外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文

原稿

The water level control circuit design

Water source total ranks sixth in the world, per capita water resources is only a quarter of the world per capita consumption, and geographical distribution is very uneven, the vast region north of the Yangtze River, northin most parts of the medium-sized cities in the dry state, water shortage has become an important factor restricting China's economic development. Reasonable use of water resources has become an important issue for China is now facing. In order to achieve the rational use of water resources, in addition to in beefing water conservancy projects and enhance the people's awareness of water conservation efforts to improve. But more important is the application of new technical information, real-time to accurately understand and master a variety of hydrological information in order to make the right water scheduling and management, so that preventive measures to minimize water wastage . Coupled with long-standing water level measurement of water level has been an important issue in hydrology, water resources department. For the timely detection of the signs of the accident, precautionary measures in the future, economical and practical, reliable water level wireless monitoring systems will play a major role. The water level of dam safety, one of the important parameters for water drainage and irrigation scheduling, water storage, flood discharge.

Provides a good foundation for the automation of monitoring, transmission and processing of the water level reservoir modernization. Need to monitor the water level in many areas of industrial and agricultural production. The site may not be able to close without the manpower to monitor, we can RMON, sitting in the control room facing the instrument can be monitored on-site, convenient and save manpower. In order to ensure the safe production of hydroelectric power station to improve power generation efficiency,

Hydropower production process need to monitor the water level in the reservoir, trash rack, pressure drop and the tail water level. However, due to the different power plants with a different factual situations, have different technical requirements, and the measurement methods and location of the water level parameters and also the requirements of the monitoring equipment. This often results in the monitoring system equipment of a high degree of variety, interchangeability is not conducive to the maintenance of equipment will increase the equipment design, production, installation complexity. Therefore, on the basis of the actual situation and characteristics of the comprehensive study of hydropower water level monitoring, the use of modern electronic technology, especially single-chip technology and non-volatile memory technology, designed to develop a versatile, high reliability, easy maintenance, the applicable a variety of monitoring the environment, multi-mode automatic water level monitoring system has important practical significance. The subject according to the reservoir water level measurement needs, design a remote microcontroller water level monitoring system, the system automatically detects the water level, time processing, Data GPRS remote upload function. The design of the monitoring system will be significant savings in manpower and resources, low-power 24 hours of continuous monitoring and upload real-time control reservoir water level, to better adapt to the needs of the modern water level measurement, the safety of the dam reservoir, impoundment spillway to provide a basis.

Microcontroller embedded microcontrollers are widely used in industrial measurement and control systems, intelligent instruments and household appliances. In real-time detection and automatic control of microcomputer application system, the microcontroller is often as a core component to use. The basic requirements of the water tower water level control system in the case of unattended automatic limit automatically start the motor to reach the water level in the water level in the water tower to the water tower water supply; water tower water level reached the water level upper limit is automatically off the motor to stop water supply. And unusual time to sound the alarm and troubleshooting in the water supply system at any time to ensure that the towers of the external normal water supply role. The water tower is often seen in daily life and industrial applications, water storage devices, external water supply through the control of its water level to meet the needs of its water

level control is universal. Regardless of socio-economic rapid water plays an important role in people's normal life and production. Once off the water, ranging from great inconvenience to the people's living standards, weight is likely to cause serious accidents and losses, and thus a higher demand of water supply system to meet the timely, accurate, safe and adequate water supply. If you still use the artificial way, the labor-intensive, low efficiency, safety is hard to guarantee the transformation of the automated control system, which must be carried out. In order to achieve sufficient amount of water, smooth water pressure, water towers, water level automatic control design low-cost, high practical value of the controller. The design uses a separate circuit to achieve high and low warning level processing, and automatic control, save energy, improve the quality of the water supply system.

SCM is an integrated circuit chip, VLSI technology with data processing capability of the central processing unit CPU random access memory RAM, read only memory ROM, and a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer other functions (which may also include a display driver circuit, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multi-channel converter, A / D converter and other circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small computer system. The basic features are as follows: the chip is small, but complete, SCM is one of the main features. Its internal program memory, data memory, a variety of interface circuit. Large processor speed is higher, the median more of the arithmetic unit, processing ability, but need to be configured in the external interface circuit; microcontroller clocked generally 100MHZ less suitable for small products for independent work, cited pin number from a few hundred. The application is simple, flexible, and free assembly language and C language development of SCM products. The working process of the microcontroller: microcontroller automatically complete the tasks entrusted to it, that is, single-chip implementation of the procedure for a section of the instruction execution process, the so-called directive requirements for single-chip implementation of the various operations used in the form of the command is to write down , which corresponds to a basic operation of designers assigned to it by the instruction set, an instruction; Full instructions can be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller instruction set, the different types of single-chip, and its instruction set is also different. So that the microcontroller can

automatically complete a specific task, the problem to be solved must be compiled into a series of instructions (these instructions must be selected microcontroller to the identification and implementation of the Directive), a collection of this series of instructions to become the program, the program need to pre- stored in the components - memory storage capabilities. Memory is composed by a number of storage units (the smallest unit of storage), like a large building has many rooms composed of the same, the instructions stored in these units, the instruction fetch unit and perform like the rooms of large buildings, each assigned to only a room number, each memory cell must be assigned to a unique address number, the address is known as the address of the storage unit, so as long as you know the address of the storage unit, you can find the storage unit that stores instructions can be removed, and then be executed. Programs are usually executed in the order, instruction program is a sequential storage, single-chip in the implementation of the program to be able to a section of these instructions out and be implemented, there must be a component to track the address of instruction where this part the program counter PC (included in the CPU), the start of program execution, endowed the address where the first instruction of the program to the PC, and then made for each command to be executed, the PC in the content will automatically increase, increase The amount is determined by the instruction length of this article may be 2 or 3, to point to the starting address of the next instruction to ensure the implementation of the instruction sequence.

Microcontroller tower water level control system is the basic design requirements: inside the tower, we have designed a simple water level detection sensor used to detect the three water level, the low water level, the normal water level, water level. Low water to give a high single-chip, driven pumps and water, the red light; water level in the normal range, the pump add water, the green light; high water when the pump without water, the yellow light. The design process using the sensor technology, microcomputer technology, and light alarm technology and weak control the strong power of technology. Technical parameters and design tasks: 1, the use of the MCU to control the water level on the tower;, the water level in the water level detection sensor probe was the tower to give the microcontroller in order to achieve the water pump and water system and display system control; 3, the light alarm display system circuit, pumps and hydropower route relay

control;, analysis is drawn on the working principle of the system structure and a system block diagram using the microcontroller as a control chip, the main work process when the water in the tower low water level, water level detection sensor gave a high microcontroller, microcontroller-driven pump to add water and display system so that the red light lit; pump add water when the water level within the normal range, the green light, when the water level in the high-water mark, The microcontroller can not drive the water pump to add water, the yellow light. Light alarm circuit, the relay control circuit it works: When the water level in the low water, low water level detection sensor line is not +5 V power supply guide pass into the regulator circuit is treated in the output of the voltage regulator circuit has a high level, into the P1.0 port of the microcontroller, another high voltage circuit output of the microcontroller P1.1 port SCM After analysis, the P1.2 port outputs a low red light, drive, P1. 5 out a signal so that the optocoupler GDOUHE guide through so that the relay is closed, so that the water pump to add water; when the water level in the normal range, water pump plus P1.3 pin to a low level, so that the green light; when the water level in the high-water zone, the sensor of the two detection lines are conduction, are +5 power conduction into the SCM, SCM After analysis, the P1.4 pin out of a low yellow light, The optocoupler guide a low out of the P1.5-side can not pass, so that the relay can not be closed, the pump can not add water; failure when three flashing light indicates the system.

译文

水位控制电路设计

中国水之源总量居世界第六位，人均占有水资源量仅为世界人均占有量的四分之一，并且在地域上分布很不平衡，长江以北的广大地区，特别是北方大、中城市大部分地区处于缺水状态，水资源短缺已成为制约我国经济发展的一个重要因素。合理的利用水资源已成为我国现在面临的一个重要问题。为了达到水资源的合理利用，除了要在兴修水利工程和提高全民节水意识等方面努力提高。而更重要的是应用新的技术信息，实时准确的了解和掌握各种水情信息，以此根据做出正确的水资源调度和管理，做到防患于未然，尽可能减少水资源的浪费。再加上长久以来水情水位测量一直是水文、水利部门的重要课题。为及时发现事故苗头，防患于未来，经济实用、可靠的水位无线监测系统将会发挥巨大的作用。水位是水库大坝安全、水利排灌调度、蓄水、泄洪的重要参数之一。

水位的自动化监测、传输和处理为水库现代化建设提供了良好的基础资料。在工农业生产的许多领域都需要对水位进行监控。在现场可能无法靠近或无需人力来监控时，我们就可以通过远程监控，坐在监控室里对着相关的仪器就能对现场进行监控，既方便又节省人力。为了保证水利发电站的安全生产,提高发电效率,水电站生产过程需要对水库水位、拦污栅压差和尾水位进行监测。但是,由于不同电站有着不同的实际情况,因此就有着不同的技术要求,而且水位参数的测量方法和测量位置不同，对监测设备的要求亦有所不同。这样往往造成监测系统设备专用化程度高,品种多,互换性差,不利于设备维护,亦增加了设备设计、生产、安装的复杂性。因此,在综合研究水电站水位监测的实际情况以及特点的基础上,利用现代电子技术,特别是单片机技术和不挥发存储器技术,设计开发一种通用性好,可靠性高,维护方便,可适用于多种监测环境的多模式水位自动监测系统具有重要的实际意义。本课题根据水库的水位测量需要,设计远程单片机水位监测系统，系统具有水位的自动检测、定时处理、数据GPRS 远程上传等功能。该监控系统的设计将会大大节省了人力物力，能够低功耗的实现24小时连续监测和上传，实时控制水库水位，更好的适应现代水位测量的需求，为水库的大坝的安全、蓄水泄洪等提供依据。

单片机作为嵌入式微控制器在工业测控系统，智能仪器和家用电器中得到广泛应用。在实时检测和自动控制的单片机应用系统中,单片机往往是作为一个核心部件来使用。水塔水位控制系统的基本要求是能够在无人监控的情况下自动进行工作，在水塔中的水位到达水位下限时自动启动电机，给水塔供水；在水塔水位达到水位上限的时候自动关闭电机，停止供水。并能在供水系统出现异常的时候能够发出警报，以及时排除故障，随时保证水塔的对外的正常供水作用。水塔是在日常生活和工业应用中经常见到的蓄水装置，通过对其水位的控制对外供水以满足需要，其水位控制具有普遍性。不论社会经济如何飞速，水在人们正常生活和生产中起着重要的作用。一旦断了水，轻则给人民生活带来极大的不便，重则可能造成严重的生产事故及损失，从而对供水系统提出了更高的要求，满足及时、准确、安全充足的供水。如果仍然使用人工方式，劳动强度大，工作效率低，安全性难以保障，由此必须进行自动化控制系统的改造。从而实现提供足够的水量、平稳的水压、水塔水位的自动控制有设计低成本、高实用价值的控制器。该设计采用分立的电路实现超高、低警戒水位处理,实现自动控制,而达到节能的目的,提高了供水系统的质量。

单片机是一种集成在电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。基本特点如下：芯片虽小，五脏俱全，是单片机主要特点之一。其内部设有程序存储器、数据存储器、各种接口电路。而大型的处理器运算速度较高，运算器位数较多，处理能力较强，但需要在外部配置接口电路;单片机主频一般在100MHZ以下，适合用于独立工作的小型产品之中，引脚数量从几个到百余个。应用简单、灵活，可用汇编语言及C 语言开发单片机产品。单片机的工作过程：单片机自动完成赋予它的任务的过程，也就是单片机执行程序的过程，即一条条执行的指令的过程，所谓指令就是把要求单片机执行的各种操作用的命令的形式写下来，这是在设计人员赋予它的指令系统所决定的，一条指令对应着一种基本操作；单片机所能执行的全部指令，就是该单片机的指令系统，不同种类的单片机，其指令系统亦不同。为使单片机能自动完成某一特定任务，必须把要解决的问题编成一系列指令（这些指令必须是选定单片机能识别和执行的指令），这一系列指令的集合就成为程序，程序需要预先存放在具有存储功能的部件——存储器中。存储器由许多存储单元（最小的存储单位）组成，就像大楼房有许

多房间组成一样，指令就存放在这些单元里，单元里的指令取出并执行就像大楼房的每个房间的被分配到了唯一一个房间号一样，每一个存储单元也必须被分配到唯一的地址号，该地址号称为存储单元的地址，这样只要知道了存储单元的地址，就可以找到这个存储单元，其中存储的指令就可以被取出，然后再被执行。程序通常是顺序执行的，所以程序中的指令也是一条条顺序存放的，单片机在执行程序时要能把这些指令一条条取出并加以执行，必须有一个部件能追踪指令所在的地址，这一部件就是程序计数器PC（包含在CPU中），在开始执行程序时，给PC赋以程序中第一条指令所在的地址，然后取得每一条要执行的命令，PC在中的内容就会自动增加，增加量由本条指令长度决定，可能是1、2或3，以指向下一条指令的起始地址，保证指令顺序执行。

单片机高塔水位控制系统基本设计要求：在高塔的内部我们设计一个简易的水位探测传感器用来探测三个水位，即低水位，正常水位，高水位。低水位时送给单片机一个高电平，驱动水泵加水，红灯亮；正常范围的水位时，水泵加水，绿灯亮；高水位时，水泵不加水，黄灯亮。本设计过程中主要采用了传感技术、单片机技术、光报警技术以及弱电控制强电的技术。技术参数和设计任务：1、利用单片机实现对高塔进行水位的控制；2、把水位探测传感器探得高塔中的水位送给单片机以实现对水泵加水系统和显示系统的控制；3、光报警显示统电路4、水泵加水电路由继电器进行控制；5、分析工作原理绘出系统结构图, 系统结构图采用单片机作为我们的控制芯片,主要工作过程是当高塔中的水在低水位时,水位探测传感器送给单片机一个高电平,然后单片机驱动水泵加水和显示系统使红灯变亮;当水位在正常范围内时,水泵加水,绿灯亮,当水位在高水位时,单片机不能驱动水泵加水,黄灯亮。光报警电路、继电器控制电路组成工作原理：当水位处于低水位的时候，传感器的低水位探测线没被+5V 的电源导通进入稳压电路经过处理在稳压电路的输出端有一个高电平，送入单片机的P1.0口，另一个稳压电路输出的高电平进入单片机的P1.1口单片机经过分析，在P1.2口输出一低电平，驱动红灯亮，P1.5出来一个信号使光电耦合器GDOUHE导通，这样继电器闭合，使水泵加水；当水位处于正常范围内时，水泵加水，在P1.3引脚出来一个低电平，使绿灯亮；当水位在高水位区时，传感器的两根探测线均被导通，均被+5的电源导通，送入单片机，单片机经过分析，在P1.4引脚出来一个低电平，使黄灯亮，在P1.5端出来一个低电平不能使光电耦合器导通，这样继电器不能闭合，水泵不能加水；当三灯闪烁表示系统出现故障。