estate Group has beautiful West Lake, Hangzhou Jiangnan-site technical project management company in Hangzhou, no new projects can not be developed so that I July 2006 to October Zhaohui Zhejiang Huaxia Construction Group MTR resettlement demolition works on site training Career goals Housing Corporation-site technical management Technical management of construction enterprises Self-introduction Although the working hours is not long, but learning good work habits so that I have been growing in a short period of time. Although still lacking in all aspects of the larger, but the attitude and team spirit with an open mind so that I can improve myself as soon as possible! My outgoing personality, work bold but not reckless initiative. I hope his career through their own efforts can be developed as soon as possible rather than a waste of time every day. I am not afraid of challenges, not only to demonstrate self-fear. I hope that your company can provide a platform for development, I will do my best for the company's efforts to create wealth!