工业设计包豪斯设计外文翻译

工业设计包豪斯设计外文翻译
工业设计包豪斯设计外文翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

译文题目 德国包豪斯设计与未来设计趋势

专 业 工业设计 班 级 1班 姓 名 朱 灿 学 号 2011403030123 指导教师 郭庆

机械工程学院

JINGCHU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Germany Bauhaus design and Future Design Trend

【Abstract】

German Bauhaus had a significant influence on the modern design education, meanwhile, it established the foundation of the leading position in the world for German industrial design. Through analyzing on current industrial design conditions from different countries, art design is considered as the main part of industrial design. This paper reviewed the last 10 years’ development of industrial design program in Zhejiang University of Science and Technology. The industrial design program have taken considerable achievements in many fields, such as the practice of Germany model, disciplines construction, teaching reform, manufactures & college cooperation, project teaching and design competitions. And You cannot ignore the industrial design ten trend 【Keywords】Bauhaus, industrial design, project teaching, practice ,10 Industrial Design Trends

1. German Bauhaus and industrial design

In 1919, the Bauhaus school had been built in Weimar, Germany. This have been called the “cradle of world industrial design”, the milestone in the art design history. Bauhaus believed that the foremost thing is letting the students explore their own design ways, rather than just teaching them the teachers’ ways; developing students’ in dependent and critical thinking ability rather than imposing certain design styles on them. Compared with other design schools that had similar education philosophies, Bauhaus had distinctive education philosophy. It took thorough reform on the traditional art design education system and established art design as a new professional discipline. Meanwhile, Walter Gropius, the founder of Bauhaus made “Unity of art and technology” as the dominant design education philosophy.

One of Bauhaus initiative works is purifying the forms of general industrial products. Bauhaus stressed that the product forms should be designed based on basic geometric patterns such as cubes, squares and circles. The product forms and outlines should be simple and varied in different way s and follow abstract form principles and aesthetics. Because Bauhaus’s brave and aggressive exploring and reform, it took significant key influence on the forming of Modernism Art Style and made the Bauhaus design a world-wide reputation. Therefore Bauhaus became the milestone of modern art design history.

American artist Joseph Sinel first mentioned the term of Industrial design in 1919. However in China, until 1983, the Ministry of Education had conformed industrial design discipline as the sample major of general colleges. The original name of the major is “Product Forming” for art students. In 1998 the national major category had been adjusted to be integrated into the international conventions. The “Product forming” major had removed the focus from th e product forms to the area of researching the human-product-environment relationships. The name had been replaced by “Industrial design” and the major had been set for both engineering and art education schools.

Bauhaus had many top European artists at that time, such as Itten, Kandinsky, and Klee etc. They are famous abstract painters. Their teaching cultivated the Bauhaus students and contributed to the 20’s century art design. Most of famous industrial designers such as Philippe Starck, Marc Newson and yves béhar are graduated from the art design schools. Their success proved that the art design education is effective for industrial design education. The product form design is still an important aspect in undergraduate industrial design studies and the industrial design is an important component of current famous art design schools.

Royal College of Art Norwegian Institute of Art and Design University of Duisburg-Essen, Politecnico di Milano, Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts (FH Hannover), their industrial design departments are belong to art and design schools.

America: According to a survey of IDSA (The Industrial Designers Society of America) in 1998, there are 49 institutes that have industrial design undergraduate or graduate programs registered in IDSA list. Typical industrial design majors usually are set in art schools, which can grant bachelor degree in fine arts or science. Most of them got the certification of NASAD (National Association of Schools of Art and Design). Only 15 in the 49 schools did not get the certification. IDSA declared that 5 years later, only the certified the industrial design majors can get be recognized. There are 37 industrial design majors in universities, 6 in design colleges, 4 in art schools. This situation did not vary in current years.

Asia: In Japan, industrial design majors also set in art schools or independent industrial design faculties, such as Tokyo Zokei University, Musashino Art University, Tama Art University, and University of Tsukuba etc. In Hongkong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University has famous industrial design programs. In Taiwan, Shih Chien University, National Cheng Kung University,

National Yunlin University of Science & Technology have famous industrial design programs. In mainland of China, Jiangnan University, Tsinghua University, Hunan University, Tongji University and the Guangzhou academic of fine arts all have their industrial design departments in the art design schools or departments.

2 .10 Industrial Design Trends You Can't Ignore

2.1Design For A Cause

Companies including Herman Miller and American Apparel are promoting their ideals through design. Yves Béhar's leaf lamp for Herman Miller (shown) uses a biomorphic grid of LEDs, which consume 40% percent less energy than fluorescent lights and last for 100,000 hours. And Nike plans to make its entire footwear line out of sustainable materials by 2010.

2.2Simplexity

Steve McCallion, executive creative director of Portland, Ore.-based industrial design firm Ziba Design, says there's a trend toward "simplexity," products that have many functions but are approachable, ergonomically correct and easy to use--like Apple's iPhone. The baby boomers have also propelled simplexity; as the generation ages, the need for easy-to-use, at-home medical equipment becomes greater. Ami Verhalen, director of industrial design at Madison, Wis.-based Design Concepts, says that in-home health care will be a huge driver for product innovation in the

upcoming decade.

2.3Personalization

From Nike ID shoes to Build-a-Bear teddies, retailers are adding a "build your own" element to brands. Do it yourself--or DIY--serves as an important element of this trend. Publications like Ready Made magazine and books like designer Wendy Mullin's Sew U encourage consumers to put their own spin on things.

2.4Globalization

Like other industries, outsourcing has affected international design. Today a designer in Delhi might be working with a manufacturer in Columbus. Steve McCallion says that the globalization of product design has created Internet communities that enable more people to participate in the design process. Companies like Kid Robot can employ toy designers from Tokyo to Tucson with greater ease than ever.

2.5Ornamentation

In fashion design, we're seeing a return to minimalism, but in home decor, ornate details are in fashion. For the first time in decades, wallpaper is in fashion, and the details are rich--brocades, velvets and jewel-tone colors. Long-forgotten textile designers like Florence Broadhurst and Vera Neumann are receiving attention from a new generation of design-savvy consumers.

2.6Polarization Of Design

Big-box or luxury retailer? Many experts say that design has been polarized, with innovative products available at both the very high end (Neiman Marcus, Moss) and the very low end (Target, Ikea). Meanwhile, midrange retailers like Macy's suffer from lack of fresh, on-trend ideas. That isolates the huge chunk of the population that can afford something higher-end than the $200 Malm bed at Ikea but scoff at the price of a $16,000 Hastens mattress.

2.7Pink Design

Gadgets are a guy's game, right? Not if you consider the latest products with feminine mystique. Motorola released a lipstick pink Razr cellphone, and more recently, LG released a Prada phone. More and more manufacturers are creating sleeker, feminized versions of their clunky, chunky products, and both men and women are biting. Want proof of the feminization of product design? Just check out https://www.360docs.net/doc/4a3278840.html,, which rates several items a day as "Geek chic" or "Just Plain Geeky."

2.8Mass Imperfection

Some designers are creating intentionally flawed pieces, like designer Jason Miller's duct tape chair or Bodum's Pavina glassware collection, which uses mouth-blown double-walled glass, giving each piece a slight variation in height, thickness and weight. Whiskered and weathered textiles--on denim as well as furniture and tapestries--are more recognizable examples of intentional imperfection in production.

2.9Craft

As mass retailers like Target become more design-focused, there's a countertrend of independent manufacturers and designers creating one-off, heirloom pieces. Where to find these limited-edition treasures? Artisan e-commerce sites like https://www.360docs.net/doc/4a3278840.html,, classical craft companies like Heath Ceramics and modernist design houses such as Design Within Reach.

2.10Focus On The Other 90%

Anthony Pannozzo, vice president of design strategy at Waltham, Mass.-based firm Herbst LaZar Bell, says that well-designed products are available to only 10% of the world's population. However, more and more designers are starting to cater to consumers in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

【References】

[1] S Z Wang. “A History of Modern Design”, China Youth Press, Beijing, 2002

[2] D.S. Yang. “A Discussion of The Differences in Industrial Design Education between China and Germany from th e Workshop Project Practice”, Journal of Hefei University (Natural Sciences), 2006:21-22

[3] Rosson M.B, J.M.Carroll. “Usability Engineering: Scenario-Based Development of Human-Computer Interaction”, San Francisco:Morgan Kaufmann, 2002

[4] Kevin N. Otto, Kristin L Wood. “Product Design: Techniques in Reverse Engineering and New Product Development”, Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, 2003

[5]《industrial design history》Herenke Beijing Institute of Technology Press

[6]《The modern history of design》Wangshouzhi China Youth Press

[7]《Product System Design》Wuxiang China Light Industry Press

[8]《Design of products》magazine

[9] L. Axon, K. Garry etc.,An Evaluation of CFD for Modeling the Flow Around Stationary and Rotating Isolated Wheel, SAE 980034

[10] N. Horinouchi, Y. Kato etc., Numerical Investigation of V ehicle Aerodynamics with Overlaid Grid System, SAE 950628

[11] U. B. Mehta, Some Aspects of Uncertainty in Computational Fluid Dynamics Results, Journal of Fluids Engineering Transactions of the ASME, Dec. 1991, V ol. 113, pp538 - 543

[12] STAR-CD User Guide Version 3.10, Computational Dynamics Limited 1999

[13] STAR-CD Tutorial Manual V ol. 1 Tutorial 1 ~ Tutorial 7 Version 3.10, Computational Dynamics

【中文翻译】

德国包豪斯设计与未来设计趋势

摘要

德国包豪斯有显著的影响,与此同时,现代设计教育奠定了基础,它处于世界领先地位的德国工业设计。通过分析当前工业设计条件不同国家、艺术设计是考虑为主体的工业设计。本文综述了近10年的发展工业设计的程序。工业设计的程序已经采取了相当大的成就,在很多领域,如德国的实践模式,专业建设、教学改革、生产及工程学院合作,教学和设计竞赛与你不能忽视的未来工业设计十个趋势。

关键词:包豪斯、工业设计、项目教学、实践、工业设计十个趋势

1.德国包豪斯和工业设计

1919年,学校已建造了包豪斯魏玛,德国。这被称为“世界工业设计的摇篮”,这一里程碑式的艺术设计的历史。包豪斯认为,最重要的事情就是让学生探究他们自己设计的方式,而不是教他们老师的方法;培养学生独立思考、批判思维能力而不是把某些设计风格对他们。相较于其他具有相似的设计学校教育,具有独特的教育哲学,包豪斯哲学。它花了彻底改革对传统艺术设计教育体系,建立了艺术设计作为一种新的专业的学科。与此同时,沃尔特Gropius,

它的创始人的包豪斯就提出了“统一的艺术与技术”为主导设计教育哲学。

包豪斯的作品之一,是主动净化形式的一般工业产品。包豪斯强调,该产品形态的设计应基于基本的几何模式,如立方体、方形和圆圈。产品的形式,并概述了应该简单和多样的以不同的方式和遵循抽象形式原则和美学。因为包豪斯的勇敢和积极的探索和改革,就采取重大关键影响现代主义艺术风格的形成,使包豪斯设计一个世界级的声誉。因此包豪斯成为了现代设计艺术历史的里程碑。

美国艺术家约瑟Sinel第一次提到了术语的工业设计在1919年。然而在中国,直到1983年,教育部已符合工业设计学科与样品主要普通高校。原来的名字叫“产品形成的主要是“为艺术的学生。在1998年国家重点范畴被调整到被整合到国际公约。“主要的”产品形成早已把焦点从产品形态等领域的研究human-product-environment关系。这个名字已经取代“工业设计”和一些主要的设立对于工程与艺术教育的学校。

包豪斯有许多欧洲顶级艺术家们在这段时间内,如康丁斯基、克里等。他们是著名的抽象画家。他们的教学培养学生,并导致包豪斯的20世纪的艺术设计的。最著名的工业设计师如菲利普Starck behar Marc Newson和马卡是毕业于美术设计学校。他们的成功证明,艺术设计教育的工业设计教育是有效的。产品形态设计仍然是一个重要的方面,在本科工业设计研究工业设计是当前的一个重要组成部分,著名的艺术设计学校。

挪威皇家艺术学院艺术设计学院,大学Politecnico Duisburg-Essen嘀米兰,汉诺威大学的应用科学和艺术(跳频汉诺威工业设计部门),他们都属于艺术与设计的学校。

根据一项调查:美国的工业设计师协会(IDSA举办的美国)在1998年,有49个学院,从而有工业设计本科或研究生项目注册于IDSA举办的列表。典型的工业设计专业学生通常都设置在艺术学校,可以获得本科及以上学历,美术或相关专业。大多数人都得到认证的学校NASAD(国家协会的艺术与设计)。只有15—学校没有得到认证。五年后的IDSA举办的宣称,只有注册的工业设计专业学生能得到被认可。其中有37工业设计专业在大学,6日在设计学院、4在艺术学校。这种情况没有变化在目前的年。

亚洲:在日本,工业设计专业学生在艺术学校也设置或独立的工业设计学院,如东京艺术大学Zokei大学,Musashino阿玉升官后,还艺术大学和大学景文科技等。在香港,香港理工大学已经知名的工业设计程序。在台湾,施明德简简单单的大学,成功大学机械系,国立云林科技大学及技术有著名的工业设计程序。在中国大陆,江南大学、清华大学、湖南大学、同济大学、广州学术美术作品的工业设计部门,都有自己的艺术设计学校或部门。

2你不能忽视的工业设计十个趋势

2.1用意很强的设计

像Herman Miller 和 American Apparel这样的公司在内的设计团体都通过设计来激发他们的灵感。Yves Béhar为Herman Miller公司设计的叶片形灯具(如图所示),通过应用生物形态类的格栅状液晶显示器,相比较普通的白炽灯来说,不仅降低40%的能耗,而且可以连续发光100,000小时。就连同耐克公司都计划到2010年实现他们生产的鞋类产品的材料能够全部耐度十足而不起皱。

2.2设计的简洁化,少即是多

据波特兰一家叫做Ziba设计公司的执行总裁Steve McCallion的说法,设计有一种趋向简洁化的势头,这些产品不仅拥有很多的功能,而且非常的人性化,人们很容易接受,使用起来也很方便,像Apple's iPhone. 居家带孩子的人们也很推崇简洁化,缘于在孩子刚生下来需要照顾的这段时间,所用的东西、家庭医疗设备符合简便易用的需求越来越多。麦迪

逊一家专门从事概念设计的工业设计公司的老板Ami Verhalen说,居家健康护理的需求将成为未来十年产品创新的有力推动器。

2.3设计的私人化、个性化

不论从耐克的鞋子设计,还是到Build-a-Bear的连衫衬裤设计,零售商们无一不在各种品牌中加入“塑造你自己”这个理念。亲手来打造你自己---或者DIY---为我们诠释了这样一个非常重要的趋势。大众出版物像《Ready Made》杂志,还有像设计师Wendy Mullin在他的《Sew U》一书中,都在鼓励消费者在他们自己的所用之物中加入自己的想法。

2.4设计的全球化

像其他行业一样,产品外包也正在影响着全球的设计。在当今,一位在印度德里的设计师也许要和远在美国哥伦布的制造商一起工作。Steve McCallion 说,产品设计的全球化创造了国际间的交流,使得更多的人参与进了设计的过程。像类似 Kid Robot的一些公司就能从东京比以往更容易雇佣玩具设计师到美国图森。

2.5设计中的装饰味更浓

在时尚设计领域,我们正在看到人们向保守主义回归,但是在家居装潢风格来说,却是细节装饰味十足的潮流大行其道。在头几十年的起步阶段,墙纸比较流行,细节设计也多是繁饰锦簇,鹅绒质感,类宝石颜色。离开人们视线很久的纺织品设计师们像Florence Broadhurst和Vera Neumann就慢慢将注意力集中在对设计考究的消费者身上。

2.6设计趋于两极化

这是个大盒子还是件奢侈品?许多专家指出,此种设计体现的既是高品位(Neiman Marcus, Moss)又是平民化(Target, Ikea)的定位,使得这样的极具创意的产品走向两种极端。与此同时,处于中间定位的设计者,像Macy一类的人饱受缺少创意和不能迎合时尚之苦。这样的结果就是直接导致大量的消费者更多的原意接受像在Ikea的 $200的 Malm床垫也不愿问及价格不菲的高达$16,000的一件Hastens床垫。

2.7中性设计

小玩意儿是一款个人游戏,是吗?如果你仅仅把最近的产品看成是带有女性神秘感的产品,那么就大错特错了。 Motorola 已经推出过一款唇膏型粉色Razr 微型电话,目前更有甚者,LG也推出了一款 Prada 电话.越来越多的生产商推出磨光器,发出重金属音质的女性化的版型,敦实型的,男女都可以适合用的产品。想要看到女性化的产品设计吗?只需登陆https://www.360docs.net/doc/4a3278840.html,, 上面每天都有很多评论,像“不过如此的款式”或者“很普通的家伙”等等。

2.8大量缺憾美设计涌现

一些设计师在设计着这样一些作品,它们是经过有意的制作成缺憾美的这样一些产品,像设计师Jason Miller设计的管状椅,抑或Bodum's Pavina设计的精品玻璃器皿,这些产品是用嘴吹出来的双层玻璃薄璧,使得每层玻璃在高度、厚度、重量各个层面都有细微的变化。用须扫过的或者风化过的粗斜纹纺织物以及家具和挂毯都越来越被认作是专门做成缺憾美的产品。

2.9手工艺产品被重视

正当大量类似Target的生产商专注于设计带动销售的同时,也有一群反其道而行之的制造商和设计人员独于家传老作坊中寻找灵感。在哪里可以找见这些限量版的好东西呢?像电子商务网址https://www.360docs.net/doc/4a3278840.html,中的匠人,还有叫Heath Ceramics的传统手工艺公司,以及像Design Within Reach这类现代主义设计工作组。

2.10设计开始关注其他90%的人群

专门从事设计战略的Herbst LaZar 公司副总裁Bell Anthony Pannozzo说,经过良好设计的产品只服务于世界上10%的人群。然而,却有越来越多的设计师正在投身于非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲的市场。

参考文献

[1]S Z小王“一个历史与现代设计”,中国青年出版社,北京,2002

[2]。”杨讨论地物的工业设计教育之间的差异,从中国和德国车间的工程实践”,合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2006:21-22

[3]Rosson米。 B,J.M.Carroll可用性工程:Scenario-Based。“人机交互”发展,旧金山:摩根·考夫曼,2002年

[4]凯文n奥托,克丽丝汀L木头。”产品设计:技术在逆向工程和新产品开发”,清华大学出版社,北京大学出版社,2003年

[5]《工业设计史》何人可编著北京理工大学出版社

[6]《世界现代设计史》王受之编著中国青年出版社

[7]《产品系统设计》吴翔编著中国轻工业出版社

[8]《产品设计》杂志

[9] L. Axon, K. Garry etc.,An Evaluation of CFD for Modeling the Flow Around Stationary and Rotating Isolated Wheel, SAE 980034

[10] N. Horinouchi, Y. Kato etc., Numerical Investigation of Vehicle Aerodynamics with Overlaid Grid System, SAE 950628

[11] U. B. Mehta, Some Aspects of Uncertainty in Computational Fluid Dynamics Results, Journal of Fluids Engineering Transactions of the ASME, Dec. 1991, V ol. 113, pp538 - 543

[12] STAR-CD User Guide Version 3.10, Computational Dynamics Limited 1999

[13] STAR-CD Tutorial Manual V ol. 1 Tutorial 1 ~ Tutorial 7 Version 3.10, Computational Dynamics

工业设计专业英语英文翻译

工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入,成立于1891年布朗强,一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年,相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手,强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年,强的模型电话,然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话,当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔(1847—1922)在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878(12个使用者),在1879年,多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年,贝尔原批专利过期,贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年,刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前,一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型,这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年,他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话,这次与实际指孔,仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年,一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年,之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做,在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立,直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后,强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位,靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计,在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯(1907—1978)和埃罗沙里宁(1910—1961)在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年,埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人,和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下,埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板,被称作埃姆斯夹板,在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯,钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆,艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片,由包括埃德加考夫曼,大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德,艾略特诺伊斯,马尔塞布鲁尔,弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出,查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时,椅子只有三条腿,稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW(低木椅)和DWC(就餐木椅)设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司(埃姆斯的战时雇主)生产出来,被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买,在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作,包括LCW(低金属椅)和DWC(就餐金属椅)模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直

工业设计外文翻译

Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design,Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional

模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)

Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving

工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文:

DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.

模具设计与制造外文翻译

The mold designing and manufacturing The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also rapid quietly. Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year . The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops . The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;

工业设计外文翻译---不需要设计师的设计

Design Without Designers 网站截图: https://www.360docs.net/doc/4a3278840.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文: Design Without Designers I will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design. I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?" That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger. Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test. This procedure is hardly unique to Google. https://www.360docs.net/doc/4a3278840.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise. Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data? Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New Concepts In design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is

模具毕业设计外文翻译7081204

(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意编辑修改!) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中,将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备,称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下,利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力,使其产生分离或塑性变形,从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多,一般可按以下几个主要特征分类: 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形,从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件,或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形,而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中,只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位,在压力机的一次行程中,在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上,具有两个或更多的工位,在压力机的一次行程中,在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法,高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成,制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液,滴入碳酸氢铵,采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料,反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥,煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉,再经过成型、烧结、精加工,便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长,在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象,冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺,完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备,冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合,如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区,便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1

工业设计专业英语第三版部分翻译

艺术装饰风格 被宣告是“唯一一个总体设计”,艺术装饰必然是在众多消费者中间找到观众的最高产的设计之一。虽然它起源于19世纪20年代高度专有的法国手工裁剪装潢艺术,但它通过利用廉价的新金属材料,塑料和玻璃而发展迅速,找到了便宜,短期利用,并可以大批生产的装饰用品,如香烟盒,香水瓶,家庭用的陶瓷和玻璃,流行纺织品及各种装饰物,还有可以像鸡尾般甩动的物品。作为一种装饰风格它可以运用于无数物品的形状和表面装饰,因而赋予它们全部以相同质量的瞬间的现代性和时尚性。 就像许多这个世纪其它的流行风格一样,艺术装饰风格扎根于高雅文化,例如,立体主义、俄国芭蕾、美洲印第安风格和欧洲纯粹主义,但是相对其他文化而言,艺术装饰风格取长补短,装饰特征表现得更为折衷一些。结合艺术装饰风格在1930年代流行的因素,大规模批量生产使用新材料是商品价格相对低廉的必要条件。但这些是远远不够的,更深层次的原因是艺术装饰风格具有典型的适应性。在那段经济萧条的时期,豪华奢侈的装饰风格所带来的美感让当时的消费者有了逃避现实的放松心情。艺术装饰风格的宣传方式也促进了它的流行,艺术风格被好莱坞应用于多种流行电影中。通过影片媒体使大量观众接触到装饰风格,除此之外,艺术装饰风格也运用在广告和包装上,使其有效的影响了大量的环境之外,艺术装饰风格也影响到了建筑领域,许多新场所也运用了这种风格,美化建筑的外表,那些新商业的

娱乐楼房,例如商场电影院,工厂,甚至于新的豪华游轮,它也被利用于在1933年芝加哥展览之中。艺术装饰风格开始象征着高效率的现代化生活和新的生活理念,这种动人的方式随着人们对时尚性和社会地位的追求与渴望,艺术装饰风格得到了大量消费者的高度喜爱地位。 艺术装饰的大量应用伴随着消费产品的需求。但是,从不好的方而来看,艺术装饰风格只是作为一种中档的艺术手法,来装饰非常廉价的商品甚至留有一种杂乱的感觉。在英国有一群针对低端市场开发产品的地毯制造商,他们意识到了这个新潮流里的商业潜力。 但是,这些地毯制造商也很注意他们消费群里的保守心理,因此,即使是在一块地毯里的花紋也会出现那些很传统的1案象是老式的叶子造型和较灰暗的颜色。这种设计的消费市场不同于那些要不就是现代型或是完全传统的设计方案。1920年代到30年代,英国都铎王室的一些新居住者和新建筑的到来,使工艺美术运动和现代风格可以较为自由的发展和合理的被采用.这些各异的艺术风格也被按照使用者的喜好不同加入到地毯的设计之中。在20世纪30年代的中期,改良过的艺术装饰风格在数不清的家居装饰里都可以看到"在花园门饰上,无线电机的面板装饰上,阿芝台克寺庙的壁炉上和那些扶手椅和沙发的几何形体上。"

何人可(工业设计史)章节重点笔记(精华8页)

工业设计史绪论 一、工业革命前的设计 设计的萌芽阶段 手工艺设计阶段 二、工业设计可大致划分为三个发展时期 1 、第一个时期(1750—1914年的工业设计)自18世纪下半叶至20世纪初期,这是工业设计的酝酿和探索阶段。 2、第二个时期(1915—1939年的工业设计)在一战和二战之间,这是现代工业设计形成与发展的时期。 3、第三个时期(1940年至当代的工业设计)在二战之后,这一时期工业设计与工业生产和科学技术紧密结合,因而取得了重大成就。 工业设计是以工业化大批量生产为条件发展起来的,与机械化生产密切相关。 三、工业设计发展中的流派和组织 折衷主义欧美各国1820—1900 工艺美术运动英国1880—1910 莫里斯,阿什比 新艺术运动欧洲各国1890—1910 吉马德,戈地 维也纳分离派奥地利1897—1933 霍夫曼 德意志制造联盟德国1907—1934 穆特休斯,贝伦斯 风格派荷兰1917—1931 里特维尔德 构成派苏联1917—1928 马来维奇,塔特林 包豪斯学校德国1919—1933 格罗披乌斯 艺术装饰风格法国1925—1935 流线型风格美国1935—1945 罗维,盖茨 斯堪的纳维亚风格斯堪的纳维亚1930—1950 阿尔托 现代主义欧美各国1920—1950 米斯,柯布西埃 商业性设计美国1945—1960 厄尔 有机现代主义美国意大利斯堪1945—1960 沙里宁,尼佐里 理性主义欧洲美国日本1960— 高技术风格欧洲,日本1960—1980 波普风格英国1960—1970 后现代主义欧美各国1965—文丘里,索特萨斯 解构主义欧美各国1980—盖里,屈米 绿色设计欧美各国1970— 四、 1、产生:20世纪20年代才开始确立。 2、工业设计产生的条件:现代化大工业的批量生产和激烈的市场竞争,其设计对象是以工业化方法批量生产的产品。 3、作用:工业设计是商品经济的产物,它具有刺激消费的作用。 4、历史的传承:传统的设计风格被作为某种特定文化的符号,不断影响到工业设计。 五、人类设计活动的三个阶段: ①设计的萌芽阶段——旧石器时代,原始人类制作石器时已有了明确的目的性和一定程度的标准化。 ②手工艺设计阶段——新石器时期,陶器的发明标志着人类开始了通过化学变化改变材料特性的创造性活动,也标志着人类手工艺设计阶段的开端。 ③工业设计阶段——工业革命——工业设计阶段。 六、工业设计在中国的发展 美国著名设计师拉瑟尔·赖特于1956年应邀去我国台湾省讲学,在一定程度上推动了台湾地区的工业设计运动。 20世纪70年代末以来,工业设计在我国大陆开始受到重视。1987年中国工业设计协会成立,进一步促进了工业设计在我国的发展。 第一篇:工业革命前的设计 第一章设计的萌芽阶段 设计的萌芽阶段从旧石器时代一直延续到新石器时代。 特征是用石、木、骨等自然材料来加工制作成各种工具。在设计概念的产生过程中,劳动起着决定性的作用。 人类最初的工具——天然的石块或棍棒;以后渐渐学会了拣选石块、打制石器,作为敲、砸、刮、割的工具。 一、旧石器时代 人类早期使用的石器一般是打制成形的,较为粗糙,通常称打制石器时代为“旧石器时代”。 二、新石器时代 随着历史的发展,人类在劳动中进一步改进了石器的制作,把经过选择的石头打制成石斧、石刀、石锛、石铲、石凿等各种工具,并加以磨光,使其工整锋利,还要钻孔用以装柄或穿绳,以提高实用价值。这种磨制石器的时代,称之为“新石器时代”。 原始社会的人们在制作石器时,在石材选料上十分注意硬度、形状、纹理的选择,以符合不同的使用和加工要求。将实用与美观结合起来,赋予物品物质和精神功能的双重作用,是人类设计活动的一个基本特点。 磨制石器:石料选定后,先打制成石器的雏形,然后把刃部或整个表面放在砺石上加水和沙子磨光。这就成了磨制石器。三、生存设计 1、需求增加:一旦最基本的需求得到了满足,其他的需求也就会不断出现。 2、需求发生变化:原有的需求也会以一种比先前的方式更先进的形式来得到满足。 3、舒适生活欲望的产生:随着温饱的解决和危险的消失,更为舒适的生活欲望就会油然而生,这是一种情感上的需求。这样,人类设计的功能发生变化:由保障生存发展到了使生活更有意义。随着社会生产力的发展,人类便由设计的萌芽阶段走向了手工艺设计阶段。 第二章手工艺设计阶段 一、手工艺设计阶段的特点: 1、由于生活方式和生产力水平的局限,设计的产品大都是功能较简单的生活用品,如陶瓷制品、家具以及各种工具,生产方式主要是手工劳动。 2、由于设计、生产、销售一体化,设计者与消费者彼此非常了解,所以设计者和使用者彼此非常信任,设计者对产品和使用者负责,努力满足不同消费者的不同需要,因而产生了众多优秀的设计作品。 第一节中国手工艺设计 中国的建筑、园林、陶瓷、家具、染织等设计,不仅对日本、东南亚各国,而且对西方近代设计也产生了重大影响。 一、陶器——新石器时代 制陶,是通过火的应用,使泥土改变其内在性质。 制陶——一般要选取细腻的黄土,淘去杂质,掺入沙子进行高温火烧,以防燥裂。制作陶器最早是用手捏制,对于较大的器物,则搓成泥条,再盘筑成形,后来又逐渐发展成转轮成形。在仰韶文化时期——陶轮出现,其结构简单,转动很慢,一般称为慢轮。当时陶器的成形、修坯甚至某些纹饰的制作,就是慢轮成形。 早期的陶器模仿其他材料做成的器物,如篮子、葫芦和皮袋的形状,在装饰上也留有模仿的痕迹,如席纹、绳纹。 陶器表面加工有多种方法: (1)压模,即用平滑的石头在陶坯上压模使之光滑; (2)施加陶衣,进而加以彩绘; (3)压印,用特制工具在陶坯上压出绳纹或条纹,既使陶壁坚实,也使压纹成为一种装饰,增加美观。此外还有堆贴和刻划等多种加工方式。 所谓“彩陶”是指一种绘有黑、红色装饰花纹的红褐色或棕黄色陶器。 “黑陶文化”:在新石器晚期,我国的彩陶工艺逐渐没落,在黄河下游兴起了另一种文化,它以出现较多的黑色陶器为特征,称“黑陶文化”,因它最早出现于山东历城龙山镇,也称“龙山文化”。因黑色含铁,使陶器硬度提高,更坚实耐用。 有的陶器器体很薄,只有0.1或0.2cm,内外皆黑,有“蛋壳陶”之称,是黑陶工艺中的精品。 黑陶工艺的特点:1、黑:乌黑如漆的色彩;2、薄:器壁很薄;3、光:具有平滑的光泽;4、纽:指造型上具有鼻、耳、盖纽及足、把手等适于使用的各种饰件和功能等。 二、青铜器 青铜:是指在红铜中加锡、铅等冶炼成的一种合金。天然铜色红,称为红铜;加入锡铅后,颜色灰青,称为青铜。 铜是人类最早冶炼和使用的金属,起先人们炼出的是纯铜,后来用铜和锡制成合金青铜。金属工具和用品的出现,使设计进入新的历史阶段。青铜在我国商代得以广泛应用。早期青铜器大都是直接仿自陶器,体壁较薄,多为平底,足做成锥柱状,以后又逐渐演变。 1、熔铸法。熔铸法制作青铜器首先要制范,有了范,人们便可以铸造出形式和尺寸完全一样的规范化产品,如兵器、铸币等。 早期的制范法为陶范法,根据泥模制成内范,浇注后得到与泥模一样的制品。 2、到了战国时期,失蜡法。 三、漆器(汉代) 汉代漆器,在战国时期生产的基础上达到了一个鼎盛时期。 汉代的髹漆器物,包括鼎、壶、钫、樽、盂、卮、杯、盘等饮食器皿,奁、盒等化妆用具,几、案、屏风等家具,种类和品目甚多,但主要是以饮食器皿为主的容器。另外漆器还增加了大件的物品,如漆鼎、漆壶、漆钫等,并出现了漆礼器,以代替铜器。汉墓出土还有漆棺、漆碗、漆奁、漆盘、漆案、漆耳杯等,均为木胎,大部为红里黑外,并在黑漆上绘红色或赭色花纹。汉代漆器的造型比战国更丰富,从实用出发,如漆奁、漆盘、漆案考虑使用的方便,放置的容积以及图案纹样的多样统一,装饰花纹形象抽象化,使人见到的是线的动感。汉代漆器是实用和美观结合的工艺品典范。 四、瓷器“宋瓷” 五大名窑:定窑、汝窑、官窑、哥窑、钧窑 五、明代家具 明代家具大致有以下几大类:一为椅凳类,有官帽椅、灯挂椅、圈椅、方凳等;二为几案类;三为床榻类;四为台架类;五为屏座类。 明代家具的特色: 1、注意材料质地,多用硬质树种,所以又称硬木家具;

模具设计外文翻译---模具的发展

毕业设计论文外文翻译

模具的发展 1模具在工业生产中的地位 模具是大批量生产同形产品的工具,是工业生产的主要工艺装备。 采用模具生产零部件,具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点,用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗,是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。现代经济的基础工业。现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高,很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平,因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。1989年3月国务院颁布的《关于当前产业政策要点的决定》中,把模具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位(仅次于大型发电设备及相应的输变电设备),确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。1997年以来,又相继把模具及其加工技术和设备列入了《当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录》和《鼓励外商投资产业目录》。经国务院批准,从1997年到2000年,对80多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还70%的优惠政策,以扶植模具工业的发展。所有这些,都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发展模具工业的重视和支持。目前全世界模具年产值约为600亿美元,日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业,从1997年开始,我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。 据统计,在家电、玩具等轻工行业,近90%的零件是综筷具生产的;在飞机、汽车、农机和无线电行业,这个比例也超过60%。例如飞机制造业,某型战斗机模具使用量超过三万套,其中主机八千套、发动机二千套、辅机二万套。从产值看,80年代以来,美、日等工业发达国家模具行业的产值已超过机床行业,并又有继续增长的趋势。据国际生产技术协会预测,到2000年,产品尽件粗加工的75%、精加工的50%将由模具完成;金属、塑料、陶瓷、橡胶、建材等工业制品大部分将由模具完成,50%以上的金属板材、80%以上的塑料都特通过模具转化成制品。

相关文档
最新文档