工程管理专业英语翻译
1. A decision whether to pump or to transport concrete in buckets will directly affect the cost and duration of tasks involved in building construction.
用泵送混凝土还是用吊斗浇筑混凝土的决定将直接影响建筑物施工中各项任务的成本和时间
2. In selecting among alternative methods and technologies, it may be necessary to formulate a number of construction plans based on alternative methods or assumptions. 在选择施工方法和技术时，有必要根据各种备选的施工方法和假设制订若干套施工计划。
3.This examination of several alternatives is often made explicit in bidding competitions in which several alternative designs may be proposed or value engineering for alternative construction methods may be permitted
这种对几个备选方案之间的评比在公开招标中表现的十分明显：在设计招标中会要求提交数个设计方案；在施工招标中会用到价值工程的方法
4. In this case, potential constructors may wish to prepare plans for each alternative design using the suggested construction method as well as to prepare plans for alternative construction methods which would be proposed as part of the value engineering process.在这个案例中，潜在的承包商需要针对每个备选设计方案根据被建议的施工方法来制定具体的计划；也需要针对每个备选施工方法制定具体计划，而这些施工方法选择会被推荐应用价值工程方法
5. In forming a construction plan, a useful approach is to simulate the construction process either in the imagination of the planner or with a formal computer based simulation technique.根据施工计划人员的想象或者利用以计算机为工具的仿真技术队施工过程进行模拟。在制定施工计划时，非常有用的办法是
6. For example, a decision to use a particular piece of equipment for an operation immediately leads to the question of whether or not there is sufficient access space for the equipment.例如，当我们决定使用一台特定的机械设备进行施工时，可能马上会遇到这样一个问题，即，是否有足够的工作面来容纳这台设备。
7. Three dimensional geometric models in a computer aided design(CAD) system may be helpful in simulating space requirements for operations and for identifying any interferences.使用计算机辅助设计系统中（CAD）的三维图形模型对施工中的空间进行模拟，并对干扰因素进行识别是非常有用的，从而解决我们的问题。8. Similarly, problems in resource availability identified during the simulation of the construction process might be effectively forestalled by providing additional resources as part of the construction plan. 类似地，我们还可以用计算机对施工过程中的资源使用情况进行模拟，并根据模拟结果提前制定资源供应计划。
9.The various categories of activity float are illustrated in figure 9-2 in which the activity is represented by a bar which can move back and forth in time depending upon its scheduling start time. 各种工作时差的分类如图9-2所示，图中一项工作的时间安排用一条能根据它的工作开始时间适时前后移动的横线表示
10. Three possible scheduled starts are shown, corresponding to the cases of starting each activity at the earliest event time, E(i),the latest activity start time LS(I,J),and at the latest event time L(i).有三种计划开始时间，分别是与工作最早开始时间相对应的事件最早时间E(i)，工作最迟开始时间LS(I,J)以及事件最迟时间L(i).
11. Thus the start of the activity could be scheduled anytime between time 4 and 14 after the project began without interfering with the schedule of other activities or with the earliest completion time of the project. 因此，该工作可以被安排在项目开工后4到14中的任意时间开始，而不会影响其他工作的进度或者整个项目最早完工时间。
12.Graphical presentation of project schedules are particularly useful since it is much easier to comprehend a graphical display of numerous pieces of information than to sift through a large table of numbers.
项目计划图示的表达特别有用，因为大量的信息通过图的形式表现出来比用包含大量数据的表来表现要容易理解得多。
13. Early computer scheduling systems were particularly poor in this regard since they produced pages and pages of numbers without aids to the manager for understanding them.
早期的计算机进度系统在这方面做得非常欠缺，他们只是产出大量的数据，而不能帮助项目经理去理解他们。
14.It is extremely tedious to read a table of activity numbers, durations, schedule time, and floats and thereby gain an understanding and appreciation of a project schedule 阅读有关工作数目、持续天数、计划时间、以及工作时差的表格，并由此来理解和评价一个项目的计划安排是一件极端乏味无趣的事。
15.These diagrams provide a powerful visualization of the precedence and relationships among the various project activities这种图提供了一种表达各种项目工作之间的先后逻辑顺序和相互关系的可视化工具
16.Project planning is often conducted by producing network representation of greater and greater refinement until the plan is satisfactory
项目计划通常是通过对网络图的一次次的改进，达到令人满意的计划结果为止。
17. The activity diagrams shown in the previous section were topological networks in that only the relationship between nodes and branches were of interest
在前面章节中出现的工作图是基于拓扑学的网络图，其中只有节点与分支之间的联系才是值得注意的。
18.In time-scaled network diagrams, activities on the network are plotted on a horizontal axis measuring the time since project commencement
而在时标网络图中，网络图中的工作时按水平坐标方向绘制的，以衡量从项目开始后所用的时间。
19. Obviously, this time scaled diagram is produced as a display after activities are initially scheduled by the critical path method. 很明显地，这种时标网络图是在用关键线路法初步确定了各种工作安排后才制定出来的。
20. During the course of monitoring a project, useful additions to the basic bar chart include a vertical line to indicate the current time plus small marks to indicate the current state of work on each activity. 在项目监测过程中，除基本的横道图外还会用到其他有用的方法，包括用垂直线表示现在的时间、加上一些小标记来标示各项工作当前的状况。
21. For planning purpose, bar charts are not as useful since they do not indicate the precedence relationships among activities. Thus, a planner must remember or record separately that a change in one activity’s schedule may require changes to successor activities. 从计划的目的来看，横道图并不十分有用，因为他并不表示各项工作之间的先后逻辑关系。所以，计划制定者必须记住或者单独记录好一个工作安排的变化可能会引起后续工作的变化。
22. The first schedule would occur if each activity was scheduled at its earliest start time, ES(i,j) consistent with completion of the project in the minimum possible time. With this schedule, Figure 10-5 shows the percent of project activity completed versus time. 第一条进度先表示每项工作都安排在其最早开始时间ES(i,j)，它与项目在可能的最短时间完成是相一致的。用这种计划表，如图10-5表示的就是各种项目工作随着时间变化完成的百分比
23. The horizontal time difference between the two feasible schedules gives an indication of the extent of possible float.
两条可行的计划曲线水平方向之间的时间差就表明了可能的时差范围
24. In practice, a vertical axis representing cash expenditures rather than percent completed is often used in developing a project representation of this type
实际上，以这种形式描述一个项目时，纵坐标更多的是表示资金的支出，而不是完成的百分率
25.Separate “S-curves” may also be prepared for groups of activities on the same graph, such as separate curves for the design, procurement, foundation or particular sub-contractor activities.
在同一张图上，有时需要针对不同工作内容绘制不同的s-曲线，比如，设计、采购、基础工程或者特定分包商的各项工作
26. With limited resources of some kind , graphs of this type can indicate when the competition for a resource is too large to accommodate; in cases of this kind, resource constrained scheduling may be necessary as described in section 10.9.
当某些资源有限时，这种图可以显示出何时所需资源太多而不能满足要求。在这种情况下，就需要10.9中所描述的资源限制计划表了。
26. Thus, a planner might alter a schedule through the use of available activity floats so as to level or smooth out the demand for resources.
因此，计划着会利用工作的是插队原计划进行修改，以使得资源需求趋于均衡。
27. The problem of displaying numerous activities becomes particularly acute when accessory information such as activity identifying numbers or phrases, durations and resources are added to the diagram.
当一些附属信息，比如工作的识别码、持续时间、资源等也标在图上时，同时展现众多的工作成为尤为棘手的问题。
28.Unfortunately，activity durations are estimates of the actual time required , and there is liable to be a significant amount of uncertainty associated with the actual durations. 但遗憾的是，工作持续时间只是对实际需要时间的估算，而工作的实际持续时间却往往带有很大的不确定性。
29. During the preliminary planning stages for a project, the uncertainty in activity durations is particularly large since the scope and obstacles to the project are still undefined.
在项目的初始计划阶段，由于项目的范围和潜在的障碍还无法明确定义出来，所以，蕴含在工作持续时间当中的不确定性是很大的。
30. other external events such as adverse weather，trench collapses , or labor strikes make duration estimates particular uncertain.此外，不利的气候条件、基坑塌方后者工人罢工等其他事件都会使工作持续时间变得极不确定。
31.Two simple approaches to dealing with the uncertainty in activity durations warrant some discussion before introducing more formal scheduling procedures to deal with uncertainty.
在我们深入探讨处理不确定性的进度计划方法之前，先介绍两种处理工作持续时间中不确定性的简单方法
32. First, the uncertainty in activity durations may simply be ignored and scheduling done using the expected or most likely time duration for each activity.
第一种方法是，我们干脆忽略工作持续时间中的不确定性，在进度计划中用每项工作的预期或者最有可能持续时间来进行计算。
33.As field managers appreciate, activity durations vary considerable and can be influenced by good leadership and close attention.
正如现场经理们所体会的那样，工作持续时间有时会发生相当大的变化，并且也会受到良好的领导能力和专注的工作态度等的影响。
34. Clearly, the use of fixed activity durations in setting up a schedule makes a continual process of monitoring and updating the schedule in light of actual experience imperative.
在制定进度计划时，使用固定的工作持续时间就必须时刻根据实际情况对进度计划进行监控和更新
35. For example，an activity with an expected duration of two days might be scheduled for a period of 2.2 days, including a ten percent contingency .Systematic application of this contingency would result in a ten percent increase in the expected time to complete the project.
例如，一项预期持续时间为2天的工作，在排进度计划时按照2.2天来对待，这里就包含了10%的应急时间。如果整个项目均把应急时间系统性地考虑在内的话，那么项目完工的预期工期也将增加10%.
36. While the use of this rule-of-thumb or heuristic contingency factor can result in more accurate schedules, it is likely that formal scheduling methods that incorporate uncertainty more formally are useful as a means of obtaining greater accuracy or in understanding the effects of activity delays
与第一种方法相比，考虑了应急时间在内的第二种处理不确定性的进度计划方法，尽管在精度上有所提高，但是为了获得更高的精确性和为了了解进度拖延的影响和原因，我们通常会使用将在下面予以介绍的把不确定因素考虑在内的更为正式的进度计划方法
37. Using expected activity durations and critical path scheduling, critical path of activities can be identified. This critical path is then used to analyze the duration of the project incorporating the uncertainty of the activity durations along the critical path. The expected project duration is equal to the sum of the expected durations of the activities along the critical path.
我们利用预期的工作持续时间和关键线路法，先判别出进度计划的关键线路及关键工作，然后把关键线路上关键工作的不确定性考虑进度，再进一步分析项目的工期。项目的预期工期等于关键线路上各关键工作的预期持续时间。
38. Assuming that activity durations are independent random variables, the variance or variation in the duration of this critical path is calculated as the sum of the variances along the critical path. With the mean and variance of the identified critical path known, the distribution of activity durations can also be computed
假定工作持续时间是相互独立的随机变量，关键线路持续时间的方差或者变化可有对关键线路上各关键工作的方差进行求和计算而得出。得到了已判别的关键线路的均值和方差后，就可以计算工作持续时间的分布了
39. Positive correlations of this type between activity durations imply that the PERT method underestimates the variance of the critical path and thereby produces over-optimistic expectations of the probability of meeting a particular project completion deadline.
由于没有考虑工作持续时间之间的这种正相关性，PERT计划技术就有可能忽略了关键线路的变异性，因而对于一个项目能否满足工期要求就可能产生过于乐观的概率期望值。
40. Budgeting was undertaken on the basis of government formulae for the cost of houses, schools, hospitals, etc., and the skill of the cost planner lies in optimizing these in relation to the particular project.
过去，预算是基于例如住宅、学校、医院等政府项目的成本预算公式而开展工作的；同时，成本计划者的技术主要是优化与这些特殊项目有关的成本预算。41. It must be emphasized that the purpose of cost planning is not to obtain minimum standards and a “cheap job” but to budget correctly for a desired standard and then ensure that the resulting budget is spent effectively.
必须强调是，成本计划的目的不在于获得最低标准和“廉价工程”，而在于恰当的预算，从而获得一个合理标准并且确保最终的预算方案能有效进行。
42. Many years ago a quantity surveyor was often not appointed until the architect had prepared the working drawings of the final scheme, or, if appointed earlier, would play no part in things until this stage was reached and work could start on the bills of quantities (BQs).
在以前，工料测量师是在建筑师准备好最后的施工详图之后才被委以控制成本的任务。否则，即使是更早一点委派，也得到了此阶段（在施工图之后），工料测量师才能开始进行有关工程量清单的工作。
44. Things have changed since those days, and now the quantity surveyor, or other cost controller, is sometimes appointed before any other professional adviser and takes over total responsibility for the client’s financial interests in the scheme.
近期，情况有所转变了。现在的工料测量师或者说其他的成本控制者是先于其他专业顾问而被委派任务的，并且在计划中全权负责客户的财务利益。
45. As changes or discrepancies between the plan and the realization occur, the project schedule and cost estimates should be modified and new schedules devised.. 由于计划和现实之间存在着变化和差异，因而我们需要对项目计划和预算成本进行调整，这样一来，就会形成新的进度计划。
46. Even in projects for which the design is finalized before construction begins, change orders representing changes in the “final” design are often issued to incorporate changes desired by the owner.
然而，即使是在项目施工开始之前设计工作已全部完成，业主由于某些原因也会以“变更通知”的形式来要求修改“最终的”设计，以体现其希望的改变。47. What is required is a means of identifying discrepancies, diagnosing the cause, forecasting the effect, and propagating this effect to all related activities.
我们所需要的是一种能够识别偏差、诊断原因、预测结果以及分析这个结果对相关工作的影响的方法。
48. Updating activity duration estimations, changing scheduled start time, modifying the estimates of resources required for each activity, and even changing the project network logic(by inserting new activities or other changes)should all be easily accomplished.
唯有如此，项目经理才能对调整工作作业时间、改变计划初始时间、修正每项工作的资源需要量估算，甚至是改变项目的网络图逻辑关系（通过插入新的工作或者其他变化）等各项属于更新与调整范围的工作感到得心应手。
49. For example, an activity for the preparation of a foundation would involve laborers, cement workers, concrete forms, concrete, reinforcement, transportation of materials and other resources. Even a more disaggregated activity definition such as erection of foundation forms would involve numerous resources such as forms, nails, carpenters, laborers and material transportation.
例如，一项桩基础的施工准备工作可能会包含劳动力、水泥工、混凝土搅拌、混凝土浇筑与养护、材料运输以及其他一些资源等。甚至想预制桩的吊装这样综合性并不强的工作也会需要模板、钉子、木工、工人和材料运输等多种资源。50. To integrate cost and schedule information, the disaggregated charges for specific activities and specific cost accounts must be the basis of analysis.
因此，为了对成本和进度信息进行综合，我们必须把针对具体工作和具体成本报告的分解费用作为分析的基础。
51. In some cases, it might also be desirable to identify work elements by the responsible organization or individual. In this case, a three dimensional representation of wok elements is required, with the third dimension corresponding to responsible individuals.
在有些情况下，有关负责的组织和个人也想对作业要素进行识别，这样一来，作业要素就需要一个三维的表达方式，其中第三维对应于有关负责的组织或个人。
52. In particular, the costs associated with specific activities could be obtained as the sum of the work elements appearing in any row in Table 10-1. These costs could be used to evaluate alternate technologies to accomplish particular activities or to derive the expected project cash flow over time as the schedule changes.
尤其是，通过汇总出现在图10-1内任一行的作业要素，我们可以得到具体工作的相关成本，这些成本可以用来评价完成具体工作的各个技术方案，或者得出随着进度变化的预期现金流量。
53. From the management perspective, problems developing from particular activities could be rapidly identified since costs would be accumulated at such a disaggregated level.
从管理角度而言，由于成本已经能在如此细的程度上进行累计，源于具体工作的一些问题就可以及时地予以识别。
54. However, even a density of two percent (so that each activity would have eight cost accounts and each account would have eight associated activities on the average) would involve nearly thirteen thousand work elements.
然而，及时只有2%的集中度（即每项工作被反映在8个成本报告中和每个成本报告平均包含8项工作），那就会有仅13000个的作用要素。
55. Moreover, the benefits from integration of schedule and cost information are particularly noticeable in materials control since delivery schedules are directly affected and bulk order discounts might be identified.
此外，因为运输计划可以直接调整，同时大宗订单的折扣也能识别出来，这就使得进度和成本信息综合所带来的好处更加明显。
56. In the absence of a work element accounting system, costs associated with particular activities are usually estimated by summing expenses in all cost accounts directly related to an activity plus a proportion of expenses in cost accounts used jointly by two or more activities.
如果没有作业要素会计系统，我们则通过汇总所有成本报告中与意向工作直接相关的费用，再加上一定比例的成本报告中的两个或者两个以上工作共同发生的费用来估算具体的相关成本。
57. For example, cost associated with supervision might be allocated to different concreting activities on the basis of the amount of wok (measured in cubic yard of concrete) in the different activities.
例如，现场监理发生的费用可根据不同工作的劳动量（以立方英尺混凝土计）分摊到不同的混凝土施工工作中。
58. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project.
而随着这些直接成本的增加，工程保险和监督检查等间接费用也会迅速增加。好的项目经理应努力确保工作一开始就顺利，在项目的进展过程中不出现大的意外。
59. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original designs and planning decision。正是在前期阶段，我们做出了有关结构体系、材料规格和功能要求等方面的重要决策。而施工阶段的质量控制则是确保对于这些初始设计和规划的遵守和执行。
60. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. 首先，不可预见事件、设计失误或者业主提出的关于实施功能的变更都会要求在施工过程中对设计进行重新评价。
61. For example, some tunneling methods upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design may be more cost effective as a result.
例如，有关隧道掘进中支撑数量方案的决策需要建立在隧道掘进过程中对不同位置土壤状况进行观测的基础上。由于这样的决策是建立在有关现场实际条件的更为详尽的信息基础之上，所以设计方案会更为符合实际。
62. In either case, insuring safe and quality construction is a concern of the project manager in overall charge of the project in addition to the concerns of personnel, cost, time and other management issues.
而无论在那种情形下，确保施工的质量和安全，是除了人力、成本和进度等管理问题之外，项目经理在项目整个过程中必须予以关注的事情。
63. However, only a small fraction of construction sites are visited by OSHA inspectors and most construction site accidents are not caused by violations of existing standards. As a result, safety is largely the responsibility of the managers on site rather than that of public inspectors. 然而，OSHA的检查人员所能查访到的施工现场毕竟有限，加之大多数施工现场的意外事件并非由于违反现行标准而引起。因而，现场的安全责任说到底还是应当又项目经理来承担。
64. In addition to the various organizational bodies involved in quality control, issues of quality control arise in virtually all the functional areas of construction activities. 除了各组织实体会涉及质量控制之外，实际上几乎所有施工活动的功能领域都会涉及质量控制。
65. Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective percentage is within the acceptable quality level. 来自供应商的材料或者某个组织完成的工作只有当其缺陷比例在允许的质量水平之内时，才可以被当作合格并检查通过。
66. While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained, it provides a goal so that an organization is never satisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts year after year
尽管零缺陷这个目标是永远没有办法达到的，但它却为组织提供了一个目标，使得组织对其质量控制计划从不满意，即使缺陷数目逐年都有显著的降低。
67. Total quality control is a commitment to quality expressed in all parts of an organization and typically involves many elements. Design reviews to insure safe and effective construction procedures are a major element.
全面质量控制是组织的所有部分对于质量的一个承诺，它通常包括很多要素，用以保证施工过程安全有效的设计评审工作就是一个主要因素。
68. Material suppliers are also required to insure zero defects in delivered goods. Initially, all materials from a supplier are inspected and batches of goods with any defective items are returned. Suppliers with good recodes can be certified and not subject to complete inspection subsequently.
材料供应商在提供产品时，也应保证零缺陷。起初，供应商的所有材料都要被抽检，而有缺陷的批次会被退回。有良好记录的供应商可以经核准而免去全项检查。
69. Expenses associated with inventory, rework, scrap and warranties were reduced, worker enthusiasm and commitment improved. Customers often appreciated higher quality work and would pay a premium for good quality
与库存、返工、次品和维修等有关的成本会有所减少，工人的工作热情和责任心则有很大的提高。顾客也会认同更好的质量工作，并愿意为优异的质量支付额外的价款。
Developing the construction plan 制定施工计划
Numerous alternative plans大量的备选方案
Proper precedence among activities 工作间适当地前导关系
Critical path scheduling procedure关键线路进度计划程序
Job shop scheduling 施工现场进度安排
construction planning施工计划
consciousness意识 synthesize综合 implication 含义detective侦探 yield产生 normative规范的distinctive区别 evolve演化，进化，推断 precedence 先导interchangeable 可相互替换的 terminology术语
tedious单调而令人厌烦的 nomenclature术语，术语表facet面，方面 database数据库 storage存储
recall记忆 subdivision细分 manpower人力signpost路标 milestone里程碑 coarse粗略的hierarchy层次结构 debris建筑废弃物 node节点
spatial空间的 design drawing设计图纸 network网络predecessor紧前活动 successor紧后工作 insidious危险的installation安装 omission省略，遗漏 excavation开挖trench沟槽 constraint约束 flexibility弹性priority 优先顺序 buckets 吊斗式
Transport concrete in buckets 预拌混凝土运输
Simulation technique 模拟技术
ill-structured 有问题的 Access space 访问空间
Three dimensional geometric models 三维几何模型
Value engineering 价值工程
Computer aided design (CAD) 计算机辅助设计
Automated drafting facilities自绘图设备
Horizontal /vertical axis横/纵坐标
Summary table汇总表Hypothetical project假设项目Prescription方法 Assignment任务
Time and activity graphs 时间-工作完成情况图
Network diagram网络计划图 liable有义务的 warrant授权adverse不利的 overly过度的 heuristic凭经验与直觉的rigid刚性的，僵硬的 probability/probabilistic概率/概率的
random variables随机变量 incorporation编入、融入
variance差异、分歧，方差 allowance津贴、余地
correlate/positive correlation相关/正相关 mean平均值
PERT(Program Evaluation and Review Technology)计划评审技术
working drawings施工详图 the bills of quantities 工程量清单short cut捷径、近路、快捷方式 Iteration迭代、循环、反复Discrepancy差异 propagate传播 Fast track快速路径periodic定期的 Incorporate整合 coordinated协调的reinforcement加强 original最初的 parallel平行assumption假设，前提 revision修订 drain排水管
ruptured破裂的 diagnose诊断 budgetary预算的cement水泥 implicitly暗示地、含蓄地 concrete混凝土
inter-play相互作用 straight forward直接的 accumulate累计
inter-relationship相互关系 subset子集 density浓度、密度fonder荒废 Re-construction返工，重修 Attendant伴随的Preliminary预备的，初步的 Configuration配置 Conformance一致Tunnel隧道 Verifiable可核实的，可验证的 Shoring支撑Rehabilitation修复，恢复 Collision碰撞 Vigilance警惕性Alert警觉的 Assume承担 Inspector检查人员Agency机构 Violation违反 Safeguard安全保障Compliance遵守，服从 Workmanship 手艺，技巧 Permanently永远地Random sample 随机抽样 Quality circle质量环 Optimum 最佳的Notion概念 Unappreciated未体会到的 Certification认证Dividend股息 Faulty有缺点的 Scrap碎片，边角料
Acceptable quality level 可接受的质量水平 Liaison联络Technical aspect 技术会面 Sub-constructor 分包商
Reasoning backward 逆向推理 Specification 说明书
Cost-oriented 成本导向 Indirect cost 间接成本
Categories 目录 Project financing项目融资
Overhead item 日常花费 Interchangeable 可相互替换的Terminology 术语 Nomenclature 术语 Presentations 理解Construction operations 施工作业 Structural integrity 结构整体性Regulations 规范标准 Technical requirements 技术要求
Excavate trench 开挖沟槽 Place framework 支模
Place reinforcing绑钢筋 Pour concrete 浇筑混凝土Predecessor relationships 紧前工作 Installation 安装
Dry wall墙面抹灰 Site 施工现场 Space 工作面Scheduling technique进度计划编制
The critical path method 关键路径方法
Resource constrains 资源限制
Activity-on-branch network 双代号网络图
Dummy activities 虚工作 Time duration 工作持续时间Activity-on-node 单代号 Activity float 工作时差Scheduling flexibility 计划灵活性 Maneuvering room 回旋余地Subsequent 紧后的 Preceding 紧前的 Scope 范围
Time-scaled network 时标网络图 Two-dimensional matrix 二维矩阵Time-scaled activity-on-branch diagram双代号时标网络图
Graphs of resource use over-time 时间资源曲线图
Free float 自由时差 Total float 总时差 Budgeting 预算Optimizing 优化 Update 更新 Book keeper 簿记员Superstructure 主体结构 Component configuration 结构体系Material specification 材料标准 Functional performance 砌筑要求
Re-evaluation 重设计 Unforeseen circumstance 不可预见事件
各专业的英文翻译
中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务，为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence
翻译基本理论知识
翻译概述（1） 一、学科特点 翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动，是"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来"(范存忠："漫谈翻译"《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，p.80), 是"从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息"（谭载喜：《奈达论翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司，1984，p.10）。翻译虽为个体所承作，却是一种社会活动，一门综合性很强的学科。它既有很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。就前者而言，翻译经过千百年来各国翻译家的共同努力，已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系，并在具体实践中总结出了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。随着科学的日益进步，这种体系和模式正处在不断地完善之中。就后者而言，翻译是人类社会活动的产物，具有很强的实践性。翻译理论与实践的关系是辨证的；翻译理论产生于翻译实践，反过来又指导实践，实践转过来又丰富翻译理论。可以说，没有社会实践就不会有翻译理论的产生；没有翻译理论作为指导，翻译实践就会难免走弯路。因此，学好翻译既要重视翻译理论的学习，又要加强翻译实践；理论联系实际，这是我们学好翻译的必由之路。 二、为什么可能有翻译 翻译是人类社会发展和进步的需要，因为人类社会要发展进步就需要在不同文化的民族之间进行沟通，而这一全过程都离不开翻译。正如Steiner和张培基所说的那样：Translating it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel. (Steiner) 翻译是沟通各族人民的思想，促进政治、经济、文化、科学、技术交流的重要手段，
管理信息系统中英文翻译资料
Managemengt Information Systems By a management information system,we propose the follow alternate definition: an integrated uer/machine system (usually computerized) for providing information to support decision making in an enterprise. The key elements of this definition are —An integrated uer/machine system —For proving information —To support decision making —In an enterprise A management information system utilizes —Computer hardware and software —Manual procedures —Models for analysis —A database Just as there is a logical flow of materials in the creation of a product, there is logical flow of information in a management information system.In manufacturing,raw materials move through a process that transforms the raw materials into usable products. In a similar fashion, in an information system,data are supplied to a system(input), the data are manipulated(processed),and they are transformed into information(output).In its simplest form ,a management information systemed may be depicted by an input-process-output(IPO) model
选矿专业英语
1 总论 采矿mining 地下采矿underground mining 露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining 采矿工程mining engineering 选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral processing 矿物工程mineral engineering 冶金（学）metallurgy 过程冶金（学）process metallurgy 提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy 化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy 物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy 金属学Metallkunde 冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy 冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engineering 冶金工程metallurgical engineering 钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel 有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy 真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy 等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy 微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy 喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy 钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy 二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy 机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy 焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy 粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy 铸造学foundry 火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy 湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy 电冶金(学)electrometallurgy 氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy 矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources 中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals 中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2 采矿 采矿工艺mining technology 有用矿物valuable mineral 冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw materials 矿床mineral deposit 特殊采矿specialized mining 海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining 矿田mine field
专业知识与翻译
PPT: 第二页： When you have already acquired a good ability in translation, it’s important for you to storage professional knowledge in mind as more as possible. 1.In financial field: when it comes to 供给and 需求，we say supply and demand in stead of provision and need。 第三页 2.After this week’s disappointing economic figures, China’s central bank said Saturday that it would reduce the share of deposits banks must set aside as reserves. If you have some specific professional knowledge, you know what does“the share of deposits banks must set aside as reserves”mean the moment you see the expression. It means“存款准备金”which is given to the central bank by commercial bank. 3.. The financial futures and options markets which now encircle the globe have risk as their keynote. How to translate “financial futures”and “options markets”？ It means “期货”and “期权”。So it can be translated into“金融期货与期权是目前全球范围内最具冒险性的金融衍生产品”。 第四页：with the development of science and technology , more and more materials concerning science and technology are required to be translated, which puts a high demand on us translators. 1. For example, in scientific and technological area: bedplate has a lot of meanings,such as“底座”、“机座”、“座板”、“底板” 在Cylinder block and bedplate are made of cast-iron．(气缸体和底座均由铸铁制成)句中，we translate “bedplate”to“底座”，it is because in diesel engine，“bedplate”means“底座”或“机座”，not“底板”。However,this sentence: The frame may or may not be provided with a bedplate．(机座可连同底板供应，也可不带底板)，“bedplate”should be translated into “底板”，because底板is a part of electrical machine. 2. In scientific English, different words may have the same meaning. In radio technology, vacuum tube，electron tube名称不同，实际上是同一件东西，如果不知道这一点，而是分别译为“真空管”和“电子管”，译文势必引起混乱。又如比较常见的“AC generator”和“ahemator”都指交流发电机。
工程管理工程造价中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译 Design phase of the project cost management Abstract Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy, Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.
信息管理专业英语 unit1-12 单词以及句子翻译
专业英语 一、专业术语 RFID射频识别IOT物联网Cloud Computing云计算ANN神经网络BI商业智能E-business /Web-business / e-commerce电子商务KM知识管理GIS地理信息系统PDA掌上电脑Bluetooth蓝牙技术CAD计算机辅助设计CMD计算机辅助制作branch manager部门经理binary format二进制格式USB（Universal Serial Bus）通用串行总线computer case计算机机箱 temporary storage of information临时存储信息floppy disk软盘CD-ROM只读光盘textual源代码video card视频卡，显卡sound card音频卡，声卡 DVD数字化视频光盘SISP战略信息系统计划Project Management项目管理Human Resources人力资源End-User Systems Development最终用户系统开发rolling business plans流动业务计划MIS(management information system)管理信息系统DB（database）数据库DBMS（database Management system）数据库管理系统DSS（decision support system）决策支持系统operational manager运营经理Senior manager 高级经理semi-structured decision半结构化决策 ANS（Advanced Network&Service）高级网络及服务公司 TPS（Transaction Processing systems）事务管理系统 KWS（Knowledge Work Systems）只是工作系统GRASP绘制机器人技术应用软件包OAS（Office Automation Systems）办公自动化系统 ESS（Executive Support Systems）经理支持系统 EIS（Executive Information Systems）经理信息系统 OLAP（on-line analytical processing）联机分析处理 GIS（Group Information Systems）集群信息系统 GDSS（Group Decision Support Systems）集群决策支持系统 MIT（Management Information technology）管理信息技术 RAD（rapid application development）快速应用开发 Two-way communications 双工通讯client-server environment 客户服务环境Data warehouse 数据仓库logistics information systems 物流信息系统 ERP（Enterprise resource planning）企业资源规划 CRM（customer relationship Management）客户关系管理 OOD（Object-Oriented design）面向对象设计 OOP（Object0Oriented Programming）面向对象编程 HLLs（High Level Languages）高级语言ADTs（Abstract Data Types）抽象数据类型Software Ics软件的组成单元machine code机器码op-code输出码 EDI（Electronic Data interchange）电子数据交换 SMEs（small and medium sized enterprises）中小企业 B2B企业对企业电子商务B2C企业对用户电子商务 CERT(Character Error Rate Tester)字符出错率测试器 CIAS（Communication Link Analyzer System）通信链路分析系统 IMS（Information Management System）管理信息系统 NDMS（Netware Data Management System）网络数据管理系统
翻译基础知识
翻译基础知识 一、翻译的分类 1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质，可分为语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation）、语符翻译（inersemiotic translation）。 2.按翻译主体的性质，可分为人工翻译、机器翻译（Machine Translation）两类。 3.按翻译的工具和成品形式，可分为口译和笔译。 4.按翻译的客体，亦即所译资料的性质，可分为文学翻译（literal translation）和实用翻译（pragmatic translation）。 二、译家译论 1.支谦：在三国时期，支谦的《法句经序》中提出了“因循本旨，不加文饰”的译经原则。 2.道安：晋、前秦时道安在《革卑婆沙序》中提出，“案本而传，不令有损言游字；时改倒句， 余尽实录。”道安涉及译论的佛经序文较多，最有名的是提出“五失本”、“三不易”之说。其意思是，翻译佛经在五种情况下会失去本来面目，有三件事决定了译事是很不容易的，因此必须慎之又慎。 3.彦琮：北朝末年及隋初，彦琮著《辨证论》，它可以看作是我国第一篇翻译专论，他主张译经 “宁贵朴而近理，不用巧而背源”。可见他是坚持忠实第一并倾向于直译的。 4.玄奘：唐代僧人玄奘的指导原则是：“既须求真，又须喻俗”。“求真”即追求准确，要力求“忠 实原作”，这是一切认真负责的翻译工作者的共同理想。同时必须“喻俗”，亦即使群众理解，这就是说要“通顺”。玄奘在译经中成功地运用了补充法、省略法、变位法、分合法、译名假借法、代词还原法等等翻译技巧。 5.马建忠：清末，马建忠在其《马氏文通》中提出“善译”之说：“必先将所译者与所以译者两国之 文字，深嗜笃好，字栉句比，以考彼此文字孳生之源，同异之故。所有当相之实义，委曲推究，务审其声音之高下，析其字句之繁简，尽其文体之变态，及其义理精深奥折之所由然。” 6.林纾：林纾强调在翻译时译者应该投入自己的主观感情，译者须与原作者或作品中人物的心灵 相交流。 7.鲁迅：鲁迅在《且介亭杂文二集》里说：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一 则保存着原作得丰姿”。也就是说既要通顺，又要忠实。所谓忠实，是指内容上的“信”；所谓通顺，是指表达上的“顺”。 8.茅盾：文学翻译的目标是“艺术创造性翻译”——用一种语言把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使 读者读译文时能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。 9.钱钟书：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文 习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’。十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的‘投胎转世’，躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故我。换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本，因为作品在原文里决不会读起来像经过翻译似的。” 10.傅雷：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”“两国文字词类的不 同，句法构造的不同，文法与习惯的不同，修辞格律的不同，俗语的不同，即反映民族思想方式的不同，感觉深浅的不同，观点角度的不同，风俗传统信仰的不同，社会背景的不同，表现方法的不同。以甲国文字传达乙国文字所包含的那些特点，必须像伯乐相马，要“得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外”。而即使最优秀的译文，其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离，过则求其勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。”
信息管理与信息系统专业英语Unit1~6 TextB 课文翻译
管理的角色和技能 管理角色 亨利·明茨伯格对执行者行为的研究让他得出这样的结论:经理都需要承担大量的角色。一个角色是一组预期的行为对一个特定的位置。明茨伯格的角色可以分为三大类如图1.1所示:信息角色(管理信息);人际角色(管理通过人)和决策角色(管理行动)。每个角色代表活动经理承担最终完成的功能规划、组织、领导、控制。重要的是要记住,真正的工作的管理不能练习作为一组独立的部分;所有的角色交互的方式在现实世界的管理。 图1.1 管理角色 信息角色描述活动用来维持和发展一个信息网络。这三个信息角色监督者、传播者和发言人。监督者涉及从许多来源寻求当前的信息。经理获得信息来自他人和扫描书面材料来保持消息灵通。传播者和发言人的角色是正好相反。经理把当前信息传递给他人,内部和外部的组织,才能使用它。与授权趋势的低级别员工,很多经理都共享尽可能丰富的信息。 由于人际角色让经理们被叫去与众多组织和个人交互。这三个人际角色是挂名首脑、领袖和交流与合作者。这个挂名首脑角色专注于管理正式的和象征性的活动的部门或组织。经理代表本组织在他或她作为单位的负责人的正式管理能力。领导的作用是指经理的工作在激励下属,以满足单位的目标。交流与合作者的作用来自于经理的责任与各种团体在组织内外交流。一个例子是一个面对面讨论控制器和计划主管之间解决关于预算的一种误解。 决策角色指管理的决策过程。这些角色通常需要概念以及人类的技能。这四种管理角色都属于这一类企业家,障碍处理者,资源分配者,谈判代表。一个管理者承担一个企业家的角色当他或她启动项目来提高部门或工作单位时。当问题比如错过了交付关键客户的出现,经理必须采用一个障碍处理的角色。决定如何分配单位的金钱、时间、材料和其他资源,称为经理的资源分配角色。最后,谈判者角色指的是这种情况,经理必须代表单位和其他人的利益,如供应商、客户和政府。
冶金专业英语大全
coking plant 炼焦厂electrometallurgy 电冶金学powder metallurgy 粉末冶金学 blast furnace 鼓风炉mouth, throat 炉口hopper, chute 料斗stack 炉身belly 炉腰bosh 炉腹crucible 炉缸slag tap 放渣口taphole 出铁口,出渣口pig bed 铸床 mould 铸模(美作:mold) tuyere, nozzle 风口ingot mould 锭模(美作:ingot mold) floor 平台hearth 炉底charger 装料机ladle 铁水包,钢水包dust catcher 除尘器washer 洗涤塔converter 转炉hoist 卷扬机compressor 压缩机tilting mixer 可倾式混铁炉regenerator 蓄热室heat exchanger 热交换器gas purifier 煤气净化器turbocompressor 涡轮压缩机burner 烧嘴cupola 化铁炉,冲天炉emptier 排空装置trough 铁水沟,排渣沟skip 料车rolling mill 轧机,轧钢机blooming mill 初轧机 roller 辊bed 底座rolling-mill housing 轧机机架drawbench 拔管机,拉丝机 drawplate 拉模板shaft furnace 竖炉refining furnace 精炼炉 reverberatory furnace 反射炉hearth furnace 床式反射炉firebrick lining 耐火砖衬retort 反应罐muffle 马弗炉roof, arch 炉顶forge 锻造press 压锻pile hammer 打桩锤drop hammer 落锤die 拉模blowlamp 吹炬(美作:blowtorch)crusher 破碎机 iron ore 铁矿石coke 焦炭bauxite 铁钒土alumina 铝cryolite 冰晶石flux 熔剂limestone flux 石灰石溶剂haematite 赤铁矿(美作:hematite)gangue 脉石 cast iron 铸铁cast iron ingot 铸铁锭slag 炉渣soft iron 软铁pig iron 生铁 wrought iron 熟铁iron ingot 铁锭puddled iron 搅炼熟铁round iron 圆铁 scrap iron 废铁steel 钢crude steel 粗钢mild steel, soft steel 软钢,低碳钢 hard steel 硬钢cast steel 坩埚钢,铸钢stainless steel 不锈钢electric steel 电工钢,电炉钢high-speed steel 高速钢moulded steel 铸钢refractory steel 热强钢,耐热钢 alloy steel 合金钢plate, sheet 薄板corrugated iron 瓦垅薄钢板tinplate, tin 马口铁finished product 成品,产品semifinished product 半成品,中间产品ferrous products 铁制品coiled sheet 带状薄板bloom 初轧方坯metal strip, metal band 铁带,钢带 billet 坯锭,钢坯shavings 剃边profiled bar 异型钢材shape, section 型钢angle iron 角钢frit 烧结wire 线材ferronickel 镍铁elinvar 镍铬恒弹性钢ferrite 铁氧体,铁醇盐cementite 渗碳体,碳化铁pearlite 珠光体charging, loading 装料,炉料fusion, melting, s melting 熔炼remelting 再熔化,重熔refining 精炼casting 出铁to cast 出铁 tapping 出渣,出钢,出铁to insufflate, to inject 注入heating 加热preheating 预热tempering 回火temper 回火hardening 淬水annealing 退火reduction 还原 cooling 冷却decarbonization, decarburization 脱碳coking 炼焦slagging, scorification 造渣carburization 渗碳case hardening 表面硬化cementation 渗碳fritting, sintering 烧结puddling 搅炼pulverization 粉化,雾化nitriding 渗氮alloy 合金floatation, flotation 浮选patternmaking 制模moulding 成型(美作:molding)calcination 煅烧amalgamation 汞齐化rolling 轧制drawing 拉拔extrusion 挤压wiredrawing 拉丝stamping, pressing 冲压die casting 拉模铸造forging 锻造turning 车削milling 铣削machining, tooling 加工autogenous welding, fusion welding 氧炔焊arc welding 电弧焊electrolysis 电解trimming 清理焊缝blowhole 气孔采矿mining地下采矿underground mining 露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining 采矿工程mining engineering 选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral pr ocessing 矿物工程mineral engineering冶金（学）metallurgy 过程冶金（学）process metallurgy 提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy 化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy 物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy 金属学Metallkunde 冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy
英语翻译基础知识教育测试题目50
To strengthen the grass-roots Party branch secretary of the ability to perform their duties to promote agricultural modernization Author: Jiang Qin Abstract: the realization of the modernization of Chinese agriculture, is the Chinese Communist Party has always advocated, but also the historical responsibility of the Party branch secretary. Security of China's agricultural modernization to promote better and faster, improve the grass-roots Party branch secretary duties ability is particularly important. This paper will analyze the connotation and basic characteristics of agricultural modernization, and the concrete measures to promote agricultural modernization. Key words: grass roots; Party branch secretary; agricultural modernization Text: The key agricultural modernization is an important content of the modernization of, is the foundation of the modernization, but also solve the problems of Chinese farmers. With the continuous development of our country's economic level, the speed of the modernization process, China's agriculture is facing a new situation and new tasks. Strengthen basic level Party branch secretary of the ability to perform their duties, to solve the problem of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, the agriculture as the most important work of the whole Party and speed up the process of building a new socialist countryside, promoting agricultural modernization. The connotation and characteristics of agricultural modernization. (a) the connotation of agricultural modernization. Refers to the modernization of agriculture from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture transformation process, is the unity of modern intensive agriculture and high commodity agriculture development process. People's understanding of agricultural modernization is different, and it forms a broad and narrow understanding of agricultural modernization. Agricultural modernization in the narrow sense refers only to the changes in the agricultural production technology, and the generalized agricultural modernization includes the coordination of the relationship between the workers and peasants and the modernization of the agricultural economic system and management organization. Correctly understand the connotation of modern agriculture, strengthen basic level Party branch
工程管理专业英语翻译(第二版)徐勇戈
U2-S1什么是项目管理？ 建筑项目管理不仅需要对设计和实施过程有所理解，而且需要现代管理知识。建设项目有一组明确的目标和约束，比如竣工日期。尽管相关的技术、组织机构或流程会有所不同，但建设项目同其他一些如航天、医药和能源等准等领域的项目在管理上仍然有共同之处。 一般来说，项目管理和以项目任务为导向的企业宏观管理不同，待项目任务的完成后，项目组织通常也会随之终止。（美国）项目管理学会对项目管理学科有如下定义：项目管理是一门指导和协调人力物力资源的艺术，在项目整个生命周期，应用现代管理技术完成预定的规模、成本、时间、质量和参与满意度目标。 与此形成对照，一般的工商企业管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加连贯性和连续性。然而，由于这两者之间有足够的相似和差异，使得现代管理技术开发宏观管理可以用于项目管理。 项目管理框架的基本要素可以用图2-1表示。其中，应用宏观管理知识和熟悉项目相关知识领域是不可或缺的。辅助性学科如计算机科学和决策科学也会发挥重要作用。实际上，现代管理实践与各专业知识领域已经吸收应用了各种不同的技术和工具，而这些技术和工具曾一度仅仅被视作属于辅助学科领域。例如，计算机信息系统和决策支持系统是目前常见的宏观管理工具。同样，许多像线性规划和网络分析这样的运算研究工具，现在广泛应用在许多知识和应用领域。因此，图2- 1反映了项目管理框架演变的唯一来源。 具体来说，建设项目管理包含一组目标，该目标可能通过实施一系列服从资源约束的运作来实现。在规模、成本、时间和质量的既定目标与人力、物力和财力资源限制之间存在着潜在冲突。这些冲突应该在项目开始时通过必要的权衡和建立新备选方案来解决。另外，施工项目管理的功能通常包括以下: 1. 项目目标和计划说明书中包括规模、预算安排、进度安排、设置性能需求和项目参与者的界定。 2. 根据规定的进度和规划，通过对劳动力、材料和设备的采购使资源的有效利用最大化。 3. 在项目全过程中，通过对计划、设计、估算、合同和施工的适当协调控制来实施项目各项运作。 4. 设立有效的沟通机制来解决不同参与方之间的冲突。 项目管理学会聚焦九个不同独特领域，这些领域需要项目经理所具有的知识和关注度： 1. 项目宏观管理，确保项目要素有效协调。 2. 项目范围管理，确保所需的所有工作（并且只有所需的工作）。 3. 项目时间管理，提供有效的项目进度。 4. 项目成本管理，确定所需资源和维持预算控制。 5. 项目质量管理，确保满足功能需求。 6 . 项目人力资源管理，有效地开发和聘用项目人员。 7 . 项目沟通管理，确保有效的内部和外部通信。 8. 项目风险管理，分析和规避潜在风险。 9. 项目采购管理，从外部获得必要资源。
电脑与信息专业技术英语翻译常用专业词汇
这里汇聚了计算机和网络技术领域的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 A AAIMS（An Analytical Information Management System）分析信息管理系统 Abacus 算盘 Access security 存取安全 Access time 存取时间 Active 有源的 Ada programming language Ada 程序设计语言 Adapter 适配器 Adapter card 转接卡 Add-on 外接式附件 Address 地址 ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字客户线路 After-image record 残留影像记录 Algorithm 算法 Alpha testing ɑ测试 3 Alteration switch 变换开关 ALU(Arithmetic/Logic Unit)运算器 Amplitude 幅度 Analog data 模拟数据 Analog cellular 模拟移动电话 Analog signal 模拟信号 Analysis block 分析块 Animation 动画制作 ANSL(American National Standards Label)美国国家标准标号 Answerback memory 应答存储器 Anti-noise coding 反噪声编码 Antivirus software 反病毒软件 APL(A Programming Language) APL 语言 Application development cycle 应用开发周期 Application program 应用程序 4 Application software 应用软件 Arithmetic operation 算术运算 ARP(Automatic Receive Program)自动接受程序 Artificial network 仿真网络 ASCII(American standard Code for Information Interchange)美国信息交 换用标准代码 Assembler 汇编程序 Assembly language 汇编语言 Asynchronous 异步的