(完整word版)2018年12月大学英语四级翻译真题汇集
2018年12月大学英语四级翻译真题汇总
【手机改变阅读方式】
由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人的速度增长。这极大地改变了许多人的阅读方式。他们现在经常在智能手机上看新闻和文章，而不买传统报刊。大量移动应用程序（apps）的开发使人们能用手机阅读小说和其他形式的文学作品。因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。但调查显示，尽管智能手机阅读市场稳步增长，超半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。（164字）
In recent years, the number of Chinese smartphone users has been growing at an alarming rate as the result of the rapid development of communication networks. This has dramatically changed the ways of reading for many people. They now often read news and articles on their smartphones instead of buying traditional newspapers. The development of a large number of mobile apps enables people to read novels and other forms of literature works on their mobile phones. Therefore, the sale of paper books has been affected. But the survey indicates that, despite the steady growth of the mobile phone reading market, more than half of the adults still prefer to read paper books.
【手机改变支付方式】
过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。随着移动互联网的出现，手机购物逐渐成为一种趋势。18到30岁的年轻人构成了移动支付市场的最大群体。由于现在用手机付款很容易，许多消费者在购物时宁愿用手机付款，而不愿用现金或信用卡。为了鼓励人们多消费，许多商店给使用移动支付的顾客打折。专家预测，中国移动支付市场未来仍有很大发展潜力。
（159字）
In the past few years, the mobile payment market has been booming in China. With the emergence of mobile internet, mobile shopping has gradually become a trend. Young people aged 18 to 30 constitute the largest group in the mobile payment market. Since it is so easy to pay with mobile phones nowadays, many consumers prefer to pay with mobile phones rather than cash or credit cards when shopping. In order to encourage consumption, many stores give discounts to customers who use mobile payment. Experts predict that China Mobile Payment Market still has great potential in the future.
【手机改变生活方式】
越来越多的中国人现在的确离不开手机了。他们中的许多人，包括老年人，都使用手机应用程序保持联系并拓宽朋友圈。他们也用手机购物，查找信息，因为手机便于携带。此时，使用手机应用程序通信比传统电话便宜。然而，这种新趋势导致人们在社交时过度依赖手机。事实上，一些年轻人已经变得十分上瘾，以至于怠慢了与家人和朋友面对面的交流。（157字）More and more Chinese people are now indeed attached to mobile phones. Many of them, including the elderly, use the mobile apps to stay in touch and expand their social circle. They also use their mobile phones to shop online and find information due to the mobile phones’ portability nature. In addition, communications via mobile apps are cheaper than traditional phones. However, this new trend has led people to rely too much on mobile phones while socializing. In fact, some young people have become so addicted that they ignore face-to-face communication with family and friends.
2018年12月大学英语四级翻译练习题：中国城市化
2018年12月大学英语四级翻译练习题： 中国城市化 2018年12月英语四六级开始考试，其中英语四六级考试翻译目前考察的方向多偏向于社会经济、文化等方面，日常复习中我们也要提前储备一些常考话题材料。无忧考网英语四六级频道特别整理《2018年12月大学英语四级翻译练习题：中国城市化》一文奉献给考生，希望可以为大家带来帮助,预祝大家高分通过考试。 英语四级翻译练习题：中国城市化 中国城市化(urbanization)将会充分释放潜在内需(domestic demand)。一些经济学家指出，在中国几乎所有的发展中城市都面临着城市化的进程。这使得许多人的生活水平有所提高，也为人们提供更多的就业机会。随着越来越多的人向城市迁徙，住房及城市基础设施建设(infrastructure construction)，包括水源等能源的供应将
会成为城市发展的焦点问题。商品与服务的自由、快速流通是城市化社会的一项基本特征。逐渐扩张的城市需要更多的零售店来满足消费者的需求。 汉译英： China’s urbanization will release the full potential of domestic demand. Some economists point out that urbanization is a process that is occurring in nearly every developing city in the country. It will lead to a better quality of life for many people，and provide individuals with more job opportunities. The construction of housing and city infrastructure, in?cluding water and energy supplies, will be a focal point of urban develop?ment as more people migrate to cities. Urbanization means better access to educational and medical resources in the city. But it also predicts less use of personal vehicles and more use of public transportation. The fast, free flow of goods and services is a basic trait of an urbanized society. Ex-panding cities require more retail outlets to serve customers。
英语四级翻译历年真题 强迫症整理版
07年6月 87. The finding of this study failed to _____________(将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内). 88.The prevention and treatment of AIDS is ____________(我们可以合作的领域) . 89. Because of the leg injury, the athlete__________________(决定退出比赛). 90.To make donations or for more information, please ________(按以下地址和我们联系). 91.Please come here at ten tomorrow morning ______________(如果你方便的话). 答案： 87. take people’s sleep quality/quality of sleep into account/consideration 88. a field in which we can work together / a field in which we can cooperate 89. decided to quit the match 90. contact us at the following address 91. at your convenience/if it is convenient for you 07年12月 87 __________(多亏了一系列的新发明), doctors can treat this disease successfully. 88 In my sixties, one change I notice is that ______________(我比以前更容易累了). 89 I am going to pursue this course, _____________(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲). 90 I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because ____________(它更方便和省时). 91 Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life _______________(用他们能够借到多少来衡量的), not how much they can earn. 答案： 87. Thanks to/ because of a series of new inventions 88. I have been more likely to get tired than before/ I get tired more easily than before 89. no matter at what expense (cost)/ no matter what I have to sacrifice (pay)/ would have to sacrifice (pay) 90. the former/ shopping online is more convenient and efficient (time-saving) (can save more time) 91. is measured in terms of how much they can borrow 08年6月 87.Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research______ .(能应用于新技术的开发) 88. I can’t boot my computer now. Something ____________(一定出了毛病) with its operation system. 89. Leaving one’s job, ____________________,(不管是什么工作), is a difficult change even for those who look forward to retiring. 90.________________________,(与我成长的地方相比)，this town is more prosperous and exciting. 91.______(直到他完成使命)did he realize that he was seriously ill 答案
2018年6月份-英语四级真题答案(完整版)
2018年6月份，英语四级真题答案（完整版）四级听力理解答案 听力新闻第1套 1. A) The return of a bottled message to its owner’s daughter. 2. B) She wanted to honor her father's promise. 3. B) Several cases of Zika disease had been identified. 4. C) It lost a huge stock of bees. 5. A) It stayed in the air for about two hours. 6. C) Inadequate funding. 7. D) It is more environmentally friendly. 听力新闻第2套 1. B) Scared. 2. D) It was covered with large scales. 3. A) A Study of the fast-food service. 4. C) Increased variety of products. 5. C) US government's approval of private space missions. 6. A) Deliver scientific equipment to the moon. 7. B) It is promising.
听力长对话第1套 8. A) It seems a depressing topic. 9. D) They can't make it to the theatre in time. 10. C) It is the most amusing show he has ever watched. 11. B) Go and see the dance. 12. D) She worries she won't fit in as a transfer student. 13. C) Participate in after-school activities. 14. A) Give her help whenever she needs it. 15. D) She has just transferred to the college. 听力长对话第2套 8. D) Lying in the sun on a Thai beach. 9. A) She visited a Thai orphanage. 10. D) His phone is running out of power. 11. C) He collects things from different countries. 12. D) Trying out a new gym in town. 13. C) A discount for a half-year membership. 14. D) The operation of fitness equipment. 15. C) She knows the basics of weight-lifting. 听力篇章第1套 16. B) To find out which physical drive is the most powerful.
英语四级翻译真题和范文答案解析
2013年12月大学英语四级考试翻译题目 许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。 Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill bu t also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Alth ough cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Sinc e food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between ce real, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Informati on Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this ph enomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not necessary, for s tudents should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of people think it is a nee d, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Inf ormation Technology aroused public concern. "你要茶还是咖啡?"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 "Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coff ee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discove red by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease . During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drin king spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until the 18th century does it s pread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China but also an important part of Chine se tradition and culture. 中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换或
2018年12月大学英语四级翻译真题汇集
2018年12月大学英语四级翻译真题汇总 【手机改变阅读方式】 由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人的速度增长。这极大地改变了许多人的阅读方式。他们现在经常在智能手机上看新闻和文章，而不买传统报刊。大量移动应用程序（apps）的开发使人们能用手机阅读小说和其他形式的文学作品。因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。但调查显示，尽管智能手机阅读市场稳步增长，超半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。（164字） In recent years, the number of Chinese smartphone users has been growing at an alarming rate as the result of the rapid development of communication networks. This has dramatically changed the ways of reading for many people. They now often read news and articles on their smartphones instead of buying traditional newspapers. The development of a large number of mobile apps enables people to read novels and other forms of literature works on their mobile phones. Therefore, the sale of paper books has been affected. But the survey indicates that, despite the steady growth of the mobile phone reading market, more than half of the adults still prefer to read paper books. 【手机改变支付方式】 过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。随着移动互联网的出现，手机购物逐渐成为一种趋势。18到30岁的年轻人构成了移动支付市场的最大群体。由于现在用手机付款很容易，许多消费者在购物时宁愿用手机付款，而不愿用现金或信用卡。为了鼓励人们多消费，
历年英语四级翻译真题与答案
2013年12月： 段落翻译： 试卷一：中餐 【真题原文】许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。 【翻译答案】Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill but also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 试卷二：信息技术 【真题原文】信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 【翻译答案】As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Information Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this phenomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not necessary, for students should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of people think it is a need, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology aroused public concern. 试卷三：茶文化 【真题原文】"你要茶还是咖啡？"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清（the qing dynasties）期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料（beverage）之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 【翻译答案】"Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until the 18th century does it spread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China but also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture. 试卷四：中国结
2018年英语四级真题及答案解析
2018年6月大学英语四级真题（第2套) Part I Writing （30 minutes） Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30minutes to write a shor t essay on the importance of writing ability and how to develop it.You should write at l east 120 words but no more than180 words. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the q uestions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just hear d. 1. A) Annoyed. B) Scared. C) Confused. D) Offended. 2. A) It crawled over the woman's hands. B) It wound up on the steering wheel. C) It was killed by the police on the spot. D) It was covered with large scales. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just hear d. 3. A) A study of the fast-food service. B) Fast food customer satisfaction. C) McDonald's new business strategies. D) Competition in the fast-food industry. 4. A) Customers' higher demands. B) The inefficiency of employees.
2018年12月大学英语四级翻译练习题：灵隐寺
2018年12月大学英语四级翻译练习题：灵隐寺 2018年12月大学英语四级翻译练习题库 英语四级翻译练习题：灵隐寺 灵隐寺(Lingyin Temple)位于浙江省杭州市西湖的西北部。它是 江南古刹。该寺建于公元326年，有1600多年的历史。传说, 印度一 个叫作慧理的和尚来到杭州，被这美丽的山区景色深深地吸引了。他 认为这里有神佛，所以建了一座庙宇，取名“灵隐”，意思是隐藏的 灵魂。据说的济公和尚也是在这座寺庙皈依的，这使灵隐寺更加有名。 参考译文 Lingyin Temple is located in the northwest side of West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. It is a famous ancient temple in the south of the Yangtze River. The temple was built in 326 AD and has a history of over 1,600 years. Legend has it that an Indian monk named Huili came to Hangzhou and was deeply attracted by the beautiful mountainous scenery. He thought there lived immortals and then he built a temple and named it “Lingyin”，which means hidden souls. It is said that the famous monk Jigong also took vows in the temple, which made Lingyin Temple even more famous. 2018年12月大学英语四级翻译练习题库
历年英语四级翻译真题及答案
2013 年12 月： 段落翻译：试卷二：中餐 【真题原文】许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nUtntion)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以屮餐既味美又健康。 【翻译答案】MOSt PeOPIe Iike Chinese food. InChina, COOking is ConSidered as not only a Skill but also an art. The WelI-PrePared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. AlthOUgh COOking methods and food ingredient Vary WiIdly in different PIaCeS Of China, it is COmmOn for good CUiSine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. SinCe food is CrUCial to health, a good Chef is inSiStentIy trying to Seek balance between Cereal) meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as WeIl as healthy. 试卷二：信息技术 【真题原文】信息技术(InfOrmatiOn Technology),正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚 至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统 的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好 【番羽译答案】AS China CitiZens attaching great importance to the rapidly development Of Infor^mation TeChnoIOgy J SOme COIIege even Set it as a COmPUlSOry course. RegarCling to this PhenOmenon, PeOPle holding Clifferent views. SOme PeOPIe think it is not necessary, for StUdentS ShOUId Iearrl the traditiOnal curriculum. AnOther Part Of PeOPle think it is a need, because China ShOUld keep PaCe With the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that InfOrmatiOn TeChnoIOgy aroused PUbliC COnCer n. 试卷三：茶文化 【真题原文】“你要茶还是咖啡？”是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传， 中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清( the qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在 六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料( beverage)之二，茶是中国的 瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 【番羽译答案】"Would you Iike tea Or coffee?" Thaf S a question PeOPle Often asked When having meal. MOSt WeSternerS Will ChOOSe coffee, While the Chinese WOUId Iike to ChOOSe tea. ACCOrding to Iegend, tea WaS CIiSCOVered by a ChineSe emperor five thousand years ago, and then WaS USed to CUre disease. DUring the Ming and Qingdynasties, tea houses Were all OVer the country. Tea drinking SPreacl to JaPan in the 6th century, but it WaS not Until the 18th CentUry does it SPread to EUrOPe and AmeriCa. NOWadayS) tea is One Of the most POPUlar beverage in the WOrlcI, and it is not only the treasure Of China but also an important Part Of Chinese traditiOnand culture.
2018年大学英语四级真题答案及解析
2018年6月大学英语四级真题（第1套) Part?I? Writing? （30?minutes） Directions:?For?this?part,?you?are?allowed?30minutes?to?write?a?short?essay?on? the?importance of?reading?ability?and?how?to?develop?it.?You?should?write?at?least?120?wor ds?but?no?more?than180?words. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Part?II ?Listening?Comprehension? (25?minutes) Section?A Directions:?In?this?section,?you?will?hear?three news?reports.?At?the?end?of?each?news?report,?you will?hear?two?or?three?questions.?Both?the?news?report?and?the?questions?wil l?be?spoken?only once.?After?you?hear?a?question,?you?must?choose?the?best?answer?from?the?fo ur?choices marked?A),?B),?C)?and?D).?Then?mark?the?corresponding?letter?on?Answer?Sheet ?1?with?a single?line?through?the?centre. Questions?1?and?2?are?based?on?the?news?report?you?have?just?heard. 1.A)?The?return?of?a?bottled?message?to?its?owner's?daughter. B)?A?New?Hampshire?man's?joke?with?friends?on?his?wife. C)?A?father's?message?for?his?daughter. D)?The?history?of?a?century-old?motel. 2.?A)?She?wanted?to?show?gratitude?for?his?kindness. B)?She?wanted?to?honor?her?father's?promise. C)?She?had?been?asked?by?her?father?to?do?so. D)?She?was?excited?to?see?her?father's?handwriting. Questions?3?and?4?are?based?on?the?news?report?you?have?just?heard. 3.?A)?People?were?concerned?about?the?number?of?bees. B)?Several?cases?of?Zika?disease?had?been?identified. C)?Two?million?bees?were?infected?with?disease. D)?Zika?virus?had?destroyed?some?bee?farms. 4.?A)?It?apologized?to?its?customers.? B)?It?was?forced?to?kill?its?bees. C)?It?lost?a?huge?stock?of?bees. D)?It?lost??million?dollars.
英语四级历年真题汉译英翻译讲解
英语四级历年真题汉译英讲解 第一题（外国直接投资）： 商务部(Ministry of Commerce)最近发布的数据表明，在中国的外国直接投资(foreign Direct Investment,FDI)保持稳定增长。中国已经成为外国直接投资首选地。中央政府采取了一系列促进外国投资的扶持措施，这样既促进了经济增长，又贏得了国内外投资者的信心。商务部正在研究措施，进一步改善外商投资管理机制，创建一个透明和公平的竞争环境。世界银行(World Bank)也高度评价中国吸引外国直接投资所取得的成就。 表达难点： 1.第1句中的定语“商务部最近发布的”较长，故将其处理后置定语，用分词短语 recently released by theMinistry of Commerce 来表达。 2.第3句中的“这样既促进了经济增长，又贏得了国内外投资者的信心”，可用 which引导的非限制性定语从句来表达，which指代前面“中央政府采用了一系列促进外国投资的扶持措施”这一做法。“既……又……”在英语中的对等结构为both...and，其中both可省略。 3.第4句中的“进一步改善外商投资管理机制，创建一个透明和公平的竞争环境” 为表并列的两个目的，可将其译作两个不定式短语作状语 “to further improve... and (to) create...”，用and连接时后一个不定式的to可以省略。“外商投资管理机制”的中心词为管理机制 management mechanism，翻译时可在其后采用“of+名词”的形式构成名词所有格，对其进行补充说明，表示“……的”。 4.最后一句中的定语“中国吸引外国直接投资所取得的”用in引导的介词短语 in attracting Foreign DirectInvestment来表示在哪个方面所取得的成就。 而“中国”则作为形容词置于“成就”前面，这样比较符合英语的表达习惯。 资所取得的成就。 参考译文 The statistics recently released by the Ministry of Commerce showe d that Foreign DirectInvestment in China maintained steady growth . China has become the top destination for FDI.The central govern ment adopted a series of supportive measures to facilitate foreigni nvestment, which strengthened economic growth and won the co nfidence of investors athome and abroad. The Ministry of Commerc e is working on measures to further improve themanagement mech anism of foreign investment and create a transparent and fair co mpetitionenvironment. The World Bank also spoke highly of Chin a's achievements in attracting ForeignDirect Investment. 第二题（孙子兵法）： 孙武是春秋末期(the late Spring and Autumn Period)杰出的军事家（strategist）。他所著的《孙子兵法》(Sun Zi's Art of War)是中国古代最著名的兵书，也是世界上现存最早的兵书。《孙子兵法》现存13篇，共6000字。在这不长的篇幅中，孙武全面论述了自己对战争的看法，提出了诸如知彼知己、集中优势兵力打败敌人等许多作战思想。《孙子兵法》已被译为多种文字，在世界上也享有很高的声誉。 表达难点：