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Passage Twelve (Religion and Rationality)
Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs. Religions are many, reason one. Religion consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with new materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal constitution which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself, a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, it feels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in the direction of the ultimate.
Nevertheless, we must confess that this religious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for mortal ills, some of which are incurable essentially, while others might have been really cured by well-directed effort. The Greed oracles, for instance, pretended to heal out natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural death—the inevitable correlate of birth and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness. Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided morality have to be followed by regrettable reactions. When these come. The real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in and natural excellence. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.
What is the secret of this ineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in its results? The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdom—I mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all food. The condition and the aims of
life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits.
1. As used in the passage, the author would define “wisdom”as ___________
[A]the pursuit of rationality through imagination.
[B]an unemotional search for the truth.
[C]a purposeful and unbiased quest for what is best.
[D]a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness
2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
[A]Religion seeks the truth through imagination, reason, in its search, utilizes the emotions.
[B]Religion has proved an ineffective tool in solving man’s problems.
[C]Science seeks a piece meal solution to man’s questions.
[D]The functions of philosophy and reason are the same.
3. According to the author, science differs from religion in that ___________
[A]it is unaware of ultimate goals.
[B]it is unimaginative.
[C]its findings are exact and final.
[D]it resembles society and art.
4. The author states that religion differs from rationality in that ___________
[A]it relies on intuition rather than reasoning .
[B]it is not concerned with the ultimate justification of its instinctive aims.
[C]it has disappointed mankind.
[D]it has inspired mankind.
5. According to the author, the pursuit of religion has proved to be ___________
[A]imaginative.
[B]a provider of hope for the future.
[C]a highly intellectual activity
[D]ineffectual.
V ocabulary
1. grace 恩赐，仁慈，感化，感思祷告
2. chide 责备
3. sentiment 情感
4. inviolate 不受侵犯的，纯洁的
5. intent 意义，含义
6. piecemeal 一件件，逐渐的，零碎的
7. bubble up 起泡，沸腾，兴奋
8. veer 改变方向，转向
9. abortive 夭折的，失败的，中断的，流产的。
10. pale 范围，界限
11. draught 要求
12. oracle 神谕宣誓，预言，圣言
13. antidote 解毒药，矫正方法
14. correlate 相互关系
15. dislocate 使离开原来位置，打乱正常秩序
16. gratuitous 无偿的，没有理由的。
17. debauch 使失落，放荡
18. sanction 支持，鼓励，认可
19. impede 妨碍，制止
20. ineptitude 不恰当，无能，愚蠢
21. insinuate 暗示
22. remould 重塑，重铸
23. aspiration 抱负，壮志
24. arrogate 没来由反把……归于(to )
25. literal 朴实的，字面的
26. intelligible 可以理解的。
27. conceit 幻想，奇想
难句译注
1. Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs.
[参考译文] 可是音调和语言的差异必然很快的给我们深刻的印象，就象哲学所说的那样：那种差异应提乡我们，即使宗教的功能和理性的功能恰好相符的话，其功能也是通过不同的器官在两种不同的情况下完成的。
2. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind.
[参考译文] 另一方面，理性知识一种原则或者是潜在的秩序，我们确实可以在此基础上存在于我们心中，没有种种变化，或任何压力。
3. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion.
[参考译文] 不论我们是否遵循理性，它不会极力或责备我们，除了以事物的本来面目和比例揭示各种事物而自然而然的激起我们的感情，它并不需要我们付出任何感情。
4. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims.
[参考译文] 宗教在其意义上，比社会，科学，艺术更自觉，更直接的追求“理性生活”，因为这些东西(社会，科学，艺术)暂时而又零星的接近和填补理想的生活，无视目的，也不管其本能的目标是否最终证明正确。
5. one and all 各个都，全部
6. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind.
[参考译文] 处于宗教领域范围之内的人民也许会说服自己对其结果表示满意，这要感谢他们在结实过去和对未来希望宽宏要切上的一种偏爱。可是任何迅速关注宗教的人，把其成就和理性所要求的一切做一比较，必然感到这种种宗教为全人类作好的失望是实在太
可怕了。
7. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness.
[参考译文] 以无理的幻想混淆智力，弄乱正常的情感是一种短视的追求幸福的方法。
8. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.
[参考译文] 因此，宗教常常会使它要支持的道德堕落沦丧，并妨碍它应该执行的科学任务。
9. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses.
[参考译文] 生活的目标和条件在宗教中诗一般的呈现，但这种诗意往往把宗教所并不具有的朴实真理和道德威力没有来由的归于宗教。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇用对比手法写出宗教和理性之差异并着重描述宗教的文章。有各种中焦，理性只有一个，纵然两者在功能和目的上有不相同之处，但由于宗教以直觉，想象力，情感为主，无视目的，虽比科学，社会或艺术更自觉，更直接追求理性生活，结果却是失败和失望，而理性则相反。
答案祥解
1. C. 一种有目的而又不带偏见对最佳事物的探索。答案在最后一段，这种愚蠢的秘密是什么?为什么宗教在目的上那么接近真理，在其结构和结果上，却没有理性的一切?答案很简单：宗教是通过想象来追逐理性，当它解释事件或阐明原因时，以虚构的想象来取代科学，当它训诫，暗示理想或者重塑抱负时，以想象代替智慧——智慧的意思是指有意识而又公正的追求一切好东西。
A. 通过想象力追求理性。
B. 不带感情的探询真理。
C. 追求幸福的短视的方法。
2. A. 宗教通过想象力寻求真理，而理性的探索却运用感情。见难句译注3，理性(智)是非感情的。
B. 在解决人类问题上的宗教是一种无效的工具。
C. 科学寻求逐步解决对人类的问题。
D. 哲学和理性的功能是一样的。
3. A. 宗教没有意识(不知道)其最终目的的。见难句译注4，说明宗教不管(几乎不关注)其目的，或不关心其本能的目标最终真确与否。
B. 宗教没有想象力。
C. 其成果是确切的，最终的。
D. 宗教很象科学和艺术。
4. D. 它激起人类情感。第一段中说“宗教的挣扎与不断变化的力量似乎促使人追求某种永恒的东西，它似乎追求灵魂的最终和谐以及灵魂与灵魂所依赖的一起事物之间的永恒的和谐。”
A. 宗教依赖于直觉而不是推理。第一段最后一句：宗教也有本能和盲目的一面，在各种各样的偶然实践和直觉中沸腾。可不久它又向事物内心摸索前进，然而不论从哪个方向来，都转想最终方向(最终多转想这个方向——直觉)，文章的最后一句：宗教的目的和理想的目的一样，而其实现目的方法是通过直觉和无限止的诗一般的幻想来进行的。
B. 它不关心其本能的目标最终是否真确。
C. 它使人类很失望。
5. D. 无效。第二段开始就点出：我们得承认宗教追求理性生活一直是很失败(流产了)。
A. 有想象力的。
B. 为未来提供希望的。
C. 是一个高度的智力活动。
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解析：题目问的是新闻传播从咖啡馆式的口口相传转变成大众报纸的单向传输原因何在。而结合文中第一段中的相关句：“Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper, The New York Sun，pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news，thus giving advertisers access to a wider audience．”就不难发现，确实报纸广告的出现是其原因所在。但由于这句句子较长，很可能有些考生会在时间仓促中来不及看完整，想清楚，先看到the first mass-audience newspaper就以为找到了正确答案，所以会误选A，但只要接着把句子读完就会发现该句强调的还是这家报纸率先使用了在报纸上登广告的形式才造成了这样的转变，最终原因归结还应该是报纸广告的出现。所以，解题时一定要把句子理解完整，千万不要因为赶时间而以偏概全。 12．参考答案：D 解析：题目问的是四个选项中哪个能最好的支持文中这句“Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house.(如今，新闻行业正回归到一种更接近原来咖啡馆式讨论传播的状态。)”选项A是在文章第二段最后部分出现的，紧跟前面一句来证明在全球大部分地区，大众传媒仍然在蓬勃发展的，因此与题干句无关，甚至可以说是相悖的。而选项B和C都只是在陈述某些具体现象，并未能直接来支持题干句。只有选项D总结了人们正在亲身参与到新闻的发现、讨论和传播中去，这也正是咖啡馆式新闻传播的最显著的一个特点——参与性，因此这句话能最好的表明如今的新闻行业正以这样的方式回归。
八年级下册英语月考试卷(一)含答案复习过程
八年级下册英语月考试卷(一)含答案
初中八年级下册英语月考检测卷（一） 时间：100分钟满分：110分 一．单项选择。（每小题1分，共15分） （）1. There will be ______ pollution in the future. A. less B. fewer C. many （）2. In ten years, John I_______ an astronaut. A. is B. Will be C. was （）3. —Will most people live on the moon in the future ? — ______. A. Yes, they are. B. Yes, they will. C. I agree. （）4. ______, she was not badly hurt in the accident. A. Luck B. Lucky C. Luckily （）5. Maybe you should ______. A. call in her B. call up her C. call her up （）6. Mike is angry ______ his sister. A. with B. at C. on （）7.______ I was talking on the telephone, David came in. A. Because B. While C. If （）8. The boy was walking down the street ______ the UFO landed. A. when B. while C. after （）9. What ______at nine o'clock last Sunday morning? A. was you doing B. were you doing C. are you doing （）10. She said she _____ to the cinema every Saturday. A. is going B. went C. goes （）11. I told him Uncle Wang ______ the TV set for us. A. will mend B. would mend C. can mend （）12. Your eating habit is _____mine. A. as the same B. same as C. the same as （）13. —Could you please give me some advice? —______. A. That's all right B. Yes, please C. Of course （）14. We met a tiger in the mountain. It was really _____ . A. crazy B. sad C. scary （）15. Harry______ come to school at 8:00 am, but he was half an hour late. A. supposed to B. was supposed to C. supposes to 二．完形填空（10分）从A、B、C三个选项中，选出空白处的选项。 I have a problem. Yesterday afternoon I argued __1__ my best friend, Jim. And he was very angry. I thought about it for a long time last __2__. Now I know I was __3__ at that time.But I don't know __4__ I should do. My mother thinks I __5__ go to see Jim and tell him I was wrong. My father thinks I should __6__ Jim and say __7__ to him. And my brother __8__ I should call"Teen Talk", the radio advice program. My sister tells __9__ I should call up my teacher for __10__ . Can you tell me what I should do? ( )1. A. with B. of C. at ( )2. A. morning B. night C. afernoon. ( )3. A. right B. wrong C. kind ( )4. A. how B. why C. what ( )5. A. will B. should C. must ( )6. A. call B. to call C. calling ( )7. A. hello B. morning C. sorry ( )8. A. say B. says C. saying ( )9. A. I B. my C. me ( )10. A. advice B. money C. homework 三．阅读理解（共15小题，每题2分，共30分）（A） One of my brothers lives and works in a beautiful town, Richmond, Virginia, It is a beautiful, quiet and relaxing place. I love it very much! Last week, my mom and I went on a road trip to visit my brother. We had a great time! Richmond is about two hours' drive from Washington DC. We left home at around nine o'clock in the morning. I was surprised and happy that our journey didn't cost anything. I was also very happy that we experienced good weather during our trip! We arrived before lunchtime. We ate lunch at"Kuba Kuba", a very popular restaurant. It's famous for Cuban(古巴的)food. For lunch, my brother had a Cuban turkey sandwich. I enjoyed Cuban-style pork served with black beans and plantains(大蕉).Also, I love the people in Richmond. They are all very kind and thoughtful(体贴的). If you are looking for a quiet and relaxing place for your next trip, Rcihmond could be your good choice! 根据所给材料内容，选择正确答案 收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除
历年专八改错(2000年-2014年)真题及答案
历年专八短文改错试题 2014年英语专八改错真题答案 There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to early 1960s. There is a high level of agreement that the following questions ( a 前面加also) have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: (possessed 改为captured) Is it possible to acquire an additional language in the same sense one acquires a first language? (one前面加as ) What is the explanation for the fact adults have (fact后面加that) more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have? What motivates people to acquire additional languages? What is the role of the language teaching in the (language前面去掉the) acquisition of an additional language? What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying the learning of additional languages? From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all (去掉the) the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far have one thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiring of an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do (attempts改为attempting) so. W hether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additional language, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under (or 改为and) focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities are involving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning (involving改为involved) or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in the classroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. (touch改为contact) 2013英语专八改错真题答案 Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding, production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with (1) _____ listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually (2) ______ happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. (3) ______ Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, (4) ______ you normally cannot help but understand it. It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of the complexity (5) ______
2021年英语专八考试阅读理解练习试题及答案
2021年英语专八考试阅读理解练习试题及答案As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not. To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters，with vital rates buffeted by environmental events;these