英语长难句结构分析

英语长难句结构分析(含2019年高考全国1-3卷长难句)

英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来。五种基本句式如下：

1主语＋谓语(不及物动词)

2主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语

3主语＋系动词＋表语

4主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

5主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语

此外还有特殊句式如there be-, 强调句，倒装句等。

但是在真实的语言环境中，句子结构远非这么简单。复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语，还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句，影响考生对语篇文段的理解。另外，新高考将包括两个写作题：读后续写(概要写作)和应用文写作。在评分标准中把“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”视为是否得高分的标准之一。因此，学会分析长难句显得格外重要。

一个句子之所以成为长难句，就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂，具体说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语(介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语)以及各种从句等。下面分类解析：

一、复杂主语

包括下列情形：含有连词如and, both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also), as well as；非谓语动词做主语；主语从句充当主语；同位语结构做主语等。如：

Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school,are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky be havior.”(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (as well as 连接those who...与those least liked ...做主语)

The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building, but we know that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony(痛苦) of dying can make nobody happy. (动词不定式to do结构做主语)

Connecting to the community（社区）as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services

provides a real joy. (2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B) (-ing形式做主语)

Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. (2018全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D) (-ing形式做主语)

What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. (2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B) (主语从句充当主语)

Shackleton,a onetime British merchant-navy officer who?had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908,?started?a business...(2016全国甲卷阅读理解D) (同位语结构做主语)

二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔

Mr. Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris.

Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic,was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D)

According to the report's key findings, “the proportion(比例) who say they ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”(2018全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)

三、复杂表语

包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。

One (reason) was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor. (2019高考全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)(表语从句中还含有一个同位语从句)

The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. (2018全国卷Ⅰ阅读C) (表语从句中还含有while并列句)

四、复杂宾语

包括非谓语动词、(并列)宾语从句(介词后和动词后)等。

Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date--sharing, kindness, openness--carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.(2019全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (宾语从句中含有定语从句)

Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D)(宾语从句中含有-ing形式和定语从句)

In order to pass the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on ①how we plan to apply ②what we would learn in class to our future professions and ,eventually, to our lives. (2018全国卷Ⅱ完形填空) (①是介词on所带的宾语从句，②是动词apply所带的宾语从句)

Axani wrote in his post ①that he is not looking for anything in return and ②that the woman who uses the extra ticket can choose to either travel with him or take the ticket and travel on her own. (2017全国Ⅲ卷完形填空) (wrote带有2个由that引导的宾语从句，第②个宾语从句含有who引导的定语从句)

五、复杂定语

包括非谓语动词、形容词短语、介词短语、(多个)定语从句等。

It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. (2017全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解A)(省略了that/which的定语从句)

To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets,it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.?

(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解C) (who引导定语从句)

But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. (2016全国新课标乙卷语法填空) (when引导的定语从句中含有-ed形式和-ing形式做定语)

Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park，staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks.(2018全国卷Ⅱ阅读

A) (where引导定语从句)

Readers also tended to share articles ①that were exciting or funny,or ②that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety,but not articles ③that left them merely sad.( 2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解D) (含有三个that引导的定语从句)

Also, it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters (木匠)with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics,which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs. (含有两个with介词短语做定语和which引导的定语从句)

Now, using teeth and bone pieces taken from the baby’s grave,scientists have compared the DNA from the Unknown Child with those collected from members of five families who lost relatives on the Titanic and never recovered the bodies.(含有两个-ed形式做定语和who引导的定语从句)

六、复杂同位语(同位语从句)

While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. (2019全国Ⅰ卷语法填空)

The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(that 引导同位语从句，同位语从句内部含有although引导的状语从句)

We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back ---he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(that引导同位语从句，同位语从句内部含有if引导的状语从句)

七、复杂状语

包括介词短语、非谓语动词、(多个)状语从句等。

With the college entrance examination around the corner,all the students are occupied with their revision.(with介词短语做状语)

By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL(英式手语),Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解A) (两个by

介词短语做状语)

When combined with berries or slices of other fruits,frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”.(2018全国卷Ⅱ阅读B) (-ed形式做状语)

The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are. (2017全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D) (动词不定式to do做状语)

①Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened ②when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where —— luckily for me —— I was planning to have dinner that very night.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B) (as和when 引导状语从句)

It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons – a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world.(2014全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B) (when引导状语从句中，含有-ing形式做状语)

Given that many people's moods (情绪)are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate,it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drug store of Chinese medicine. (2013全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解C) (-ed形式做状语, before引导状语从句)

In a second study presented at the meeting, scientists from the UK and Denmark showed that even a few days of high temperatures can severely reduce production of crops, such as wheat, soya beans, rice and groundnuts(花生),if it occurs when the plants are flowering. (福建卷) (if 和when引导状语从句)

According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly.（2011广东卷B）(两个if 引导并列状语从句)

八、多个从句且从句套从句

He likes ①that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper ②with whom he's on a first-name basis③if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）.((2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C) (①是宾语从句，②是定语从句，③是

状语从句)

For this courier job, you’re consciously aware?①that in that box you’ve got something?②that?is potentially going to save somebody’s life.( 2016全国乙卷阅读理解C) (①是宾语从句，②是定语从句)

Therefore, ①when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, ②what may be implied(暗示)is③that the person wants the listener to consider④what has been said before continuing.( 2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解D) (①是状语从句，②是主语从句，③是表语从句，④是宾语从句)

①If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know ②you’re busy so they can get the hint (暗示）③that ④when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读七选五) (①是状语从句，②是宾语从句，③是同位语从句，④是状语语从句)

But you can’t be successful①when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship ②that results from an action③where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读七选五) (①是状语从句，②是定语从句，③是定语从句)

Cursing my misfortune, I was wondering ①where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers②who had gathered around me were arguing as to ③who should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house. (2007高考广东卷) (①是宾语从句，②是定语从句，③是宾语从句)

Studies show①that social science majors are most suited for change,②which is the leading feature of the kind of high speed, high pressure, high-tech world③we now live in. (①是宾语从句，②是定语从句，③是定语从句)

It is important ①because it shows ②that regular physical exercise enables us to make better use of the oxygen ③we breathe in and④that this training, in fact, reduces the amount of work ⑤our hearts do. (辽宁卷) (①是状语从句，②是宾语从句，③是定语从句，④是并列宾语从句，⑤是定语从句)

九、复杂并列句(包含从句)

The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work.(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)

We went 10-1 and I was named most valuable player, but?I often had crazy dreams?in which?I was to blame for Miller’s accident.(2016全国丙卷完形填空)

Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places —— and so more likely to eat lots of food..(2015全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解B)

When the weather is fair and settled,they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their beautiful shapes on the clear evening sky, but sometimes when it is cloudless, gray steam gathers around the top of the mountains which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will shine and light up like a crown of glory. (2004全国卷)

十、多个非谓语动词

Then?the person?leaves?it in a public place,?①hoping that the book will have an adventure,?②traveling?far and wide with each new reader?who?finds it. (2016全国甲卷阅读理解C)

He reported the case to the police and then sat there, ①lost and lonely in a strange city, ②thinking of the terrible troubles of ③getting all the paperwork ④organized again from a distant country while ⑤trying⑥to settle down in a new one. (2014全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解A)

2019年全国卷中出现的倒装句

1.Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. (2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (not only开头的倒装句)

2.We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. (2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (so开头的倒装句)

3.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report. (2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C) (only开头的倒装句)

4.Of course,not only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." (2019高考全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解B) (not only开头的倒装句)

5."The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. (2019高考全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解B) (so开头的倒装句)