2017年考研汉语言文学试题及答案
2017年北华大学自主招生考研试题——现代汉语一名词解释（15 分）
1、现代汉民族共同语言：
是指以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言、以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的普通话。
2、调类
就是声调的分类，是按照声调的实际读法归纳出来的，调值相同的归为一个调类。声调的种类，就是把调值相同的字归纳在一起所建立的类。古汉语分为平上去入四个调类，现代汉语普通话分为阴平，阳平，上声，去声四个调类。调类一般用五音标记法来表示。阴平55，阳平35，上声214，去声51
3、部件汉字合体字中由一个以上的笔画构成的可以独立书写的组字
单位。
大部分的汉字是由若干组笔画结构拼合而成的，这些相对独立的笔画结构称为「部件」。部件是大于基本笔画（例如：点、横、撇、捺等）而小于或等同于偏旁的结构单位。
4、单纯词
由一个语素构成的词语叫做单纯词
5、同位短语
又叫复指短语，多由两部分组成，前后各部分词语不同，但复指同一个事物。
二、简答（40 分）
1、简述语音的社会属性
语音的社会属性是语音的本质属性。语音的社会属性表现在多方面。1 、从语音的地方特征和民族特征来看，普通话有翘舌音，而方言却没有;英语有齿间音，汉语却没有。2 、从语音表示意义的社会性来看，用什么声音跟表示什么意义没有必然的联系，而是随着社会不同而不同，由全体社会成员约定俗成。同样的语音形式可用来表示不同的意义，同样一个意义又可以有多种语音形式。3 、从语音的系统性来看，汉语里送气、不送气区别词义，英语不能; 英语里清音、浊音区别词义，汉语普通话不能; 语音的组合上，汉语的l 只在音节开头出现，英语既可以在开头，也可以在末尾。
2、举例简述四种造字法
⑴ 所谓象形法，就是描绘实物的形状或特征的一种造字法。象形字当中，也有一些不是直接用来表示具体实物，而是用来表示与实物有关的概念。例如: “大”字，原来是像一个正面直立的人的形状，手足展开，就表示“大”的意思了。这种从名词推广到形容词的造字法，是后来发展出来的。象形字虽然起源最早，但数量却最少。因为宇宙间的事物很多，不可能按每一事物的特征都造一个象形字，很多抽象的概念根本画不出来，而且即使画得出，这种依样画葫芦的造字法也太笨了。后来为了克服象形字的局限性，以适应社会发展的需要，就又发明了另一种造字法-- 指事法。⑵ 所谓指事法，就是用象征性的符号或在图形上加上指示性符号来表示意义的造字法。这种造字法大体上可分为两类:一类是单纯性的符
号，即不成图形的符号（成了图形，就是象形字了) 。另一类是附合在图形上的符号。用指事法造字，这是汉字从象形发展到表意的第一步。但这种方法还不能普遍地应用到很多的事物上，而且作为符号的点、横等跟其他笔画混在一起不容易分辨，于是我们的祖先又想出了一个办法，用几个图画合起来表示一个意思，即会意法。
⑶ 所谓会意法，就是把两个或两个以上的字，按意义合起来表示一个新的意义的造字法。汉字发展到这一步，还不能满足表示的需要。因为有些意思画三四个图还不能解决问题。要是画五六个或七八个图才能解决问题，那就不像一个字，倒像是一幅年画了。要是真的这样，那今天我们写起来多麻烦啊，写一篇短短的文章，就等于编一本厚厚的连环画了。我们的祖先有着无穷的智慧，他们想到了文字是记录说话的，说话跟声音有关，那么文字是不是可以把声音记下来呢?于是就又发明了形声字。⑷ 所谓形声法，就是由形旁和声旁拼合而成的造字法。
3、多义词和同音词的关系
多义词的特征是意义虽多，但都有关联。打人的打与打毛衣的打都是手的动作，井深与书很深是比喻义的关系。这些都是有关联的。从本质来说，还是同一个词。而同音词，意义是完全不同的，也没有关系。如眼花与一朵花，开会与会外语。意义完全无关。从本质来说，是不同的两个词。
多义词和同音词的共同之处在于它们都是以一个语音形式来表示多个意义。区别在于：多义词的各个意义之间有着内在的联系，同音
词的意义之间没有任何联系。多义词是一个词兼有几个互相联系的
意义，是词义的一种聚合方式，而同音词则是两个或几个不同的词，与词义的聚合没有直接的关系。
4、状态补语和可能补语的异同状态是指某种结果形态状况的补充。如喝酒，喝得高兴。（喝酒本身是动作，绝非“动作呈现的状态”）。通常，状态补语大多在动作过程与补充成分之间能加“得”。
可能补语，属于一种判断性补充。例如：毒药吃不得。“不得” 不是吃毒药的结果，仅仅是一种判断。写得（不）完、听得（不）懂、出得（不）去等，都是一种判断，属于可能补语。
三、论述（20 分）上声的变调情况？上声单念或在词语末尾的时候，读单字调，在下列两种情况下变调：
1. 上声在上声音节前，前一个上声音节调值一般由[214] 变
为
[35] （阳平）：
野草了解演讲友好领导上声音节的这种变调，实际上是异化音变。两个上声相连，读起来拗口、不方便，因此前一个上声异化，调值读成[35] 。
2．在非上声声调之前，上声音节调值由214变为21（半
上）。如：首都祖国海报解放上声的调型是降升调，有
两个阶段，先降后升，过程较长。
在阴平、阳平、去声之前，由于连读和语速的影响，上声只降不升。
实际上只是读出了上声的前一个阶段。
3．在轻声音节前，上声有两种变调现象：
（1）上声在非上声转化来的轻声前念半上。例如：
我的怎么仿佛
两个尾巴里头
（2）上声在上声转化来的轻声前念阳平或念半上。例如：
小鬼可以水里手脚等等（念阳平）
老子耳朵椅子嫂嫂马虎（念半上）
上声在轻声音节前的变调大致可以看成是由上声在非上声
前
的变调规律派生出来的
普通话三音节、四音节甚至更多音节连读时，如果其中包括上声音节，一般先分段，结构更紧密的为一段，最后再根据上述规律变调。
三个音节都是上声，变调就可能稍微复杂一些，一般可根据词语的内部结构情况来确定上声的变读。常见的有三种形式：
（1）三个音节为并列结构，不分主次轻重，变读为：阳平＋阳平＋上声。
水火土早午晚甲乙丙稳准狠（2）相连的三个上声音节，其内部结构是双单格，变读形式为：阳平+阳平+上声。这种情况下，前两个上声音节的词语往往修饰或限制
后一个上声音节，整个结构一般偏正结构。例如：展览馆选举法跑马场表演奖
（3）相连的三个上声音节，其内部结构是单双格，变读形式为：半上+阳平+上声。这种情况下，第一个上声音节往往重读，整个结构一般是偏正结构。例如：
老古董纸老虎马导演小老虎老酒鬼
一连串上声音节相连，先根据词语结构和语意适当分组，再按以上规律去读（这种情况有时要根据句子表达的需要而读，不一定死板地套规律。）
我很理解李导演。请你给我买两把纸雨伞。
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Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter. In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 . “Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually 14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feelin g that others are there to help 16 difficulty.” Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology. 1．[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout 2．[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior 3．[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host 4．[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep 5．[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D] affecting 6．[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on 7．[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted 8．[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out 9．[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined 10．[A] served [B] required [C] restored [D] explained 11．[A] Even [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Thus 12．[A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] tests [D] errors 13．[A] minimized [B] highlighted [C] controlled [D] increased
2017年考研英语一试题及答案解析
2017年考研英语一试题 Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!"_____（1）helping you feel close and _____（2）to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a _____（3）of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you _____（4）getting sick this winter. In a recent study _____（5）over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_____（6）the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being_____（7）to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come_____（8）with a cold, and the researchers_____（9）that the stress-reducing effects of hugging _____（10）about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. _____（11）among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe_____（12）. "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the _____（13）risk for colds that's usually _____（14）with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie, Hugging " is a marker of intimacy and help _____（15）the feeling that others are there to help_____（16）difficulty." Some experts_____（17）the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone"_____（18）it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it _____（19）in the brain, where it _____（20）mood, behavior and physiology. 1. A．Besides B．Unlike C．Throughout D．Despite 2. A．equal B．restricted C．connected D．inferior 3. A．view B．host C．lesson D．choice 4. A．avoid B．forget C．recall D．keep 5. A．collecting B．affecting C．guiding D．involving 6. A．on B．in C．at D．of 7. A．devoted B．attracted C．lost D．exposed 8. A．along B．across C．down D．out 9. A．imagined B．denied C．doubted D．calculated 10.A．served B．restored C．explained D．required 11.A．Thus B．Still C．Rather D．Even 12.A．defeats B．symptoms C．errors D．tests 13.A．highlighted B．increased C．controlled D．minimized
2017年考研英语一真题及答案
2017年考研英语一真题及答案 Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!"_____（1）helping you feel close and_____（2）to people you care about,it turns out that hugs can bring a_____（3）of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not,a warm embrace might even help you_____（4）getting sick this winter. In a recent study_____（5）over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_____（6）the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being_____（7）to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come_____（8）with a cold, and the researchers_____（9）that the stress-reducing effects of hugging_____（10）about 32 percent of that beneficial effect._____（11）among those who got a cold,the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe_____（12）. "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the_____（13）risk for colds that's usually_____（14）with stress,"notes Sheldon Cohen,a professor of psychology at Carnegie,Hugging"is a marker of intimacy and help_____（15）the feeling that others are there to help_____（16）difficulty." Some experts_____（17）the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called"the bonding hormone"_____（18）it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it_____（19）in the brain, where it_____（20）mood, behavior and physiology. 1. A．Besides B．Unlike C．Throughout D．Despite 2. A．equal B．restricted C．connected D．inferior 3. A．view B．Host C．lesson D．choice 4. A．avoid B．forget C．recall D．keep 5. A．collecting B．affecting C．guiding D．involving 6. A．on B．in C．at D．of 7. A．devoted B．attracted C．lost D．exposed 8. A．along B．across C．down D．out 9. A．imagined B．denied C．doubted D．calculated 10. A．served B．Restored C．explained D．required 11. A．Thus B．Still C．Rather D．Even 12. A．defeats B．symptoms C．errors D．tests 13. A．Highlighted B．increased C．controlled D．minimized 14. A．Presented B．equipped C．associated D．compared 15. A．assess B．Generate C．moderate D．record
2017年考研英语真题与翻译
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding ―yes!‖ 1 helping you feel close and 2to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter. In a recent study5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8with a cold,and the researchers9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe12. ―Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,‖ notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging ―is a marker of intimacy and helps15 the feeling that others are there to help16difficulty.‖ Some experts 17the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called ―the bonding hormone‖18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.