树形图(句法)

树形图详细讲解

1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.

a) The old lady suddenly left.

Det A N Qual V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road.

Det N V P Det N P Det N

c) The snow might have blocked the road.

Det N Aux Aux V Det N

d) He never appears quite mature.

N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.

a) full of people

AP

A P N

full of people

b) a story about a sentimental girl

NP

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det A N

a story about a sentimental girl

c) often read detective stories

VP

Qual V NP

A N

often read detective stories

d) the argument against the proposals

NP

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det N

the argument against the proposals

e) move towards the window

VP

V PP

P Det N

move towards the window

3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.

a) The jet landed.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V

The jet landed

b) Mary became very ill.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst V AP

Deg A

Mary became very ill

c) What will you talk about?

CP

NP C S

N Infl NP Infl VP

VP NP

V P N

S

NP VP

Det N Aux V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

e) He often reads detective stories.

S

NP VP

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Pres

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.

a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V NP

Det A N

A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det A N

A huge moon hung in the black sky

c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det N

An unusual event occurred before the meeting

d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A NP Pst V PP

A N P NP

Det A N

A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill

5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Aux V NP

Det A NP

N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

OR

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.

S

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.

S

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pres VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.

S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv

The detective went out and the mysterious man came in

e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.

S

NP VP

CP

N V C S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

N Aux V Det N Aux V Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt

6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.

a) You know that I hate war.

S

NP VP

CP

N V C S

NP VP

N V NP

N

You know that I hate war

OR CP

C InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

CP

N Pres V C S

NP VP

N V NP

N

You know that I hate war

b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.

S

NP VP

CP

N V C S

NP VP

CP

N V C S

NP VP

Det N VL A He said that Tom asked whether the class was over

c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.

S

NP VP

N VP NP

CP

Aux Neg V NP C S

Det N NP VP

N V NP

Det A N Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam

d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.

S

NP VP

CP

N VL A C S

NP VP

Det N V NP NP

N Det N

Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce

e) The children argued over whether bats had wings.

S

NP VP

CP

Det N VP C S

V P NP VP

N V NP

N

The children argued over whether bats had wings

7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.

a) The essay that he wrote was too long.

Deep structure

CP

C S

NP VP Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP Infl VP

N V NP

N

The essay he wrote that was too long

Surface Structure

CP

C S

NP VP Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

N

The was too long

b) The dog that he keeps bites.

Deep structure

CP

C S

NP VP Det N CP V

C Infl S

Pres NP VP

N V NP

N

The dog he keeps that bites

Surface Structure

CP

C S

NP VP Det N CP V

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pres V NP

N

The dog bites

c) Herbert found the man she loved.

Deep structure

CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

CP

Det N C S

NP Infl VP

NP

N V

N

Herbert found the man she loved who

Surface Structure

CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

CP

Det N S

C

NP Infl VP

NP NP

N V

N N Herbert found the

d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.

Deep structure

CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

P NP

C Infl S

N

NP VP

PP

N Qual VP NP

V P N

The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics

Surface Structure

CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

P NP

C S

N

NP NP Infl VP

PP

N N Qual VP NP

V P N

The girl majors in linguistics

8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.

a) Would you come tomorrow?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP AdvP

N Infl V Adv

you would come tomorrow

Surface structure

CP

C S

VP

NP AdvP

Infl

N Infl V Adv

come tomorrow

b) Can you pass me the newspaper?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

you can pass me the newspaper

Surface structure

CP

C S

VP

Infl NP NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

pass me the newspaper

c) Should the students report the incident?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

the students should report the incident

Surface structure

CP

C S

VP

Infl NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

report the incident

d) What did you eat for lunch?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP PP

NP NP

N Infl V P

N N

you did eat what for lunch

Surface structure

CP

NP C S

VP

Infl NP PP

NP NP N N Infl V P

N N

for lunch

e) Who should this be reported to ?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP PP

VP NP

N Infl V V P

N

this should be reported to whom

Surface structure

CP

NP C S

VP

N Infl NP PP

VP NP

N Infl V V P

N