微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释
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22 Chapter 1
business
cycle 经
济周期 fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and
production
economic s 经济学;
经济，国家
的经济状况 the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见
的 resources
efficien cy n.功效; 效率，效
能; 实力，
能力; [物] 性能; the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources
equality n .同等，平
等; [数]
相等，等式; the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly
among the members of society
external ity[,eks
t ??
the uncompensated impact of one person’s ac tions on the
Chapter 2
circular-flo w diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms
macroeconomi
cs [,m?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth
microeconomi
cs [,ma?kr ??i?k?'n ?m?ks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets
normative['n
??m?t?v]标准的statements claims that attempt to prescribe定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr??skra?b] how the world should be
positive
statements
claims that attempt to describe the world as it is
production possibilitie s frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production
33
['fr?nt?
?）
technology Chapter 3
absolute advantage the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer
comparati
ve advantage the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer
exports goods produced domestically美[d?'mest?kl?】合乎国内的and sold abroad
imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically
opportuni
ty cost
whatever must be given up to obtain some item
Chapter 4
competiti
ve market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['sel?] trading identical同一的，完全相同的美[a??d?nt?k?l]
products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker
44
ts互补品['kɑmpl?m?nt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other
demand
curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
demand
schedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
Equilibri um[,ikw?
'l?br??m]
均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded
equilibri
um price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded
equilibri
um quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price
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66
good
劣质品 [?n'f ??r ??] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income
leads to a decrease in demand
law of demand 需求原理 the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises law of supply 供给原理 the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises law of
supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance
market
a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
normal good 普通商品
a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand
quantity the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to
demanded
需求量
purchase
quantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell
shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied
substitut es two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other
supply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
supply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
surplus
['s?:pl ?s]a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded
Chapter 5
cross-pr a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good
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ice elastici ty of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good
elastici ty[,il?' st?s?ti]
n .弹性;
弹力;
灵活性;
伸缩性;
a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or
quantity supplied to one of its determinants
income
elastici ty of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income
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elastici ty of demand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price
price
elastici ty of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price
total revenue
(in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold
Chapter 6
price ceiling ['si?l?a legal maximum['m?ks?m?m] on the price at which a good can be sold
99
price
floor
a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold tax
incidenc e['?ns?d(?)ns]the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market
Chapter 7
consumer[ k?n'sju ?m?]
surplus ['s??pl ?s]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma ?n?s] the amount the buyer actually pays for it
cost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good
efficienc y the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources
equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly
1010
among the members of society
producer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing it
welfare economics the study of how the allocation美[??l??ke??n]分配，配给 of resources affects economic well-being
willingne
ss to pay
受益者负
担
the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good
Chapter 8
Dead
weight
loss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus过剩的; 多余的[?s?:rpl?s] that results from a market distortion变形; 失真
[d??st?r??n], such as a tax
Chapter
9
tariff a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically
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.关税表; 价格表
world price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good
Chapter 10
Coase
theorem[ 'θ??r ?m] 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities外在性 on their own
correcti ve tax 矫正税a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externality
external ity
[,ekst??'n?l?t?]
n外形; the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander
1212
1313
外部事物; （经济学名词） 外部效应
internal
izing the external ity 内化 altering incentives[?n's ?nt ?v] so that people take account of the external effects of their actions transact ion[tr ?n
'z ?k ??
n]交易 costs
the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to
and following through on a bargain
Chapter
11
club
goods goods that are excludable but not rival in consumption
common
resources goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable
可排他的; 包括在外的;
a study that compares the costs and benefits to society
cos
t–benefi
t
analysis
成本效益分
析
of providing a public good
excludabi
lity [?
ks,klu?d ?'b?l?t?]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it
free rider [释
义]坐享其成，无本获利;a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it
private
goods
goods that are both excludable and rival in consumption
public
goods
goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumption
rivalry
in
the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes
1414
consumpti
on消费竞
争
other people’s use Tragedy
of the Commons 公共地悲剧a parable寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole
Chapter 12
ability-t o-pay principle
[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
average
tax rate
total taxes paid divided by total income
benefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services
1515
budget
deficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from government spending
budget
surplus
预算结余
an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizonta
l equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount
lump-sum
tax 总量
税
a tax that is the same amount for every person
marginal
tax rate
边际税率
the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
progressi ve tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction 分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low-income taxpayers
proportio
nal tax
a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay
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1717
比例税率 the same fraction of income regressiv
e tax 累
退税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller
fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
vertical
equity 纵
向公平
the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes
should pay larger amounts
Chapter 13 accountin
g profit total revenue minus total explicit 清楚的，明确的 cost
average
fixed cost fixed cost divided by the quantity of output
average
total cost total cost divided by the quantity of output
average
variable cost
variable cost divided by the quantity of output constant returns to the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes
diminishi ng
marginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases
diseconom
ies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases
economic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs
economies
of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases
efficient
scale最小
有效规模
the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost
explicit
costs
input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm
1818
1919
costs 固定成本 costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced implicit
costs 隐性
成本 input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the
firm
marginal
cost 边际
成本
the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit
of production
marginal product
the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input
productio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good profit
total revenue minus total cost
total cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production total revenue
(for firm) the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output
variable costs [释
costs that vary with the quantity of output produced
2020
义]变动成本;
Chapter
14
average
revenue total revenue divided by the quantity sold
competit
ive
market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical
products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker
marginal
revenue
the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
sunk cost 沉没成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered
Chapter 15 monopoly[m
?'n ?
p(?)l ?] a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close
substitutes
natural
a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply