大学本科专业外语阅读翻译文本

1Grocery retailing is viciously competitive.零售业正面临着极大的竞争2.Years ago the neighbourhood grocery store gave away to the large modern supermarket with wide aisles, attractive displays and a large selection of grocery and related items. 很多年之前，附近的小的零售业败给了有着宽阔的通道和有吸引力的展示品的现代化大超市，这些超市提供给人们比小零售商更大的选择和相关的产品。

3.Vigorous competition in the industry has kept prices down and led to a continuing series of cost reducing innovations. 在行业中有利的竞争使得产品价格下降而且还导致了一系列连续的降低成本的创新革命。

4. In the best of times, innovation and efficient grocery retailers have to struggle to maintain profit margins as low as 1 to 2 percent of sales.在最好的时期，创新和高效率的零售商不得不尽力将销售的边际利润保持在1%到2%。

5.These are not the best of the times. 这并不是最好的时期。

6.Industry watchers and Wall Street analysts are voicing increased concern that a shifting competitive landscape has been changing in ways that undermine the viability of traditional supermarket.行业观察员和华尔街的分析师发表声明称十分担心那些恶性竞争已经以暗中破坏传统超市业的生存发展。

7.One of the most significant competitive threats to the grocery retailing industry is posed by the growth of discount retailing juggernaut Wal-mart Stores, Inc . 对于零售业最典型的竞争威胁是以大量降价打折的形式

出现的，像W和I这样的商店。

8.I, W supercenters take an increasing share of the grocery retailing dollar in most major markets, and continued expansion threatens traditional grocery retailers across the United States. 像I和W这样的特大购物中心在零售业中的的市场占有额持续增长，而且继续扩大对美国传统零售业的威胁。

9.However, the growth of the W it is not the only reason for increasing competitive pressure on the traditional food operators. 然而，像W这样的超级市场并不是增加传统食品行业压力的唯一原因。

10.Warehouse clubs dollar stores, and other nontraditional players, like both premium and lower priced grocery chains, continue to divide the grocery retailing market long dominated by traditional supermarkets.仓储式商店，一元店和其他非传统的参与者例如溢价店和超低价连锁店，都不断地将被传统超市统治的零售业分开。

11.Consumers want to save time and stretch their shopping dollar by concentrating their shopping activity on whole line and specially retailers that are able to provide a consistently satisfying shopping experience.消费者想通过一站式的消费活动节省时间和钱财，而且这些特殊的零售商还可以持续提供让人满意的消费体验。

12.In a sense, just as traditional supermarkets made the neighbourhood store obsolete, new age retailers able to better satisfy customer needs are making the traditional supermarket obsolete.从某种意义上说，正如传统

的超级市场使得附近的小商店消失，新时代的零售店能够给满足消费者的需求就是取缔传统的超级市场。

13.This chapter documents the performance characteristics of competitive markets and shows how the supply of goods and services is determined by competitive firms and industries.这一章所证明的就是竞争市场的特点，展示了产品和服务是如何有所在的竞争的公司和行业所决定的。

14.Buyer and seller behaviour and market performance tend to differ markedly from one setting to another depending upon competitive conditions.买方和卖方行为以及市场绩效，倾向于从一种明显不同的背景到另一种竞争环境。

15.Factors, that help determine competitive conditions are characterised briefly in this section and then discussed more fully in the rest of the chapter.帮助决定竞争环境的其他因素将在这一章中被简短的描述，在接下来的章节中会被详细的介绍。

16.A market consists of all firms and individuals willing and able to buy or sell a particular product at a given time and place. 市场是由所有在规定的时间和地点有能力购买或者出售的所有的公司和个人所组成的。

17.This includes individuals and firms currently engaged in buying and selling a particular product，as well as potential entrants.这包括了个人和目前想参与买卖特殊产品的公司，还包括潜在的竞争者。

18.Market structure describes the competitive environment in the market for any good and service.市场结构是关于在市场中所有产品和服务的

竞争环境的描述。

19.Market structure is typically characterized on the basis of four important industry characteristics: the number and size distribution of active buyers and sellers and potential entrants, the degree to which products are similar or dissimilar the amount and cost of information about product price and quality, and conditions of entry and exit.市场结构基于四个重要的行业特点：消费者和销售者分布的数量和规模，以及潜在进入者；相似或者不相似产品数量的程度和关于产品价格和质量的信息成本；进入行业和退出行业的条件。

20.Effect of market structure are measured in terms of the prices paid by consumers, availability and quality of output, employment and career advancement opportunities, and the pace of product innovation among other factors. 从某方面来说，市场结构是由消费者给出的价格产出的价值和质量，职位晋升机制和产品创新等多方面因素决定的。

21.Generally speaking, the greater the number of market participants, the more vigorous is price and product quality competition. 一般来说，有越多的市场参与者，价格和质量的竞争就越激烈。

22.The more event the balance of power between sellers and buyers, the more likely it is that the competitive process will yield maximum benefits. 平衡出售者和消费者之间的力量越大，在竞争过程中产出的利润越多23.However, a close link between the numbers of market participants and the vigor of price competition does not always hold true.尽管在消费者和

激烈的价格竞争中的密切联系并不是保证一直是真实的。

24.For example, there are literally thousands of producers in most major milk market.例如，在牛奶市场中存在着成千上万的生产者。

25.Price competition is nonsexist, however given an industry cartel that is sustained by a federal program of milk price suppose.价格竞争是非歧视性的，尽管在卡尔特企业中牛奶价格是被联邦政府持久支持的。26.Nevertheless, there are few barriers to entry, and individual milk producers struggle to earn a normal return. 尽管有很多进入障碍，个人牛奶生产者还是尽力争取正常的回报

27.In contrast, price competition can be spirited in aircraft manufacturing, newspaper, internet access, long distance telephone service, and other markets strained by the viable threat of potential entrants. 相比之下，价格竞争可以波及到航空制造业，报纸，互联网，远程电话服务以及其他潜在市场进入者。

28.This is particularly true when market participants are constrained by the viable threat of potential entrants.当市场参与者被潜在有威胁的进入者威胁时这种情况是真实存在的。

29.A potential entrant is an individual or firm posting a sufficiently credible threat of market entry to affect the price /output decisions of incumbent firms. 潜在的进入者是一个个人或者进入后会影响价格和产出条件的有威胁的企业

30.Potential entrances play extremely important roles in many industries.

潜在进入者在很多行业都扮演着极其重要的角色。

31.Some industries with only a few active participants might at first appear to hold the potential for substantial economic profits.在一些垄断行业，垄断者在初期可以获得巨大的经济利润。

32.However, a number of potential entrants can have a substantial effect on the price/output decisions of incumbent firms.然而，部分潜在进入者可能对原本的企业在价格和产出决定上有本质的影响。

33.For example, D, H,G, I, A and other leading computer manufacturers are viable potential into the computer component manufacturing industry.例如像这类公司和其他的电脑制造业领军企业是潜在进入电脑制造行业的组成部分。

34.These companies use their threat of potential entry to obtain favorable prices from suppliers of microprocessors, monitors, and peripheral equipment.这些公司运用他们的潜在进入威胁以他们认为合适的价格从供应商那里获得处理器显示器以及其他的设备。

35.Despite having only a relative handful of active foreign and domestic participants, computer components manufacturing is both highly innovation and vigorously price competitive. 不管那些仅有少量相关的国外和国内企业，计算机制造商正在大量的创新和积极的进行价格竞争。

36.In the same way, supplies can also become effective potential entrants for the end user market. 同样的，设备供应商也可以成为有利的终端市

场的潜在进入者。

37.In the personal computer industry, Intel is a credible potential entrant. 在个人电脑市场，英特尔公司是有力的潜在进入者

38.Few computer users would be reluctant to buy a personal computer bearing the Intel brand name.只有少量的消费者不愿意购买带有英特尔标志的个人电脑。

39.The mere threat of entry by potential entrants is sometimes enough to keep industry prices and profits in check and to maintain a high level of productive efficiency.仅少量的潜在进入威胁有时候就可以使行业的价格和利润稳定在一个较高的生产效率上。

40.Free trade improves social welfare by increasing opportunities for beneficial exchange. 自由贸易通过增加有利的交流机会提高社会福利

41.Even when various groups of consumers or producers are disadvantage by free trade policies, the net social to benefits to free trade are substantial.甚至当自由贸易政策对不同行业的制造者和生产者产生不利的时候，社会净产值依然可以从免费贸易中得到大量的利润42.The voluntary exchange of goods and services across national boundaries increases the well being of all participants by promoting economic efficiency.全国范围内的服务和商品交换通过提高经济效率为全体参与者带来好处

43.Free trades gives firms access to global markets, allowing them to

increase output and lower average costs by taking advantage of scale economies.自由贸易为企业进入国际市场提供了通道，允许他们通过规模经济提高产出降低平均成本。

44.Foreign competition also forces domestic producers to lower and imported goods and services provided consumers with greater choice.国外的竞争者也致力于降低本国生产成本，同时进口产品和服务，以提供给消费者更好的选择

45.Finally, a liberal trade environment can provide a better climate for investment and innovation, thus raising the trade is, in part, the result of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which was created after WW2 to reduce import taxes and remove other barriers to international trade.最后，自由的环境可以为投资和创新提供更好的条件，因此支持贸易在二战之后签订的为了降低关税排除其他国际贸易壁垒的GATT条约产生了。

46.Expanding opportunities for international trade have effects similar to those of technology improvements: For the same amount of input, more output will be reduced.宽阔的国际贸易机会同样对技术改进有有影响，同样数量的进口，会有更多的出口减少。

47.For several decades, the US has pursued trade liberalization through negotiation at the global, region , and bilateral levels.最近几十年间，美国通过在全球范围内的谈判争取更大的贸易自由。

48.The broadest and most important global forum for trade liberalizations

the 148 member WTO.全世界最大的贸易自由组着是有148个成员的WTO

49.The WTO requires that the lowest tariffs offered to one WTO member must be offered to all members. This treatment, known as the most favored nation, statues, creates a level playing field of equal tariffs and trade concessions among member countries. WTO要求为一个成员国提供最低关税制度就要对所有的成员国都提供最低的关税制度。这种待遇被认为是FAS制度，在成员国直接提供一个平等的交易平台。50.The WTO encompasses agreements made under GATT, as well as supplemental agreements on trade in services, intellectual property and other issues. WTO是在GATT之后产生的，是对贸易服务，知识产权解决其他问题的补充条约。

51.Although the WTO does not serve as a legislative body, it provides a valuable forum for trade negotiations as member countries pursue the goal of trade liberalization.尽管WTO本身不具体法律效应，但是他通过谈判为成员国扩大了贸易自由的范围。

52.In additional to economic betterment free trade promotes world peace. People from the USA and Canada enjoy a close friendship, they are also big trading partners. 除了改进了经济贸易环境，WTO也促进了世界和平，美国人和加拿大人有着密切的友谊，同时他们也是彼此很大贸易合作伙伴

53.Real or perceived differences in the quality of goods and services

offered to consumers lead to product differentiation.提供给消费者的产品在产质量和服务上真是或者感觉上的区别给导致产品差异化

54.Sources of product differentiation include physical differences, such as those due to superior research and development, plus any perceived differences due to effective advertising and promotion.产品差异化的源头包括物理上的不同，例如由于那些较高的研发，源于广告和促销手段不同带来的感觉差异。

55.Price competition tends to be most vigorous for homogenous product with few actual or perceived differences.价格竞争倾向于在同质的有很少实质或者感觉上差异的产品之间展开。

56.The availability and cost of information about prices and output quality are also important determinants of the degree of competition.有益的成本信息和产出质量对决定竞争也很重要。

https://www.360docs.net/doc/4814521566.html,petition is always most vigorous when buyers and sellers have easy access to detailed price/product performance information. 当消费者和生产者可以很容易获得详细的价格或者生产信息的时候，竞争往往变得更为激烈。

58.The availability of good substitutes increases the degree of competition.产品的可替代性增加了竞争的程度。

59.To illustrate, air passenger and cargo service between midsize cities is often supplied by only a few airlines.例如，在中小城市，只为乘客和货物提供几条航线。

60.Transportation service is available from several sources, however, and air carriers must compete effectively with autos, barges, bus lines, truck companies and railroad. 交通服务来自于几个方面，然而航空运输必须和汽车船舶公交线路卡车公司以及地铁竞争。

61.The substitutability of these modes of transportation for airline service increases the degree of competition in the transportation service market.这些对于航空服务业的可替代的交通模式增加了交通服务业的市场竞争程度。

62.It is important to realize that market structures are not static.意识到市场结构不是一沉不变的是很重要的。

63.In the 1800s and early 1900s-before the introduction of trucks, buses, automobiles, and airplanes—railroads faced very little competition.在18世界和19世纪前期，在卡车公共汽车，机动车和飞机进入之前，火车面临着很小的压力。

64.Railroads could charge excessive prices and earn monopoly profits. 火车可以索要极高的价格牟取暴利。

65.Because of this exploitation ,laws were passed giving public authorities permission to regulate railroad prices.由于这样的漏洞，法律通过了政府可以控制铁路价格的权利。

66.Over the years, such regulation became superfluous give the rise of intermodal competition. 几年之后，这样的控制使联合竞争机制产生了大量的联合运输竞争

67.Other firms were enticed by railroad profits to develop competing structure. Today, few would argue that railroads retain significant monopoly power, and public regulation of the railroads has been greatly reduced.其他的工资被铁路行业的利润吸引，今天，铁路已经不再占有大量的垄断地位，铁路的公共管理也在显著下降。