汉译英的词语处理

词汇语义对比

两种语言中存在许多不相对应的词语，主要表现为词语的空缺和词义的差别。

车－vehicle, car, truck, lorry, cart

船－vessel, boat, ship, ferry, canoe

门－door, gate

酒－wine, liquor, spirit, beer

人－man, woman

穿，戴－wear

臂，膊－arm

姑，婶，姨－aunt

姐，妹－sister

表兄弟，表姐妹－cousin

舅舅从桌上把花瓶拿去了。

Mother’s bro ther has taken the vase away from the table.

词汇的语法对比

汉英词类划分的理据比较及对汉英翻译的意义

汉语词类的划分主要依据词义，即词义的实与虚、动与静、具体与抽象等。英语的词类依据是语法，词类与句子成分有严格的对应关系。

理据的不同造成汉英词类的名同实异，从翻译理论上说，这就是词语“转类法”这一翻译技巧的语言理据。

由于汉英词汇意义存在不对应现象，翻译时应通过各种手段对靶语（英语）的词义加以补充或限定，技巧上表现为词语的增减、阐释、借用、音译等。

1、我进去看了，只记得门警是瑞士兵士，穿着黄色制服，别的没有印象了。

I went there to have a look. All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance were Swiss

soldiers in yellow uniforms.

汉语为加强语气，对于一件事，往往从一个方面说了之后，还要从另一个方面说一说。

英语则不然，前面有了All I remember now is ...，后面如果再说and I don't remember anything else，就显多余。

“方面”、“方式”、“问题”、“情况”之类的范畴词，在汉语句子里没有多少实际意义，但很有用，可以使句子流畅。汉译英时，范畴词可以不译，英译汉时，可以酌情使用。

中国有12亿多人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。

China has a population of more than 1.2 billion, and its land natural resources per capita are lower than the world’s average.

此处“水平”未译。

由于词汇使用频率的不对应，翻译时不能拘泥于字面的对应，而应以整体意义为重，灵活变通。

技巧：某些词汇手段表达的意义，可以用另外的词汇来表达，甚至使用非词汇手段达到目的。

1、前门驱虎，后门进狼。

Fend off one danger only to fall prey to another.

译文中不见了“前门”、“后门”、“虎”和“狼”。

2、汉语表示疑问句用语气助词“吗”，英语则使用词序倒装。

3、汉语用时态助词表时间，英语里用动词变化表时态。

4、汉语用词汇手段，英语用语法手段。

语义的分类

指称意义

言内意义

语用意义

指称意义的翻译

直译法/直译加注——完全保留汉语的指称意义

意译法——求内容相符和主要语言功能相似

音译法——直接用汉语拼音或用类似英语单词的拼写体现原文的发音

音译意译结合法——在拼音之前或之后加上一个表意的词；直接套用谐音谐义的英语单词

a. 直译法/直译加注——完全保留汉语的指称意义

芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。

Reed Flute Cave/Ludiyan/Ludi Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.

1990 年共批准“ 三资” 企业99 家，全省“ 三资” 企业已达284 家。

In 1990, the Province approved 99 “Three Forms of Ventures” (Sino-foreign join ventures, cooperative enterprises and wholly foreign-funded enterprises), the total number of the “Three Forms Of Ve ntures” reached 284.

b. 意译法——求内容相符和主要语言功能相似

在农村，特别是比较偏僻落后的农村，还残存着少数包办婚姻的陋习。

In China’s more remote and backward rural areas, corrupt practices exist in the form of forced marriages./arranged or Bought and sold marriages.

c. 音译法——直接用汉语拼音或用类似英语单词的拼写体现原文的发音

西苑饭店

Xiyuan Hotel

康顺有限公司

Conson Ltd.

磕头

d. 音译意译结合法——在拼音之前或之后加上一个表意的词；直接套用谐音谐义的英

语单词

kowtow

绿丹兰

Ludanlan cosmetics

“ 稳得福” 酒楼

Wonderful Restaurant

《唐明皇》（电视剧名）

Emperor Tang Ming Huang

“ 索” 牌（塑料绳具的商标）Solid

言内意义的翻译

重复(同词重复，异词重复)

叠词

双关

音韵

a. 重复(同词重复，异词重复)

沉默啊！沉默啊！不再沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。

Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.

不知不觉

Time went by and before I was aware of it…

谢天谢地

Thank Heaven! Thank God!

b. 叠词

小路两边，是两行小柳树。树枝细细的，柳叶沙沙响。嫩叶上刷着一层白色的绒毛… Two rows of small willows lined the path. The twigs were slender , with rustling leaves covered by a layer of white villus.

寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。

I look for what I miss, I know not what it is, I feel so sad, so drear. So lonely, without cheer.

c. 双关

在试纺，顶多忙一阵子，过了几天，还不是外甥打灯笼——找舅（照旧）。

And if we’re now going to have a check spinning, it’ll only mean that we’ll be busier than ever for a spell and then after a few days things will be back to that they were before.

d. 音韵

一册在手，纵览全球。（《环球》杂志征订广告）

The Globe brings you the world in a single copy.

语用意义的翻译

文化色彩的再现

语体色彩的复制

感情色彩的叠合

语用意义的翻译

a. 文化色彩的再现

鸡皮疙瘩

Goose flesh

猫哭老鼠假慈悲

To shed crocodile tears

狗改不了吃屎

The leopard cannot change his spots.

红眼病

be green-eyed

开门红

get off to a good start

红白喜事

weddings and funerals

红榜

honor board

b. 语体色彩的复制

如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。

It would be appreciated if samples and /or brochure could be soon forwarded to us.

鄙人当尽力而为。

Yours truly will do his best.

c. 感情色彩的叠合

爱屋及乌

Love me, love my dog.

金鸡鞋油：颜色有黑、棕、白、红、黄、蓝。

Golden Rooster Shoe Polish comes in black, brown, white, red, yellow and blue.

小节

本节课主要讲解词语的翻译，分别举例说明了具有指称意义、言内意义或语用意义的词的各种译法。一个词语可能具备指称意义，也可能既具备指称意义，又具备言内意义和语用意义。因此，翻译时，应力求全面理解原文意义，然后根据需要，采取直译、意译、音译或音译和意译相结合的方法，力求使译文与原文语义相符、功能相似。

短语翻译：汉译英

1.一双（条）…. 45.一个橘子 2.一双鞋子46.一只钢笔 3.一双袜子47.一只铅笔 4.一条长裤48.一只杯子 5.一条短裤49.什么颜色 6.一条裙子50.黑白相间 7.一套，一串，一副，一组51.请拼写它 8.一串钥匙52.我的名字 9.请求，恳求（给予）52.你的名字 10.我能帮你吗？53.他的名字 11.快点儿54.她的名字 12.劳驾，请原谅55。认识你很高兴 13.名字56.你好！ 14.无疑，肯定57.我的朋友 15.早上好！58.在中国 16.下午好！59.两张漂亮的照片 17.晚上好！60.在第一张照片中 18.从……到……61.在下一张照片中 19.生日快乐！62.我的狗的名字 20.（表示祝愿）过得愉快！2 63.一张…的照片 21.给你64.失物招领处 22.（询问消息或提出建议）…怎么样？…好吗？2 23.你好吗？65.电脑游戏（机）

24.（购物时）…多少钱？66.玩电脑游戏 25.…多大年纪？…几岁了？67.玩游戏 26.学生卡，身份证68.和…玩游戏 27.用英语69.和…..玩….. 28.用汉语70.学校图书馆 29.姓氏2 71.给……打电话 30.中学，初中72.给……发电子邮件 31.飞机模型73.在沙发上 32.铅笔盒，文具盒74.在椅子下 33.再见75.在桌子下 34.磁带播放机76.打篮球 35.电话号码2 77.那听起来不错 36.为…而感谢你（们）78.通过电视，在电视上 37.思考，思索，考虑79.下课后 38.看电视80.晚饭后 39.别客气，不用谢81.然（随）后，在那之后 40.一把尺子81.同一所学校 41.一副地图82.去同一所学校上学 42.一件夹克衫83.体育明星 43.一把钥匙84.运动鞋 44.一床被子85.做运动 86.饮食习惯

英语翻译答案

汉译英 1.广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈，通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。对于广场舞的确切认识，社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰，因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。 The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music. The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south. Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities. 2.故宫，又称紫禁城，是明、清两代的皇宫，二十四位皇帝在此生活起居和处理政务。它是世界现存最大、最完整的木质结构的古建筑群(architectural complex)。宫殿墙壁的色调以红色和黄色为主,红色代表快乐、好运和财富，而黄色代表帝王的神圣和尊贵。近十几年来，故宫平均每年接待中外游客600-800万人次，随着旅游业的繁荣，游客人数有增无减，可见人们对故宫的兴趣长盛不衰。 The Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, was the palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties where 24 emperors lived and handled government affairs. It is the largest and most complete existing ancient wooden architectural complex in the world. The palace wall was painted mainly in red and yellow. Red represents happiness, luck and fortune while yellow symbolizes imperial holiness and dignity. In recent decades, the Imperial Palace is visited annually by six to eight million tourists at home and abroad. Moreover, with flourishing tourism industry, the number of tourists keeps increasing. It shows people’s everlasting and unfading interest in the Imperial Palace. 3.《新闻联播》是中国中央电视台（CCTV）每日播出的一个新闻节目。节目每次播出时长一般为30分钟。它被中国大陆大多数地方频道同时转播，这使得它成为世界上收看人数最多的节目之一。自从1978年1月1日首次播出以来，它就以客观、生动、丰富的纪实手段记录着中华大地每一天的变化。作为中国官方新闻资讯类节目，《新闻联播》以沉稳、庄重的风格著称。 Xinwen Lianbo is a news program broadcast by China Central Television (CCTV) every day. It generally takes 30 minutes every time to broadcast the program. It is relayed simultaneously by most local television channels in the mainland of China, which makes it one of the world’s most-watched programs. Since it was first broadcast on January 1st, 1978, it has been recording the changes of every day throughout China by documentary means that is objective, vivid and rich. As the Chinese official news information program, Xinwen Lianbo is well-known for its

中国特色文化词汇翻译

1. 元宵节：Lantern Festival 2. 刺绣：embroidery 3. 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival 4. 清明节：Tomb sweeping day 5. 剪纸：Paper Cutting 6. 书法：Calligraphy 7. 对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets 8. 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 9. 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow 10. 四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle 11. 战国：Warring States 12. 风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 13. 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 14. 函授部：The Correspondence Department 15. 集体舞：Group Dance 16. 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 17. 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals 18. 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day 19. 结婚证：Marriage Certificate 20. 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 21. 附属学校：Affiliated school 22. 古装片：Costume Drama

23. 武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie 24. 元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup) 25. 一国两制：One Country, Two Systems 26. 火锅：Hot Pot 27. 四人帮：Gang of Four 28. 《诗经》：The Book of Songs 29. 素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education 30. 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 31. 大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement) 32. 《西游记》：The Journey to the West 33. 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 34. 针灸：Acupuncture 35. 唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery 36. 中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics 37. 偏旁：radical 38. 孟子：Mencius 39. 亭/阁：Pavilion/ Attic 40. 大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises 41. 火药：gunpowder 42. 农历：Lunar Calendar 43. 印/玺：Seal/Stamp 44. 物质精神文明建设：The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization

汉译英翻译方法

汉译英三步骤： 1.理解原文包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解，也包括对原文句子之间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达在正确理解原文的基础上进行的，不是一对一的死译，而是在理解原文的基础上用相应的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查认真阅读自己的译文，要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思，是否有漏译、错译，译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。汉译英翻译技巧： 1.选择恰当的英语词汇有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思，还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”：country, nation, state, land 分别内涵：疆土、人民、政府、感情有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思，运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda （带贬义）汉译英选词原则：（1）选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”：audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示：听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达：工作条件：working condition 有利的条件：favorable situation 录取条件：admission requirement 付款条件：terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重，有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”：employment problem, unemployment problem（找不到工作就业已成问题，即失业问题） “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs（没有工作又需要找工作的妇女，不需找工作的并不包括在内）（2）要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. （3）选词时不要望文生义，不要死译，要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。

汉译英答案3

汉英语篇翻译练习答案： 1．Retirement Attitudes toward retirement vary from person to person. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed. Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap, they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provide. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives. Tired out after all exhaus ting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved. As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion, they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream, such as writing, painting, growing flowers and traveling around. On the whole, female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers. Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man. 2. Good-bye, My Ill-fated Motherland! The moment I set foot on the deck of the ship, there began my temporary separation from Chinese oil and a feeling of parting sorrow welled up in my heart. At sailing time, I stood on deck watching the ship receding slowly from the bank until I was out of sight of the towering waterfront buildings and the foreign warships on the Huangpu River. Thereupon I turned round with hot tears in my eyes, murmuri ng, “Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland!” Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! I own what I am to the upbringing you have given me during the past 22 years. I have spent every day of my life in your warm bosom and under your loving care. Y ou have given me joy and sorrow as well as food and clothing. This is where my close relatives were born and brought up and where I have friends here and there. Y ou gave me a wide variety of happiness in my early childhood, but you have also been the source of my sorrow ever since I began to understand things. Here I have witnessed all sorts of human tragedy. Here I have come to know the times we live in. Here I have undergone untold sufferings. I have been struggling, fighting and, time and again, found myself on the brink of destruction and covered all over with cuts and bruises. I have laid to rest, with tears and sighs, some of my close relatives—relatives victimized by old feudal ethnics. Here, besides beautiful mountains and rivers and fertile farmland, we have ghastly prisons and execution grounds as well. Here bad people hold sway while good people suffer and justice is trodden down underfoot. Here people have to wage a savage struggle in order to win freedom. Here man eats man. O the numerous terrible scenes! O the numerous sad memories! O the grand Y ellow River! O the mysterious Y angtze River! Where on earth are your glories of the past? O my native land! O my people! How can I have the heart to leave you! Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! Much as I hate you, I’ve got to love you as ever. （选自《英语世界》2004年第三期，张培基译）

汉译英主题词汇

汉译英主题词汇 1.中国传统文化四大发明the Four Great Inventions 造纸术paper-making 火药gunpowder 指南针/罗盘compass 印刷术printing 孔子Confucius 孟子Mencius思想学派school of thought 核心思想the core of ideology 代表人物representative 儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化Confucian culture 道家Daoism法家Legalism 和尚;僧人monk 乐器musical instrumental 琴棋书画guqin, game of go, calligraphy and painting 笛子flute 二胡erhu 古筝guzheng 鼓drum 琵琶Chinese lute中国象棋Chinese chess 围棋Chinese Go 对弈play chess 棋子chess pieces 棋盘chessboard 中国书法Chinese calligraphy 甲骨文oracle bone script 文房四宝the four treasures of the study 毛笔brush pen 墨ink stick 砚台ink stone 纸paper 笔划stroke 四大名著the four masterpieces 汉字Chinese character <<西游记>>Journey to the West; The Money King <<红楼梦>>Dream of the Red Chamber; A Dream of Red Mansions <<三国演义>>Romance of the Three Kingdoms <<水浒传>>Water Margin; Outlaws of the Mash <<诗经>>Books of Songs <<史记>>Records of the Grand Historian; Historical Records 唐诗宋词Tang and Song Poetry; Poetry of Tang and Song Danasties 元曲Yuan opera 眀小说Ming novel 普通话四声调the four tones of Mandarin Chinese 对联couplet俗语idiom 词语phrase 国画Chinese (traditional) painting 山水画landscape painting 写意画free sketch painting 敦煌壁画Dunhuang frescoes 龙的形象the image of dragon 孔子庙Confucius Temple黄河the Yellow River 长江the Yangtze River 长城the Great Wall 故宫the Imperial Palace ; the Forbidden City 故宫博物馆The Palace Museum天安门广场Tiananmen Square 胡同hutong太极拳Tai Chi 文武双全be excellent both in the arts of pen and sword

unit 9 汉译英中词语的省略

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新视野大学英语第三版第二册6-7单元词汇,短语 ,汉译英英译汉

Unit5 1. 2.A strong police force has been placed between the two (rival) groups in the village to prevent fighting and killing. 3. Although personally we believe this to be of only secondary importance, its potential role in (motivating) innovative acts cannot be ignored. 4. 5. Western nations have older and shrinking populations since they entered the 21st century and their(fluctuating) birth rates have also posed problems. 6. 7. The president is in trouble and will have to work hard to (restore) his credibility after people discovered that he was not telling the truth. 8. To study a number of subjects in the humanities has been both enjoyable and (enlightening) , providing me with a new and different perspective on the world in which we live. 9. People are concerned about the environment issue because air and water pollution not only affects everyone's health but also makes it difficult for businesses to (profit) . 10. 1. 2. The support our volunteers provide to the community as well as society cannot 3. (be measured in) purely practical terms, and their continuing contribution is vital. Please don't forget the Tourist Guide, which should(come in handy) when you travel to different places in Asia and Europe for the next few weeks. 4.

新视野大学英语读写教程2汉译英翻译题及答案

1. 她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) 2. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) 3. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for) 4. 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 6. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。(pour into) Unit2 1. 尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) 2. 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) 3. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) 4. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) 5. 经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。(count on) 6. 这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) Unit3 1. 你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) 2. 还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) 3. 由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) 4. 虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) 5. 我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) 6. 她长得并不特别高，但是她身材瘦，给人一种个子高的错觉。(give an illusion of) Unit4 1. 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？(Use "it" as the formal subject) 2. 不管黑猫白猫，能抓住老鼠就是好猫。(as long as) 3. 你必须明天上午十点之前把那笔钱还给我。(without fail) 4. 请允许我参加这个项目，我对这个项目非常感兴趣。(more than + adjective) 5. 人人都知道他比较特殊：他来去随意。(be free to do sth.) 6. 看她脸上不悦的神色，我觉得她似乎有什么话想跟我说。(feel as though) Unit5 1. 他说话很自信，给我留下了很深的印象。(Use "which" to refer back to an idea or situation) 2. 我父亲太爱忘事，总是在找钥匙。(Use "so... that..." to emphasize the degree of something) 3. 我十分感激你给我的帮助。(be grateful for) 4. 光线不足，加上地面潮湿，使得驾驶十分困难。(coupled with) 5. 由于缺乏资金，他们不得不取消了创业计划。(starve of) 6. 每当有了麻烦，他们总是依靠我们。(lean on) Unit6 1. 就像机器需要经常运转一样，身体也需要经常锻炼。(as... so...) 2. 在美国学习时，他学会了弹钢琴。(while + V-ing) 3. 令我们失望的是，他拒绝了我们的邀请。(turn down) 4. 真实情况是，不管是好是坏，随着新科技的进步，世界发生了变化。(for better or worse) 5. 我班里的大多数女生在被要求回答问题时都似乎感到不自在。(ill at ease) 6. 当地政府负责运动会的安全。(take charge of)Unit7

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中国特色词汇的音译

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