现代英语语法CHAPTER 1 练习解析
CHAPTER 1 二、本章练习解析
1．Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order.
列出构成语法单位的层次顺序
Answer: The grammatical units that form a hierarchical order are explained and shown as follows:
Higher A text consists of one or more sentences 篇章由一个或多个句子构成
由 A sentence consists of one or more clauses 句子由一个或多个分句构成
高 A clause consists of one or more phrases 分句由一个或多个词组构成
到 A phrase consists of one or more words 词组由一个或多个词构成
低 A word consists of one or more morphemes 词由一个或多个词素构成Lower A morpheme 词素
2．Define morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, morph and allomorph.
定义词素、自由词素、黏附词素、词素形式及词素变体。（答案见本章考核重点）3．Distinguish root, stem and base as morphological terms. 区分形态学术语词根、词干及词基（答案见本章考核重点）
4. What are the semantic and functional differences between a prefix and a suffix ?
前缀和后缀的语义和功能区别是什么？
A prefix is attached before a base (as in dislike and inexperienced). A suffix after a base (as in freedom and friendly). The function of a prefix tends to be semantically oriented, that is, it adds new meaning to a base. Most of prefixes do not change word classes while only a few (like a-, be-, em/en-etc.) change word classes. Suffixes are basically class-changing morphemes.
前缀附着于词基之前，后缀附着于词基之后。前缀是以改变语义为趋向，即给词基增加语义。多数前缀不改变词类，只有少数几个前缀如a-, be-, em/en-等改变词类。后缀改变词类，不添加语义。
5. Name at least five methods of word-formation and cite examples for each.
举出至少五种构词方法并一一举例
There are seven major types word-formation.
1)Affixation词缀法 (e.g. un fair, dis like, employ er, happi ness)
2)Composition复合法 (e.g. deadline, lipstick, snowfall, blue-collar)
3)Conversion转化法 (e.g. Verbs to nouns: answer, love; Nouns to verbs: corner, hand)
4)Blending拼缀法 (e.g. motel, smog, telecast, heliport)
5)Back-formation 逆生法(e.g. babysitter---- babysit, chain-smoker---- chain-smoke)
6)Shortening 缩略法(e.g. ad --- advertisement, exam --- examination)
7)Acronyms首字母缩略法 (e.g. UN --- the United Nations, VIP --- very important person) 6. Cite examples for the simple verb phrase, the complex verb phrase, the finite verb phrase and the non-finite verb phrase.
列举简单动词词组、复杂动词词组、限定动词词组和非限定动词词组的例子。
A verb phrase that goes without auxiliaries is termed “ the simple verb phrase”, which is just a
main verb or “modifier﹢main verb”; with auxiliaries, “the complex verb phrase”.
e.g. John enjoys being flattered. ( Simple verb phrase)
I have never been there. (Complex verb phrase)
The head word or the first element of a finite verb phrase is a finite verb, which bears the tense marker and , in some cases, keeps in concord with the subject. A non-finite verb phrase is a phrase whose first element is a non-finite verb free of the constraints that a finite verb is subject to, and has three non-finite forms such as infinitive, -ing participle and –ed participle.
e.g. I didn’t expect you to be here. (infinitive)
Having done their homework, they switched on TV. (-ing participle)
There were 20 people killed in the accident. (-ed participle)
没有助动词的动词词组被称为“简单动词词组”，这类词组或只含有主要动词或采用“修饰语﹢主要动词”的形式，含有助动词的动词词组被称为“复杂动词词组”。
第一个动词（如果只有一个动词，那就是这个动词）为限定动词的词组叫限定动词词组，其主要特征是与主语保持数的一致和具有时的标志。第一个动词（如果只有一个动词，那就是这个动词）为非限定动词的词组叫非限定动词词组，即动词不定式，-ing分词和-ed分词，它们既没有数的形式也没有时的标志。
7. What are the seven clause patterns ?
分句的七种结构形式是什么？
As far as the structure is concerned, clauses fall into seven major patterns: SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO, SVOC, SV A and SVOA.
就结构而言，分句有以下七个基本句型：SV（主语﹢谓语）, SVC（主语﹢谓语﹢补语）, SVO（主语﹢谓语﹢宾语）, SVOO（主语﹢谓语﹢宾语﹢宾语）, SVOC（主语﹢谓语﹢宾语﹢补语）, SV A（主语﹢谓语﹢状语） and SVOA（主语﹢谓语﹢宾语﹢状语）。
8. Define the finite clauses and the non-finite clauses.
As far as the structure is concerned, clauses can be divided into finite clauses and non-finite clauses. Finite clauses are subordinate clauses that occur in the finite form. Subordinate clauses which take the non-finite form are named non-finite clauses.
根据形式，从句可被分为限定分句和非限定分句。限定分句是以限定形式出现的从句，而以非限定形式出现的从句被称为非限定分句。
9. Define the simple sentence, the compound sentence and the complex sentence.
定义简单句、复合句和复杂句。
The simple sentence: A one-clause sentence is termed a “simple sentence”. The compound sentence: a sentence made up of two or more clauses is called compound sentence. The complex sentence: In the complex sentence, clauses are related by subordination, the main clause involves one or more subordinate clause.
由一个分句构成的句子叫做简单句。由两个或两个以上的分句构成，并通过并列连词互相连接便构成并列句。如果两个分句不是处于并列地位，而是一种主从关系时，就形成复杂句。
10. Why do we need to go beyond the sentence and study the text?
我们为什么要超越句子来研究语篇？
Because to express a clear and complete idea or thought，we need more than one sentence．It is quite rare that we only use one sentence to express our ideas．When an idea or thought is expressed in more than one sentence，we have a text, which relates sentences together．In other words, sentences in a text are coherent so that they help each other in expressing a complete idea. The study of the text is to know how sentences can be joined together coherently so that they can best express ideas.
要表达一个完整的思想，我们往往需要一个以上的句子。只用一个句子来表达较复杂的思想是少见的。当表达完整的复杂的思想的句子连贯地组织在一起时，我们就有了语篇。换言之，语篇就是连贯表达思想的一组句子。语篇研究就是句子如何连贯地连接起来恰当表达思想。
英语语法习题及解析
高考英语语法练习题精选 1. --Hello, this is . A. How are you? B. Will you come tonight? C. Can I take a mesage? D. Is that Mike? 2. Tom suggested that we __________such a meeting, but Jenny insisted that it _________of great importance. A. not hold ; should be B. didn't hold ; be C. hold ; was D. not hold ; was 3. You should take the medicine after you read the __________. A. lines B. instructions C. words D. suggestions 4. --Hi, Tracy, you look tired. --I am tired. I__________ the living-room all day. A. painted B. have been painting C. had painted D. have painted 5. I'm sorry. I _____________ you__________ to me. A. don't know; are speaking B. don't know ;were speaking C. didn't know; were speaking D. didn't know; are speaking 6. "Please __________why you're so late," said his girlfriend. A. excuse B. explain C. apologize D. tell 7. The rescue team made every __________ to find the missing mountain climber.
(完整版)人教版高中英语必修一语法知识点总结
人教版必修一各单元知识点总结Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）； take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心 14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是… 17. no longer / not …any longer 不再… 18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.） much too 太…(后接adj.) 19. not…until 直到…才 20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为… make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。
(完整)小学五年级英语必须掌握的一些英语语法知识
小学五年级英语必须掌握的一些英语语法知识 一、时态 1、一般现在时： 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 时间状语：often （经常）,usually （通常）,always （总是）, sometimes （有时），every week （day, year, month ...）, on Sundays,… 基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词 否定形式：①am / is / are + not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为 动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问， 如主语为第三人称单数，则用does,同时，还原行为动词。 2、现在进行时： 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语：now, look, listen, … 基本结构：am/is/are ＋doing 否定形式：am/is/are ＋not＋doing 一般疑问句：把be 动词放在句首
第三人称单数 一般现在时的肯定句中，主语为第三人称单数的动词变化主 要体现在词尾的变化上，其规律大体有三点： 1. 一般情况下，直接在动词词尾+s，例如：get —gets; take — takes 2. 以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词，在词尾+ es,例如：teach —teaches; wash —washes; go —goes 3. 以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，变y为i，再+ es, 如: study —studies; try —tries 除上述规律外,还应注意下面三点： 1. 动词have，遇到主语是第三人称单数时，要用has;动 词be 的第三人称单数形式是is。 2. 含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子变否定句时,要用 doesn't + 动词原形,如： He goes to school at six in the morning. （变否定句）—He doesn't go to school at six in the morning. 3. 对含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子提问时, 要用助动词does,如： She goes home at five every day. （对划线部分提问）—When /
高一英语必修一语法要点+重点词组
Unit 1 argue about争论...... be fond of 喜欢...... all the time 一直，始终 make fire 生火 develop a friendship建立友谊 care about 关心，担心 in order to 为了...... hunt for 搜寻；追寻；寻找 such as 例如 make friends交朋友 be regard as被当作....... click …away点击......发送 make a difference有所不同 drop sb. a line给某人写信 keep in mind记住 at the end of 在......的末尾 wake up醒来 wander off 漫步 most of the time 大部分时间 either…or… 或......或 each other 互相
spend…(in)doing sth 花费......做某事 be determined to do 决定做...... think about 看法 for example 举例子 work out 得出；解决 argue for 为......辩护 argue with 与......争论/争辩 argue against 争辩...... set up （具体）设置；安装/（抽象）建立 do some research 做研究 choose to do sth. 宁愿、偏要、决定做某事catch one’s eye 引起某人的注意 care for 照顾 be intended for/to do 为......而准备、预定reach a doctor 找到医生 must have done 一定是；想必是 get a training 得到训练 as well as ……也 second to 次于 get sb. into使某人进入/陷入 story after story 一个故事接着一个 day after day 一天又一天
初三英语语法知识点
1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与Which...? 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
【英语】 高中英语语法填空试题(有答案和解析)及解析
【英语】高中英语语法填空试题(有答案和解析)及解析 一、高中英语语法填空 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Since 1949 when the People's Republic of China ________(establish), and especially since 1978, China's transformation from a traditional ________（agriculture）society to a modern industrial society has been greatly accelarated by a rapid industrial restructuring. China's industrial structure developed according to the objective of industrialization, ________ aimed at the proportion(比例)of agriculture declining ceaselessly, and the proportion of the industrial and service sector increasing continually. ________(current), the industrial goods produced in China all range from capital goods to consumption goods. China's factory outputs extend from textiles (纺织业) to railway, planes and computers. China is the largest producer of inexpensive cotton textiles in the world and exports large ________(quantity) of textiles and clothes. Food processing is very important, and much farm produce is exported. Other industrial products ________(include)television sets, bicycles, cars, trucks and washing machines are expanding in the world. China has become ________ industrialized country to some extent. The auto and the housing industry, in the process of industrialization have developed by leaps and bounds. The most important export products are machinery and electric equipment,________ the most important import products are raw materials. In recent years, China's industry________(compete) internationally, and as a result, the ________(develop)of the country's industry is increasingly influenced by international economic environments. 【答案】was established；agricultural；which；Currently；quantities；including；an；while/and；has competed has been competing；development 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，自1978年以来，中国从传统农业社会向现代工业社会的转型，在产业结构调整的快速推进下，取得了长足的进步。中国在一定程度上已经成为一个发达的工业化国家。 （1）考查时态语态。根据Since 1949可知应用一般过去时，且主语the People's Republic of China与谓语动词establish构成被动语态，用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was established。 （2）考查形容词。society为名词，需要形容词修饰，故填agricultural。 （3）考查定语从句。句意：中国的产业结构是按照工业化的目标发展的，其目标是农业比重不断下降。本句为定语从句修饰先行词the objective of industrialization，且先行词在从句中做主语，指物，故用关系代词which，填which 。 （4）考查副词。句意：目前，中国生产的工业产品从资本品到消费品应有尽有。修饰整个句子应用副词，故填Currently。 （5）考查名词。large quantities of固定短语，“大量……”，故填quantities。 （6）考查非谓语动词。句意：包括电视机、自行车、汽车、卡车和洗衣机在内的其他工业产品正在世界范围内扩张。本句已经存在谓语动词且句中没有连词，故include只能做非谓语，表示“包括；包含”后跟包含的内容时需用现在分词，故填including。
北师大版高一英语语法(必修一-必修
北师大版高一英语语法（必修一-必修四） 必修一 一、一般现在时和现在进行时 1，一般现在时e:反复进行的，经常性的动作（惯例或习惯） Eg, He watches soap operas. 及状态I live in Beijing. 一般现在时常和下列时间状语连用：always, usually, from, time to time, twice a week, rarely,seldom, once a month, never. 2,现在进行时：说话时正在进行的动作（现在，此刻） 一定时间段内经常进行的动作 和现在进行时连用的时间状语有just, now, at the moment, at present. 二、一般将来时：将来的安排和打算 1、be going to表示打算要做的事情。 2、现在进行时表示已经确定或安排好事情。 Eg,I’m getting married in June. 3、一般现在是表示不可改变的官方活动或时间表 The summer term begins on the 15thofFebruary. 三、一般过去时和过去进行时 1,一般过去时：表示过去完成的动作或过去的情境和习惯。 Eg: She climb the stairs and went to her room.
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