机器人和机器人传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献

机器人和机器人传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献
机器人和机器人传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

中英文资料外文翻译文献

机器人和机器人传感器

介绍

工业机器人以及它的运行是本文的主题。工业机器人是应用于制造环境下以提高生产率的一种工具。它可用于承担常规的、冗长乏味的装配线工作,或执行那些对工人也许有危害的工作。例如,在第一代工业机器人中,曾有一台被用于更换核电厂的核燃料棒。从事这项工作的工人可能会暴露在有害量的放射线下。工业机器人也能够在装配线上操作——安装小型元件,例如将电子元件安装在线路板上。为此,工人可以从这种冗长乏味任务的常规操作中解放出来。通过

编程的机器人还能去掉炸弹的雷管、为残疾者服务以及在我们社会的众多应用中发挥作用。

机器人可被看作将臂端执行工具、传感器以及/或夹爪移动到某个预定位置的一台机器。当机器人到达该位置,它将执行某个任务。该任务可能是焊接、密封、机械装载、机械卸载,或许多装配工作。除了编程以及打开和关闭系统之外,一般情况下,均不需要人们的参与就能完成这类工作。

机器人专业术语

机器人是一台可再编程的多功能机械手,它可通过可编程运动移动零件、物料、工具或特殊装置以执行某种不同任务。由这项定义可导致下面段落中被阐述的其他定义,它们为机器人系统提供了完整的写照。

预编程位置是机器人为了完成工作必须遵循和通过的途径。在这些位置的某点,机器人会停下来并执行某种操作,例如装配零件,喷漆或焊接。这些预编程位置被存储在机器人的记忆装置中供以后继续操作时使用。此外,当工作的要求发生变化时,不仅其他编程数据而且这些预编程位置均可作修改。因此,正由于这种编程的特点,一台工业机器人与一台可存储数据、以及可回忆及编辑的计算机十分相似。

机械手是机器人的手臂,它允许机器人俯仰、伸缩和转动。这种动作是由机械手的轴所提供的,机械手的轴又称为机器人的自由度。一台机器人可以具有3至16根轴。在本人的后面部分,自由度这个术语总与一台机器人轴的数目相关联。

工具及夹爪并非属于机器人系统的本身,它们是装在机器人手臂端部的附件。有了与机器人手臂端部相连接的这些附件,机器人就可以提起零件、点焊、喷漆、弧焊、钻孔、去毛刺,还可以根据所提要求指向各种类型的任务。

机器人系统还可以控制操作机器人的工作单元。机器人工作单元是一种总体环境,在该环境下机器人必须执行赋予它的任务。该单元可包容控制器、机器人的机械手、工作台、安全装置,或输送机。机器人开展工作所需要的所有设备均被包括在这个工作单元中。此外,来自外界装置的信号能够与机器人进行交流,

这样就可以告诉机器人什么时候它该装配零件、捡起零件或将零件卸到输送机。基本部件

机器人系统具有3个基本部件:机械手、控制器及动力源。在某些机器人系统中可以看到第4个部件,端部执行件,有关这些部件将在下面小节描述。机械手

机械手承担机器人系统的体力工作,它由两部分组成:机械部分及被连接的附属物。机械手还有一个与附属物相连的底座。

机械手的底座通常被固定在工作领域的地面。有时,底座也可以移动。在该情况下,底座被安装到导轨上,这样该机械手就可以从一处移动到另一处。例如,一台机器人可以为几台机床工作,为每台机床装载和卸载。

正如前面所述,附属物从机器人的底座伸出。该附属物是机器人的手臂。它既可以是一个直线型的可动臂,也可以是一个铰接臂。铰接臂也称关节臂。

机器人机械手的附属物可为机械手提供各种运动轴。这些轴与固定底座相连接,而该底座又被紧固到机架上。这个机架能确保该机械手被维持在某个位置上。

在手臂的端部连接着一个手腕。该手腕由附加轴及手腕法兰组成,有了该手腕法兰,机器人用户就可以根据不同的工作在手腕上安装不同的工具。

机械手的轴允许机械手在一定区域内执行工作。如前所述,该区域被称为机器人的工作单元,它的尺度与机械手的尺寸相对应。当机器人的物理尺寸增大时,工作单元的尺寸必然也随之增加。

机械手的运动由驱动器,或驱动系统所控制。驱动器或驱动系统允许各根轴在工作单元内运动,驱动系统可利用电力的、液压的或气压动力。驱动系统发出的能量由各种机械驱动装置转换成机械动力。这些驱动装置通过机械联动机构接合在一起。这些联动机构依次驱动机器人的不同轴。机械联动机构由链轮机构,齿轮机构及滚珠丝杠所组成。

控制器

机器人系统的控制器是运行的心脏。控制器存储着为以后回忆所用的预编

程信息,控制着外围设备,它还与厂内计算机进行交流以使生产不断更新。

控制器用于控制机器人机械手运动以及工作单元中的外围部件。工作人员可以利用手递示教盒将机械手的动作编程进入控制器。这种信息可被存储在控制器的记忆装置中以便以后回忆使用。控制器存储着机器人系统的所有程序数据。它可以存储几种不同的程序,并且它们中任一程序均可被编辑。

也可要求控制器与工作单元中外围设备进行交流。例如,控制器具有一根输入线,该输入线可识别某项机械加工什么时候完成。当该机械循环完成时,输入线被接通,它会吩咐控制器让机械手到位以便机械手能夹起以加工完的零件。接着,该机械手再捡起一根新的零件并将它安放到机床上,然后,控制器向该机床发出信号让它开始运转。

控制器可由机械操纵的磁鼓构成,这些鼓按工作发生的先后次序操作。这类控制器用于非常简单的机器人系统。在大多数机器人系统中见到的控制器是很复杂的装置,它们体现了现代化的电子科学。换言之,它们由微信息处理器操纵。这些微信息处理器不是8位、16位就是32位的信息处理器。这种功能使控制器的运行具有非常好的柔性。

控制器可通过通讯线路发出电子信号,发出能与机械手各轴线进行沟通的电信号,机器人机械手与控制器之间这种双向交流可使系统的位置及运行维持在不断修正及更新得状态下,控制器还可以控制安装在机器人手腕端部的任意工具。

控制器还有与工厂中不同计算机开展交流的任务,这个通讯网络可使机器人成为计算机辅助制造(CAM)系统的一部分。

根据上述基本定义,机器人是一台可再编程序的多功能机械手。所以,控制器必须包含某种形式的记忆存储器,以微信息处理器为基础的系统常与固态记忆装置连同运行。这些记忆装置可以是磁泡、随机存取记忆装置、软塑料磁盘或磁带。每种记忆存储装置均可存储编程信息以便以后回忆使用。

动力源

动力源是向控制器及机械手供给动力得装置,有两类动力供给机器人系

统。一类动力是供控制器运行的交流点动力,另一类被用于驱动机械手各轴。例如,若机器人的机械手由液压或气压装置控制,则控制信号被发送到这些装置才能使机器人运动。

每个机器人系统均需要动力来驱动机械手,这种动力既可由液压动力源、气压动力源,也可以由电力动力源提供,这些动力源是机器人工作单元总的部件及设备中的一部分。

当液压动力源与及机器人机械手底座相连接,液压源产生液压流体,这些流体输送到机械手各控制元件,于是,使轴绕机器人底座旋转。

压力空气被输送到机械手,使轴沿轨道作直线运动,也可将这种气动源连接到钻床,它可为钻头的旋转提供动力。一般情况下,可从工厂得供给站获取气动源并做调整,然后将它输入机器人机械手的轴。

电动机可以是交流式的,也可以是直流式的。控制器发出的脉冲信号被发送到机械手得电机。这些脉冲为电机提供必要的指令信息以使机械手在机器人底座上旋转。

用于机械手轴的三种动力系统任一种均需要使用反馈监督系统,这种系统会不断地将每个轴位置数据反馈给控制器。

每种机器人系统不仅需要动力来开动机械手的轴,还需要动力来驱动控制器,这种动力可由制造环境的动力源提供。

端部执行件

在大部分机器人应用的场合见到的端部执行件均是机械手手腕法兰相连接的一个装置,端部执行件可应用于生产领域中许多不同场合,例如,它可用于捡起零件,用于焊接,或用于喷漆,端部执行件为机器人系统提供了机器人运行时必须的柔性。

通常所设计得端部执行件可满足机器人用户的需要。这些部件可由机器人制造商或机器人系统的物主制造。

端部执行件事机器人系统中唯一可将一种工作变成另一种工作的部件,例如,即日起可与喷水割机相连,它在汽车生产线上被用于切割板边。也可要求机

器人将零件安放到磁盘中,在这简单的过程中,改变了机器人端部执行件,该机器人就可以用于其它应用场合,端部执行件得变更以及机器人的再编程序可使该系统具有很高的柔性。

机器人传感器

尽管机器人有巨大的能力,但很多时候却比不过没有经过一点训练的工人。例如,工人们能够发现零件掉在地上或发现进料机上没有零件,但没有了传感器,机器人就得不到这些信息,及时使用最尖端的传感器,机器人也比不上一个经验丰富的工人,因此,一个好的机器人系统的设计需要使用许多传感器与机器人控制器相接,使其尽可能接近操作工人得感知能力。

机器人技术最经常使用的传感器分为接触式的与非接触式的。接触式传感器可以进一步分为触觉传感器、力和扭矩传感器。触觉或接触传感器可以测出受动器端与其他物体间的实际接触,微型开关就是一个简单的触觉传感器,当机器人得受动气端与其他物体接触时,传感器是机器人停止工作,避免物体间的碰撞,告诉机器人已到达目标;或者在检测时用来测量物体尺寸。力和扭矩传感器位于机器人得抓手与手腕的最后一个关节之间,或者放在机械手得承载部件上,测量反力与力矩。力和扭矩传感器有压电传感器和装在柔性部件上的应变仪等。

非接触传感器包括接近传感器、视觉传感器、声敏元件及范围探测器等。接近传感器和标示传感器附近的物体。例如,可以用涡流传感器精确地保持与钢板之间的固定的距离。最简单的机器人接近传感器包括一个发光二极管发射机和一个光敏二极管接收器,接收反射面移近时的反射光线,这种传感器的主要缺点是移近物对光线的反射率会影响接收信号。其他得接近传感器使用的是与电容和电感相关的原理。

视觉传感系统十分复杂,基于电视摄像或激光扫描的工作原理。摄像信号经过硬件预处理,以30帧至60帧每秒的速度输入计算机。计算机分析数据并提取所需的信息,例如,物体是否存在以及物体的特征、位置、操作方向,或者检测元件的组装及产品是否完成。

声敏元件用来感应并解释声波,从基本的声波探测到人们连续讲话的逐字

识别,各种声敏元件的复杂程序不等,除了人机语音交流外,机器人还可以使用声敏元件控制弧焊,听到碰撞或倒塌的声音时阻止机器人的运动,预测将要发生的机械破损及检测物体内部缺陷。

还有一种非接触系统使用投影仪和成像设备获取物体的表面形状信息或距离信息。

传感器有静态探测与闭环探测两种使用方法。当机器人系统的探测和操作动作交替进行时,通常就要使用传感器,也就是说探测时机器人不操作,操作时与传感器无关,这种方法被称为静态探测,使用这种方法,视觉传感器先寻找被捕捉物体的位置与方向,然后机器人径直朝那个地点移动。

相反,闭式探测的机器人在操作运动中,始终受传感器的控制,多数视觉传感器都采用闭环模式,它们随时监测机器人的实际位置与理想位置间的偏差,并驱动机器人修正这一偏差。在闭环探测中,即使物体在运动,例如在传送带上,机器人也能抓住它并把它送到预定位置。

Robots and robot sensor

Introduction

Industrial robot and its operation is the subject of this article. Industrial robots are used in manufacturing environment as a tool to increase productivity. It can be used to undertake routine, tedious assembly line work, or the implementation of those workers may be hazardous work. For example, in the first generation of industrial robots, there were a nuclear power plant is for the replacement of fuel rods. Workers engaged in this work may be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation in the next. Industrial robots can operate in the assembly line - to install small-scale components, such as electronic components mounted on circuit board. To this end, workers from the tedious task of this routine operation freed. The robot can be programmed to remove the bomb detonators for the disabled in our community services and play a role in many applications.

Robot arm can be seen as the end of the implementation of tools, sensors, and / or jaws to move to a predetermined position of a machine. When the robot reaches the position, it will perform a task. The task may be welded, sealed, mechanical loading, mechanical unloading, or many assembly work. In addition to programming, and open and close the system, the general, not require the participation of people will be able to complete such work.

Robotics Glossary

Robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator that can be programmable motion moving parts, materials, tools or special devices to perform a different task. By the following paragraphs of this definition may lead to other definitions were described, which provides a complete system for the robot itself.

Location is pre-programmed robot must follow in order to complete the work and the way through. A point in these locations, the robot will stop and perform some operations, such as assembling parts, painting or welding. These pre-programmed robot position is stored in the memory device to continue operation for later use. In addition, when job requirements change, the only other programming data and these can be modified pre-programmed locations. Therefore, precisely because of the characteristics of this program, an industrial robot and one can store data, and can recall and edit the computer is very similar.

Robot is a robot arm, which allows the robot pitch, stretching and rotating. This action is provided by the robot axis, mechanical axis, also known as robot hand of freedom. A robot can have 3-16 axis. In my later, the term degrees of freedom and a total number of robot axes associated.

Tools and not within the robot gripper itself, which is mounted on the robot arm end attachment. With the end of the robot arm connected to these attachments, the robot can lift parts, spot welding, painting, welding, drilling, deburring, the request can also point to various types of tasks.

Robot system can also control the operation of the robot's work unit. Robotic work cell is a general environment in the environment, the robot must perform the tasks entrusted to it. The unit can accommodate the controller, the robot manipulator, working platforms, safety devices, or conveyor. Robot to carry out all the equipment needed for the work are included in this unit of work. In addition, the signal from the external device to communicate with the robot, so that you can tell the robot when it is part of the assembly, pick up the parts or the parts to the unloading conveyor.

Basic components

Robotic system has three basic components: the robot, controller and power source. In some robot system can be seen in the first four components, end of the implementation of parts, these parts will be described in the following sections.

Manipulator

Robot bear robot system manual work, which consists of two parts: the mechanical parts and is connected to appendages. There is also a robot appendage connected to the base.

The base of the robot work area is usually fixed in the ground. Sometimes, the base can be moved. In that case, the base is installed to the rail so that the robot can move from one place to another. For example, a robot can work for a few machine tools, loading and unloading for each machine.

As mentioned earlier, the appendage extending from the base of the robot. The attachment is a robot arm. It can be a linear movable arm, it can be a hinged arm. Articulated arm, also known as articulated arm.

Adjunct manipulator can provide a variety of sports-axis robot. The shaft is connected with the fixed base, which base has been tightened to the rack. This rack can ensure that the

robot is in a position to maintain.

Ends of the arm connected to a wrist. The axis of the wrist and wrist flange by additional components, with the flange of the wrist, the robot according to the different users can work in different tools installed on the wrist.

Axis allows the robot manipulator in a certain area implementation. As mentioned earlier, the region known as the robot work unit, and its scale and size of the corresponding robot. When the robot's physical size increases, the size of the unit of work must also increase. Mechanical hand movements by the driver, or drive system control. Drive or shaft drive system allows the movement in the work unit, drive system using electric, hydraulic or pneumatic power. Drive the energy emitted from a variety of mechanical drive into mechanical power. These drives are joined together by a mechanical linkage. The linkage in turn drive the various robot axes. Mechanical linkage from the sprocket body, composed of gears and ball screws.

Controller

Robot controller is running in the heart. After the memory controller stores used for the pre-programmed information, control peripherals, to communicate it with the factory computer to make the production of constantly updated.

Controller used to control the manipulator motion and the outer parts of the work unit. Staff can use the box to teach hand-delivery actions programmed into the robot controller. This information can be stored in the controller's memory for later recall using the device. Robot controller stores all program data. It can store several different programs, and they can be in any program to be edited.

May also request the work unit controller and peripheral devices to communicate. For example, the controller has an input line, the input line can be identified when a mechanical process to complete. When the mechanical cycle is complete, the input line is connected, it will place orders for the controller to the robot manipulator to pick up the processing of finished parts. Then, the robot then picked up a new part and it is placed into the machine, then, the controller send a signal to the machine to get it started operation.

Mechanical manipulation of the drum controller can be constituted, the work place by order of the drum operation. The controller for a very simple robot system. Seen in most of the robot system controller is a very complex device, which reflects the modern electronic science. In other words, they are manipulated by the micro-information processor. These micro-information processors instead of 8 bits, 16 bits of information that is 32-bit processors. This feature allows the controller to run with very good flexibility.

Controller can send electronic signals through the communication line to issue with the mechanical hand signals to communicate with the axis of the robot manipulator and controller, this two-way communication between the location and operation makes the system constantly revised and updated to maintain the state may The controller can also control the robot wrist in the end installed any tools.

There are different controller computers and factory to carry out the task of communication, the communication network will enable the robot to become computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) part of the system.

According to the basic definition, the robot is a multi-function can be re-programmed robot.

Therefore, the controller must include some form of memory storage, to micro-processor-based information systems are often associated with solid-state memory device with the operation. These memory devices can be magnetic bubbles, random access memory device, soft plastic disk or tape. Each memory storage device programming information can be stored for later recall using the.

Power source

Source of power to the controller and the robot was powered device, there are two types of robot power supply system. Controller for a class of power is power to run the exchange point, and the other is used to drive the robot axes. For example, if the robot manipulator controlled by a hydraulic or pneumatic device, the control signal is sent to these devices to make the robot movement.

Each robot systems require power to drive the robot, this source of power either by hydraulic power, pneumatic power source, power source can also be provided by electricity, the power source is a unit of work the robot parts and equipment in the total part. When the hydraulic power source with and connected to the base manipulator, hydraulic pressure source to produce the hydraulic fluid, the fluid transport of the control components to the robot, so the robot base rotated around the axis.

Pressure air is fed to the robot, the axis along the track in a straight line, the source can also be connected to such a pneumatic drill, it can provide power for the drill rotation. Under normal circumstances, can be obtained from the factory air supply station for the source and make adjustments, and then enter it in the axis manipulator.

AC motor type can also be a DC-style. Controller sends out pulses of the signal was sent to the robot motors. These pulses provide the necessary instructions for the motor information to enable the robot in the robot base rotation.

The three-axis robot for power systems either require the use of feedback control systems, this system will continue to position data for each axis of feedback to the controller.

Each robot system not only need power to start the robot axis, also need power to drive the controller, this dynamic manufacturing environment, the power source can provide. Implementation of end pieces

In most applications where the robot to see implementation of end pieces are connected to the robot wrist flange of a device, end pieces can be used in the production areas of the implementation of many different occasions, for example, it can be used to pick up parts, used for welding, or for painting, the implementation of parts for the robot end system provides the flexibility of the robot must run.

Usually designed to meet the end of the implementation of pieces of the robot users. These components can robot manufacturer or owner of manufacturing robot system.

The implementation of the system end the only thing the robot can be a work into another working parts, for example, are available from the cutting machine is connected with the water, which is used in the automotive production line cutting edge. May also request the robot placed the parts to disk, in this simple process, change the end of the implementation of parts of the robot, the robot can be used for other applications, the implementation of end pieces may change, and then the robot programmed allows the system to have high flexibility.

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编程的机器人还能去掉炸弹的雷管、为残疾者服务以及在我们社会的众多应用中发挥作用。 机器人可被看作将臂端执行工具、传感器以及/或夹爪移动到某个预定位置的一台机器。当机器人到达该位置,它将执行某个任务。该任务可能是焊接、密封、机械装载、机械卸载,或许多装配工作。除了编程以及打开和关闭系统之外,一般情况下,均不需要人们的参与就能完成这类工作。 机器人专业术语 机器人是一台可再编程的多功能机械手,它可通过可编程运动移动零件、物料、工具或特殊装置以执行某种不同任务。由这项定义可导致下面段落中被阐述的其他定义,它们为机器人系统提供了完整的写照。 预编程位置是机器人为了完成工作必须遵循和通过的途径。在这些位置的某点,机器人会停下来并执行某种操作,例如装配零件,喷漆或焊接。这些预编程位置被存储在机器人的记忆装置中供以后继续操作时使用。此外,当工作的要求发生变化时,不仅其他编程数据而且这些预编程位置均可作修改。因此,正由于这种编程的特点,一台工业机器人与一台可存储数据、以及可回忆及编辑的计算机十分相似。 机械手是机器人的手臂,它允许机器人俯仰、伸缩和转动。这种动作是由机械手的轴所提供的,机械手的轴又称为机器人的自由度。一台机器人可以具有3至16根轴。在本人的后面部分,自由度这个术语总与一台机器人轴的数目相关联。 工具及夹爪并非属于机器人系统的本身,它们是装在机器人手臂端部的附件。有了与机器人手臂端部相连接的这些附件,机器人就可以提起零件、点焊、喷漆、弧焊、钻孔、去毛刺,还可以根据所提要求指向各种类型的任务。 机器人系统还可以控制操作机器人的工作单元。机器人工作单元是一种总体环境,在该环境下机器人必须执行赋予它的任务。该单元可包容控制器、机器人的机械手、工作台、安全装置,或输送机。机器人开展工作所需要的所有设备均被包括在这个工作单元中。此外,来自外界装置的信号能够与机器人进行交流,

工业机器人中文翻译

外文资料译文 工业机器人的发展 一、工业机器人是机器人的一种,它由操作机、控制器、伺服驱动系统和检测传感器装置构成,是一种仿人操作自动控制,可重复编程,能在三维空间完成各种作业的机电一体化的自动化生产设备,特别适合于多品种,变批量柔性生产。它对稳定和提高产品质量,提高生产效率,改善劳动条件的快速更新换代起着十分重要的作用。 广泛的应用工业机器人,可以逐步改善劳动条件,更强与可控的生产能力,加快产品更新换代。提高生产效率和保证产品质量,消除枯燥无味的工作,节约劳动力,提供更安全的工作环境,降低工人的劳动强度,减少劳动风险,提高机床的效率,减少工艺过程中的工作量及降低停产时间和库存,提高企业竞争力。 1、关节的类型 下面罗列出在工业机器人手臂上使用的几类关节,机械手臂由其中某种关节组成,或由几种关节复合而成。 (1)回转关节:回转关节允许在两个连杆之间进行转动或旋转运动; (2)柱状关节:柱状关节允许在两个连杆之间进行直线运动; (3)球窝关节:球窝关节允许在两个连杆之间进行三种转动或旋转运动。由于很难驱动,球窝关节在工业机器人上很少使用。 2、机器人的类别 可以把机器人按它们的关节类型分为下列五组,其中距机器人基座最近的那三组关节将决定机器人的类别,其他两组关节给终端执行器以更大的运动柔性。 (1)笛卡尔型 (2)圆柱形 (3)球面型

(4)平面关节型 (5)垂直关节型 3、自由度 机械手臂所具有的“自由度”是定义其关节数的常用术语。每一个关节允许在两个连杆之间进行相对运动,形成一个自由度。若能沿着或绕着两个关节运动时,就是两个自由度,其余依次类推。多数机器人有4-6个自由度。与人相比,从肩膀到手腕,人的胳膊共有7个自由度,这还不包括手,它单独就有22个自由度! 4、机器人的基本组件 机器人系统有一系列基本组件: (1)操作机。 (2)控制器。 (3)动力供给。 (4)终端执行器(夹持器、点焊机、MIG焊机等) 5、驱动装置 操作机的运动由传动器或驱动装置控制,传动器或驱动装置使各轴在工作单元内运动。驱动装置可使用电能、液压能或气压能工作。驱动系统提供的能量通过各种机械驱动装置转换成机械能。各驱动系统用机械联动装置连接起来,而这些联动装置又驱动机器人的各个轴的运动。机械联动装置可由链、齿轮及滚珠丝杠组成。 6、随着科技的不断进步,工业机器人的发展过程可分为三代 第—代为示教再现型机器人,它主要由机器手控制器和示教盒组成,可按预先引导动作记录下信息重复再现执行,当前工业中应用最多。 第二代为感觉型机器人,如有力觉触觉和视觉等,它具有对某些外界信息进行反馈调整的能力,目前已进入应用阶段。 第三代为智能型机器人它具有感知和理解外部环境的能力,在工作环境改变的情况下,也能够成功地完成任务,它尚处于实验研究阶段。 二、美国是机器人的诞生地,早在1961年,美国的Consolidated Control Corp和AMF公司联合研制了第一台实用的示教再现机器人。经过40多年的发展,

汽车变速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道,汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态,此时发出的功率比较大,燃油经济性也比较好。因此,我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是,汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度,这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括,就叫做变速变扭,即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭,而增速又要减扭呢?设发动机输出的功率不变,功率可以表示为 N = w T,其中w是转动的角速度,T是扭距。当N固定的时候,w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭,减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理,分成各个档位对应不同的传动比,以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴,又称三轴式,另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构,输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速,输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比,也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器,它的传动比分别是:1档3.704:1;2档2.202:1;3档1.414:1;4档1:1;5档(超速档)0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上,动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮,1档齿轮带动输出轴,输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上(红色箭头)。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈,输出轴转1圈。

当汽车增速司机选择2档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上,动力传递路线相似,所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1,输入轴转2.2圈,输出轴转1圈,比1档转速增加,扭矩降低。 当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时,拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置,又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上,使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮,通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1,输入轴转1.7圈,输出轴转1圈,是进一步的增速。 当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时,拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合,动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴,此时传动比1:1,即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴,又称直接档,该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。 换档时要先进入空档,变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上,它们不能带动输出轴转动,没有动力输出。 一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1-4档,通常设计者首先确定最低(1档)与最高(4档)传动比后,中间各档传动比一般按等比级数分配。另外,还有倒档和超速档,超速档又称为5档。 当汽车要加速超过同向汽车时司机选择5档,典型5档传动比是0.87:1,也就是用大齿轮带动小齿轮,当主动齿轮转0.87圈时,被动齿轮已经转完1圈了。 倒档时输出轴要向相反方向旋转。如果一对齿轮啮合时大家反向旋转,中间加上一个齿轮就会变成同向旋转。利用这个原理,倒档就要添加一个齿轮做“媒介”,将轴的转动方向调转,因此就有了一根倒档轴。倒档轴独立装在变速器壳内,与中间轴平行,当轴上齿轮分别与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合时,输出轴转向会相反。

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