四级辅导写作讲义 - 副本

评分标准：（语言，内容）

1．内容要切题, 统一：写作内容要围绕题目规定的话题展开。提纲式作文要求根据提纲规定的内容和范围展开段落，不能按照自己的思路发挥。且一个段落或一篇文章只有一个中心观点，其他各句，各段均围绕这一中心观点展开描写或论述，否则会留下思路混乱的印象。

2．语篇连贯：层次分明，条理清楚。上下文之间，词与词之间，句与句之间要上下连贯，前后呼应，这样文章结构才会严谨，思路清晰，有条理。注意连词，衔接词，指示代词的运用，过度词使文章自然流畅以防生硬。

3．语言准确：用词和语法的准确性。无重大语法错误，如：时态不一致，主谓数不一致，用词不当等。

4．句式多样性：为避免句型的单调，增加句式的多样性和语言的表现力，在文章中应使用不同结构，不同类型，不同长短的句子，如：简单句，复杂句，倒装句，排比句，感叹句等。

如何提高写作水平？

选词

存在的问题

** 喜欢用老生常谈的词汇如：喜欢like, enjoy, prefer, love;不能做什么can’t do, fail to do, unable to do

1.good: positive(effect), favorable(impression), promising(有希望的

future)，perfect, pleasant(weather) , excellent, outstanding, superior(to ) 2.bad: dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)，less impressive

eg. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.

3. many: (an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of,)

4. some: a slice of, quiet a few , several

5.think: harbor the idea that, take the attitude that,hold the view that, it is

widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)

6.in my opinion : for my part ,from my own perspective

7.frown on sth替换be against , disagree with sth

8.get many benefits: reap huge fruits

9.more and more: Increasing(ly),growing修饰名词时用

increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly. Eg. sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.

10. Helpful: beneficial, rewarding

11. Customer: shopper, consumer, purchaser

12. Very: exceedingly, extremely, intensely

13. attract one's attention: capture one's attention pour attention into替换pay attention to

14. cause: give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger

15. reasons for sth: There are several reasons behind sth

16. Want: desire

17. Remember: bear in mind that

18. Have: enjoy(high social status/salary)

19. Should: be expected to; be supposed to; It’s imperative for sb to do

** 喜欢用汉语式的思维来对译英语词汇，忽视其内涵，如：

I am bad in grammar and vocabulary (bad---poor)

I want to hear the music (hear---listen to)

If you meet some trouble, you can look for the policeman.(turn to)

If you have no money to spend, you can ask from your parents and friends (ask sb for sth)

Disadvantages are more than advantages (outweigh)

选词标准

1．用熟悉的词，不用生僻，把握不准的词 e.g. home, house, habitation; stop, pause, cessation

2．用简洁的词代替短语，句子For, for the purpose of; after graduation, after she had graduated

3．用具体词代替抽象词, 尽量用小词不用大词或华丽的辞藻，让事实说话，避免空洞e.g. China is a big country. It gas a large population and Chinese people are very good.--- The total area of China is over 9.6 million square meters. It has a population of about 1.4 billion and Chinese people are very kind/ warm-hearted/ honest/ selfless/ friendly/amiable

4．用词应多样话，尽量多用近义词，同义词，反义词给文章增色，使用人称代词，指示代词来代替上文提到的人或事，使文章更加紧凑简洁，避免重复。

5．尽量使用词性变化来丰富自己的表达手段。如使用派生形式来点缀文章亮点。多用名词，介词词组：it is of great importance/ help/ use/ significance 替代it is very important/ significant/ helpful/ useful

造句

存在的问题

1．句子罗嗦冗长，重复表达，不简洁。

In my opinion, I think that many families have the money to buy a TV set. ----I think that any families can afford a TV set.

2．句式变化少，多简单句，主动语态和陈述句

First, I go to the class. I am absorbed in my lesson. I take notes. Thus, I will pass the examination. Second, I go to the library. For I am not satisfied with what I have learned in the class. I must go to the library to enrich my knowledge.

--- First, I go to the classroom where I am absorbed in my lesson by taking notes in order to pass the examination.

Second, library is a good place to enrich my knowledge, for I’m not satisfied with what I’ve learned.

3．句子语法结构错误多

American people are patriotic and love to meet challenge. (and

aggressive)

English is a useful language, she decides. to learn it.

---English is so useful a language that she decides to learn it.

有效句的标准特点

1．完整性(语义不完整)

e.g. Dofu was one of the greatest poets.--- … of the Tang Period.

She is too young. Because it is useful.

2．连贯性（句中的成分间具有合乎逻辑的有机联系，思路清晰）平行结构有缺点

We thought she was charming , intelligent and a very capable young woman.

代词指代不清

He was knocked down by a bike, but it was not serious.(but was not badly hurt.)

I’m going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama, because he’s a dramatist I like.(the speaker)

修饰语与被修饰语间的关系不明确

To get up early, the clock was set at six. (he set the clock at six) Although seriously ill, the boss made her work ten hours a day. (she had to work )

He give a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believe. (, a reason which nobody believed.)

人称，数时态有混乱之处

An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize. (he)

His job was a policeman (he was a policeman)

3．精练性

It was blue in color, and small in size. (It was blue and small)

He returned in the early part of the month of August. (in early August)

Mr Smith usually likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France. (Mr Smith prefers wines produced in France/ French wines) 4．强调性（突出重心，层次感）

They were waiting for the meeting to begin. They talked with each other. They talked about the women’s volleyball team. The team had won victories in Tokyo

= While waiting for the meeting to begin, they talked about the victory won by the women’s …in Tokyo.

Li is a new student. He comes from a southern province. He speaks a dialect. We find it hard to understand his dialect.

= Li, a new student from a …, speaks a dialect which is difficult for us to understand.

5．句式多样化（好文章的基本要求，为使其更具吸引力，避免全文用结构相同长度相近的句子，否则文章显得单调，呆板，说服力不强）

句子多样化的手段

1）改变句子结构粗心驾驶易引起车祸

Traffic accidents are invited by careless driving

Careless driving invites traffic accidents.

For anyone to drive carelessly is to invite the traffic accidents.

The fact that you drive carelessly invites traffic accidents.

Driving carelessly invites traffic accidents.

Traffic accidents are what careless driving invites.

Anyone who drives carelessly is to invite traffic accidents.

2）改变句子长度

America is a new country. It’s a nation of nations. People from all over the world exploded and developed this new country. Everyone is considered equal. They make a name through hard work. It’s a classless society. A farmer’s son can work his way up to be a president.==

Exploded and developed by the people from all over the world, America is a new country, a nation of nations, a classless society where everyone is considered equal, everyone can make a name through hard work, 安定even a farmer’s son can work his way up to be a president.

3）改变句子主语

I’m so angry that I can’t utter a word.= anger choked my words.

I studied in a college in 1991.== 1991 found (witness, saw) me studying in

a college.

There is a great change in China in 2008.

We couldn’t go out because of heavy rain.== Heavy rain prevented us

from going out.

It often means a demanding job to learn a new language.== learning a new language often means a demanding job.

We are still not clear with what the teacher taught last time.== What the teacher taught last time is still not very clear to us.

4）改变句子开头

以分词开头 e.g. waking up in the morning, I dressed quickly.

以不定式开头 e.g. To win the match, the volleyball players practiced very hard.

以形容词开头 e.g. Intelligent and hard working, the girl passed the test. 以副词开头 e.g. Finally, the time for decision had come.

以同位语开头 e.g. An expert in forest fore control, the forest ranger talked to the campers about safety in the woods.

以状语从句开头 e.g. When he was four, he began to take music lessons from his mother.

5) 适当使用修辞，如倒装，强调，加强语气，渲染气氛。Exercises:

The pioneer was strong and healthy and lived to be 112 years old. (adj) Tom began his travels at a very early age and had many unusual and colorful adventures.(participles)

He kept silent when we asked him about his family (participle)

We were absorbed in work and forgot our lunch. (participle) Sentence Combining Exercises

** 1. He didn’t write the letter himself. He asked his friend to do it.

=== Instead of writing the letter himself, he asked his friend to do it.

2. Dogs are able and willing to learn a wide variety of tasks. They are intelligent and devoted to their owners.=== Dogs are able and willing to learn a wide variety of tasks because of their intelligence and devotion to their owners.

3. Ford produces cheaper cars. Ford also supplies Americans with better ones year after year.

=== Besides producing cheaper cars, Ford also supplies Americans with better ones year after year.

4. John Smith planted these dwarf apple trees three years ago. They have not born any fruit.

=== These dwarf apple trees, which John Smith planted three years ago, have not born any fruit.

5.The tall hedge muffled the highway noise. The house was surrounded

by the hedge.

=== The tall hedge that surrounded the house muffled the highway noise.

6. He asked to read the instruction book once more. He felt sure that he was using the instrument improperly===

7. I approached the island. I noticed a row of newly built houses.

===

8. I spent almost two hours on the phone yesterday. I tried to find a garage to repair my car.

===

9. Beijing is a beautiful city. The city is filled with flowers and trees. The city reminds us of our home on Provo, Utah, in the heart of Rocky Mountains.

===

10. He was an even-tempered man. He was nevertheless extremely angry when he heard the news.

===

11. The children watched the buses passing through the village. Their eyes were bright and eager.

12. She was still fast asleep. Her face was towards the wall. Her head was buried in her arms.

===

13. He was very sad. He didn’t know what to say or what to do.

===

14. The sun went down. We stayed on the beach.

===

15. He criticized the plan repeatedly. This exasperated everyone.

如何写好开头段

1．

典型句型：* When asked about…, the overwhelming majority of/ most of/ quite a few people think/ believe/ answer, other people regard/ view/ see/ think of…as…, I view quite/ a bit differently.

Sample: When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation, most of college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them a lot of money and a comfortable. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potentials.

* Now, it is commonly/ generally/ widely accepted/ recognized/ acknowledged that…. They claim/ believe/ argue that…, but I wonder/ doubt whether…

2．

典型句型：* Recently, the phenomenon of/ problem of/ rise in… has draw/ aroused public/ world-wide attention; caused/ aroused wide/ considerable/international concern.

* Recently, the issue/ problem of …has been brought into focus; brought to public attention.

Sample: The problem of development vs. environment has now been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China, where the world’s largest population faces pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large scale.

典型句型：* Now people in increasing/ significant numbers are

beginning/ coming to accept/ be aware that…

典型句型：* “Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom”, such is the opinion/ remark made by bacon. This view/ remark has been shared/ confirmed nom/ time and again by more and more people.

* “…” That’s how one commented/ complaint/ criticized…he is hardly alone in the experience; Many people have shared the experience like this.

典型句型：* .For years/ until recently… had been/ was seen/ viewed/ regarded as… But that is changing now; people are taking a fresh look at it. With the growing/ mounting demand for/ interest in/ concern over …, people….

* Several years/ decades ago, people….Now, … .Why do people…; Has such change taken place?

典型句型：* Should/ What…? Opinions of/ Attitudes toward… vary greatly. Some think of/ regard/ view …as… . others argue/ believe/ claim…

* “Why…?/ Can…?” Of all the complaints/ discussions/ debate I have heard, this is the one of most of frequently uttered/ voiced.

如何写好文章主题段

典型句型：*. There are probably several/ a number of/ a variety of reasons for this dramatic/ significant/ marked increase/ decline/ growth in…. First…, Second…

* Why have/ did/ are…? For one reason/ to begin with/ One reason is…, For another/ In the second place/ Another reason is … .Perhaps the main/ primary/ fundamental reason is …

典型句型：* According to a/ the new/ recent/ latest survey/ census, in 2001/ from 1990 to 2001…increased/ rose/ dropped …percent/ at a tae of … percent/ an average of … percent.

典型句型：* The most dramatic example of this is…; This offers a typical example of this…; As an illustration, we may take…

典型句型：* There is statistical/ sufficient/ considerable evidence that/ to show that/ in favor of…

* Tests/ Studies/ Investigations have showed/ revealed/ indicated that…

如何写好结尾段

典型句型：* From what has been discussed above/ Taking into

account of all these factors/ Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely/ reasonably arrive at/ reach the conclusion that…

* In summary/ conclusion/ a word, it is more important/ valuable we should …

典型句型：* It might be time to take the warning/ advice of… and to put great/ considerable emphasis on the improvement/ promotion/ development of…

典型句型：*. It is hoped/ suggested that considerable/ sustained efforts should be made/ focused on the attempt… .

* While/ Although it cannot be solved immediately/ is affected by many factors/ is simpler to say than to do, still there are ways. The most common/ popular is… . Another way/ method is … , Still another one is ….

4．

典型句型：* If you want to achieve our success/ goal, we can learn from the words of Bacon…