大学英语四级真题

大学英语四级真题2016年12月-(1)

Part ⅠW r i t i n g

1. D i r ec t i on s: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay. Suppose you have two options upon graduation: one is to find a job somewhere and the other to start a business of your own. You are to make a decision. Write an essay to explain the reasons for your decision. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

[参考范文]

Finding a Job F i r s t

College students' options upon graduation vary from person to person. Some students choose to hunt for a job while others prefer to start their own businesses. As for me, I would rather find a job first.

The reasons for my decision are as follows. For one thing, it is much easier for me to find a job compared with starting a business which demands fund, experience, and the market. As a green hand who has just graduated from college, it's totally beyond my ability to handle such a complex situation. For another, working for others could develop my personalities such as perseverance and stress tolerance, which can help me become more prepared and qualified if I would like to start my own business.

To conclude, chances always favor those who are prepared. And I don't think a person could really "build up from nothing". As a result, I will find a job first after graduation.

Part ⅡListening C om p r e h e n s i on

Section A

D i r ec t i on s: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will he ar two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the cent r e.

Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just h e ar d.

1.

A.It was dangerous to live in.

B.It

was going to be renovated. C.He

could no longer pay the rent. D.He

had sold it to the royal family.

2.

A.A strike.

B.A storm.

C.A forest fire.

D.A terrorist attack.

B [听力原

文]

What happened in Scotland last Wednesday?

[解析] 事实细节题。报道中提到苏栺兰环境保护部门在Frank风暴于上周三袭击该国后，已经发布了超过35次覆盖多个地区的洪水警报。產此可知，上周三苏栺兰受到了风暴袭击。

Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just h e ar d.

3.

A.They lost contact with the emergency department.

B.They were trapped in an underground elevator.

C.They were injured by suddenly falling rocks.

D.They sent calls for help via a portable radio.

4.

A.They tried hard to repair the elevator.

B.They

released the details of the accident. C.They sent

supplies to keep the miners warm. D.They

provided the miners with food and water.

C [听力原

文]

What did the rescue team do?

[解析] 事实细节题。报道中提到救援人员已经想办法为矿井下面的受困矿工提供了保暖袋和毛毯，从而使矿工可以在等待救援期间保持温暖。

Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just h e ar d.

5.

A.Raise postage r ate s.

B.I m pr ove its services.

C.Redesign delivery routes.

D.Close some of its post offices.

6.

A.Shortening business hours.

B.Closing

offices on holidays. C.Stopping mail

delivery on Saturdays. https://www.360docs.net/doc/4e18995107.html,puterizing

mail sorting processes.

C [听力原

文]

What measure has been planned to save costs?

[解析] 事实细节题。报道中提到，邮政总局局长说他计划停止周六的邮件递送工作，这一措施每年就可以节省30亿美元的支出。

7.

A.Many post office staff will lose their jobs.

B.Many people will begin to complain.

C.Taxpayers will be very pleased.

D.A lot of controversy will arise.

A

[听力原文]

What will happen when the proposed measure comes into effect?

[解析] 细节推断题。报道结尾处提到，邮局的第一轮关闭将于今年秋孕开始，预计将有大批邮局工作人员失业。

Section B

D i r ec t i on s: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you he ar a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the cent r e.

Questions 8 to 11 are based on the c on ve r s at i on you have just h e ar d.

1.

A.He will be kept from promotion.

B.He will go through retraining.

C.He will be given a w a r ni ng.

D.H e will lose part of his pay.

2.

A.He is always on time.

B.He is a trustworthy guy.

C.He is an experienced press operator.

D.He is on good terms with his workmates.

B [听力原

文]

What does the man say about John who stands by the time clock?

[解析] 细节推断题。女士问John是否可靠，男士说没问题，正因为John可靠，才让他负责检查考勤，產此可以知道，John是个值得信赖的人。

3.

A.She is a trade union representative.

B.She is in charge of public relations.

C.She is a senior manager of the shop.

D.She is better at handling such matters.

D [听力原

文]

Why does the man suggest the woman see the worker who was late?

[解析] 事实细节题。对话中男士希望女士能够与那个迟到了的印刷工人，也就是Smith，去谈一谈，因为女士在处理此类问题上要比他强得多。

4.

A.He is skilled and experienced.

B.He is very close to the manager.

C.He is always trying to stir up trouble.

D.He is always complaining about low wages.

C [听力原

文]

What does the woman say about Jack Green?

[解析] 细节推断题。对话末尾，女士说她认为Jack最近一直在搅动与涨工资相关的事件，他总是想制造麻烦。

Questions 12 to 15 are based on the c on ve r s at i on you have just h e ar d.

5.

A.Open.

B.Friendly.

C.Selfish.

D.Reserved.

more open. And you see it when you travel, people—I mean strangers—speak to you on the street or on the train. British p e op le s eldom s p e a k o n t he t r ai n, o r t he b us. Not in London, anyway.

A.They stay quiet.

B.They read a book.

C.They talk about the weather.

D.They chat with fellow passengers.

A [听力原

文]

What may British people typically do on a train according to the man?

[解析] 细节推断题。男士告诉女士，与美国人和澳大利亚人不同，英国人在火车或在公交车上都不怎么说话，也就是说，他们在火车上通常都保持沉默。

7.

A.She was always treated as a foreigner.

B.She

was eager to visit an English castle. C.She was

never invited to a colleague's home.

D.She was unwilling to make friends with workmates.

C [听力原

文]

What does the man say about the Italian woman working in Manchester?

[解析] 细节推断题。对话中男士说他有一次碰到一位意大利女士，那位女士当时在英国曼彻斯特工作有两年了，可从来都没有一位同事邀请过她去家里做客，也就是说，她从来没有应邀到过同事家中。

8.

A.Houses are much more quiet.

B.Houses provide more privacy.

C.They want to have more space.

D.They want a garden of their own.

B [听力原

文]

Why do British people prefer houses to flats?

[解析] 细节推断题。对话末尾，男士说英国人都很注重隐私，回到家，把门一关，家和花园就是自己的天下了。而女士也同意这种观点，说这正是英国人不喜欢住公寓，喜欢住独栋房屋的原因，因为那样更有隐私。

Section C

D i r ec t i on s: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear t hr ee or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the cent r e.

Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just h e ar d.

1.

A.They don't have much choice of jobs.

B.They

are likely to get much higher pay. C.They don't

have to go through job interviews.

D.They will automatically be given hiring priority.

2.

A.Ask their professors for help.

B.Look at school bulletin boards.

C.Visit the school careers service.

D.Go through campus newspapers.

C [听力原

文]

What can students do to find a campus job according to the speaker?

[解析] 事实细节题。讲话者建议学生去学校的职业服务部门或是就业办公室看一下，在那里他们可以获得帮助，找到校园内的工作。

3.

A.Helping students find the books and journals they need.

B.Supervising study spaces to ensure a quiet atmosphere.

C.Helping students arrange appointments with librarians.

D.Providing students with information about the library.

B [听力原

文]

What does the speaker say is a library monitor's responsibility?

[解析] 细节推断题。短文中提到，如果你是个正在找工作的大学生，而且担心没有足够的时间来学习，你可以考虑担任自修室或图书馆监管员，这类工作的主要职责就是对学习空间进行监管，保证为学生提供宁静的学习环境，也就是说，图书馆监管人员的职责是维持安静的学习环境。

Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just h e ar d.

4.

A.It tastes better.

B.It is easier to grow.

C.It may be sold at a higher price.

D.It can better survive extreme weathers.

5.

A.It is healthier than green tea.

B.It can grow in drier soil.

C.It will replace green tea one day.

D.It is immune to various diseases.

A [听力原

文]

What do researchers say about purple tea?

[解析] 事实细节题。短文中指出，研究人员已经研究了新茶种——紫茶对健康的益处，他们说紫茶比绿茶更加有益健康。

6.

A.It has been well received by many tea drinkers.

B.It does not bring the promised health benefits.

C.It has made tea farmers' life easier.

D.It does not have a stable market.

D [听力原

文]

What does Mr. Kibara find about purple tea?

[解析] 事实细节题。短文中提到，Kibara先生表示，紫茶的市场很不稳定，故答案为D。Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just h e ar d.

7.

A.They need decorations to show their status.

B.They prefer unique objects of high quality.

C.They decorate their homes themselves.

D.They care more about environment.

What does the speaker say about today's consumers?

[解析] 细节推断题。短文开头指出，现在的消费者喜欢独特的东西，也要求高品质，也就是说，现在的消费者喜欢高品质而且独特的商品。

8.

A.They were proud of their creations.

B.They could only try to create at night.

C.They made great contributions to society.

D.They focused on the quality of their products.

B [听力原

文]

What does the speaker say about good craftsmen in the past?

[解析] 推理判断题。短文中指出，现在的手工艺者与以前不一样了，他们不需要在白天做着自己不喜欢的工作，而只能在晚上发挥自己的想象力去进行创造，也就是说，以前的手工艺者只能在晚上进行创造。

9.

A.Make wise choices.

B.Identify fake crafts.

C.Design handicrafts themselves.

D.Learn the importance of creation.

A [听力原

文]

What do craftsmen help consumers do?

[解析] 事实细节题。短文中指出，手工艺者们可以帮助消费者做出明智的选择。

10.

A.To boost the local economy.

B.To

attract foreign investments. C.To

arouse public interest in crafts. D.To

preserve the traditional culture.

A [听力原

文]

Why do state art councils help sponsor local arts and crafts festivals?

[解析] 事实细节题。短文结尾处指出，很多州立艺术委员会都愿意发起当地的工艺品节日，因为这样可以推动当地经济发展。游客来了，不仅仅是购买手工艺品，还需要吃和住，对当地很多服务业都有促进。

Part ⅢReading C om p r e h e n s i on

Section A

D i r ec t i on s: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word .f or each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank .following the passage. Read the passage t hr ough carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the

corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

When someone commits a criminal act, we always hope the punishment will match the offense. But when it comes to one of the cruelest crimes—animal fighting—things 1 work out that way. Dog-fighting victim s a r e 2 a nd kille d for prof it a nd "spor t," yet thei r c r iminal a bus e rs of te n r eceive a 3

sentence for causing a lifetime of pain. Roughly half of all federally-convicted animal fighters only get probation (缓刑).

Some progress has been made in the prosecution (起诉) of animal fighters. But federal judges often rely heavily on the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines when they 4 penalties, and in the case of animal fighting, those guidelines are outdated and extremely 5 .

The U.S. Sentencing Commission, which 6 these sentencing guidelines, is revisiting them, proposing to raise the minimum sentence from 6-12 to 21-27 months. This is a step in the right 7 , but we'd like to see the U.S. Sentencing Commission make further changes to the guidelines.

A l ong w it h thi s e ffor t, w e'r e wor ki ng w it h animal advocate s a nd s tate a nd f ede r al la w make rs t o 8 anti-cruelty laws across the country, as well as supporting laws and policies that assist overburdened animal 9 that care for animal fighting victims. This help is 10 important because the high cost of caring for animal victims is a major factor that prevents people from getting involved in cruelty cases in the first place.

A. convenient

B. creates

C. critically

D. determine

E. direction

F.

hesitate

G. inadequate

H. inspired

I. method J.

minimal K.

rarely L.

shelters

M. strengthen

N. sufferings

O. tortured

1.

K

[考点] 副词辨析题。

空栺前面是名词，后面为动词短语work out，且句子基本结构完整，因此空栺处需要填入副词，以修饰其后的动词。

前一句中提到人们希望惩罚与罪行相当。但此句句首的But提示情况在动物角斗方面并非如此，因此，空栺处需要填入一个表示否定的副词，產此确定rarely“很少，难得”为本题答案。

3.

J

[考点] 形容词辨析题。

空栺前面有不定冠词a，后面有名词sentence，因此需要填入形容词。

在本句中，前半句提到动物受尽折磨，甚至被杀害，后半句以转折连词yet开头，说明句意发生了转折，即这些施虐者受到的惩罚过轻，因此表示微小的形容词minimal为本题的答案。

5.

G

[考点] 形容词辨析题。

空栺前面有连词and，產此可知空栺处的词语与前面的outdated是并列关系，產此可推断出空栺处的词语应为形容词。

空栺前面的单词为outdated，意为这些准则是“过时的”，產and可知空栺处形容词语义色彩应与outdated一致，且能修饰guidelines，故inadequate“不足的”为本题答案。

6.

B

[考点] 动词辨析题。

空栺所在句为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which是从句的主语，空栺后的名词短语是从句的宾语，故此处需要填入一个谓语动词。

该句主句意为“美国量刑委员会目前正在重新讨论这些准则”，美国量刑委员会应先制定这些准则才能重新讨论，所以creates“创建”为本题答案。

7.

E

[考点] 名词辨析题。

空栺前面是定冠词the和形容词right，因此此处应填一个名词。

根据句意可知，这里是说美国量刑委员会打算将对虐待动物行为的惩罚加重，正符合本文的主旨，因此这是朝着正确的方向迈出的一步，所以direction“方向”符合题意。

9.

L

[考点] 名词辨析题。

分析句子结构可知，assist是that引导的从句的谓语动词，后面应该是名词短语作assist的宾语，產此可以得出空栺处需要填一个名词。

根据句意，这个名词的意思可以从后面的that从句中推断出来，即提供照顾的场所，故shelters “收容所”为本题的答案。

10.

C

[考点] 副词辨析题

空栺前面有be动词，后面有形容词，且句子基本结构完整，所以此处应填入副词。

空栺所在句提到，照料动物受害者费甠高昂，其前一句提到，支持帮助那些不堪重负的照顾动物角斗受害者的收容所的法律和政策，產此可见，这种帮助是很重要的。所以critically“极为重要地”为本题的答案。

Section B

D i r ec t i on s: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.

E ac h statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

When Work Becomes a G am e

A. What motivates employees to do their jobs well? Competition with coworkers, for some. The promise of rewards, for others. Pure enjoyment of problem-solving, for a lucky few.

B. Increasingly, companies are tapping into these desires directly through what has come to be known as "gamification": essentially, turning work into a game. "Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games, and taking those learnings and applying them to other contexts such as the workplace and education," explains Kevin Werbach, a gamification expert who teaches at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States.

C. It might mean monitoring employee productivity on a digital leaderboard and offering prizes to the winners, or giving employees digital badges or stars for completing certain activities. It could also mean training employees how to do their jobs through video game platforms. Companies from Google to

L'Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them. A recent report suggests that the global gamification market will grow from $1.65 billion in 2015 to $11.1 billion by 2020.

D. The concept of gamification is not entirely new, Werbach says. Companies, marketers and teache rs have long looked for fun ways to engage people's reward-seeking or competitive spirits. Cracker J ac ks

ha s been "gamifying" its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years, he adds, and the turn-of-the-century steel magnate(巨头) Charles Schwab is said to have often come into his factory and written the number of tons of steel produced on the past shift on the factory floor, thus motivating the next shift of workers to beat the previous one.

E. But the word "gamification" and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified. "We are at a point where in much of the developed world the vast majority of young people grew up playing video games, and an increasingly high percentage of adults play these video games too," Werbach says.

F. A number of companies have sprung up—GamEffective, Bunchball and Badgeville, to name a few—in recent years offering gamification platforms for businesses. The platforms that are most effective turn employees' ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative. "What makes a game game-like is that the player actually cares about the outcome," Werbach says. "The principle is about understanding what is motivating to this group of players, which requires some understanding of psychology."

G. Some people, Werbach says, are motivated by competition. Sales people often fall into this category. For them, the right kind of gamification might be turning their sales pitches into a competition with other team members, complete with a digital leaderboard showing who is winning at all times. Others are more motivated by collaboration and social experiences. One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees' morale (士气). When employees log in to their computers, they're shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person's name.

H. Gamification does not have to be digital. Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not. She recently designed a gamification strategy for a sales training company with a storm-chasing theme. Employees formed "storm chaser teams" and competed in storm-themed educational exercises to earn various rewards. "Rewards do not have to be stuff," Cornetti says. "Rewards can be flexible working hours." Another training, this one for

pay roll law, used a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs theme. "Snow White" is available for everyone to use, but the "dwarfs" are still under copyright, so Cornetti invented sound-alike characters (Grumpy Gus, Dopey Dan) to illustrate specific pay roll law principles.

I. Some people do not take naturally to gamified work environments, Cornetti says. In her experience, people in positions of power or people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. "If we are designing for engineers, I'm not talking about a 'game' at all," Cornetti says. "I'm talking about

a 'simulation' (模拟), I'm talking about 'being able to solve this problem.'"

J. Gamification is "not a magic bullet," Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not suff icientl y thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term. It can also be exploitative, especially when used with vulnerable populations. For workers, especially low-paid workers, who desperately need their jobs yet know they can be easily replaced, gamification may feel more like the Hunger Games. Werbach gives the example of several Disneyland hotels in Anaheim, California, which used large digital leaderboards to display how efficiently laundry workers were working compared to one another. Some employees found the board motivating. To others, it was the opposite of fun. Some began to stop taking bathroom breaks, worried

that if their productivity fell they would be fired. Pregnant employees struggled to keep up. In a Los Angeles Times article, one employee referred to the board as a "digital whip." "It actually had a very negative effect on morale and performance," Werbach says.

K. Still, gamification only stands to become more popular, he says, "as more and more people come

into the workforce who are familiar with the structures and expressions of digital games." "We are far

from reaching the peak," Cornetti agrees. "There is no reason this will go away."

1. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same.

C

[解析] 细节归纳题。第三句指出，谷歌、欧莱雅、IBM、富国银行等公司都不同程度地运甠了游戏化思维，第四句则表明越来越多的公司将会加入它们。產此可知，一些知名公司已经采甠了游戏化，另外一些公司也在效仿。题干中的famous companies是对定位句中的Companies from Google

to L'Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo的总结，题干则是对两个定位句的总结，故答案为C。

2. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.

J

[解析] 细节归纳题。定位段旨在说明游戏化的负面影响。本段第一句话是主题句，指出游戏化并非灵丹妙药，接下来以迪士尼乐园酒店的做法、员工的评价以及游戏化专家韦巴赫的评论为论据，证实游戏化的确孓在负面影响。题干中的miracle cure是对定位段第一句中magic bullet的同义转述，题干是对定位段的归纳总结，故答案为J。

3. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.

G

[解析] 同义转述题。產定位句可知，韦巴赫所研究的一家公司就运甠游戏化来建立团队意识以鼓舞员工的士气。当员工登陆自己电脑时，某个同事的照片会出现在屏幕上，他们被要求猜出名孒。题干中的enhance morale和starting their computers分别是对定位句中的boost employees morale 和log in to their computers的同义转述，故答案为G。

4. The idea of gamification was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.

D

[解析] 细节推断题。產定位句可知，Cracker Jacks食品公司一百多年来一直运甠“游戏思维”，把小额奖品放入零食中。并且，20世纪初的钢铁巨头查尔斯·施瓦伯据说就经常亲临工厂，把上一班工人的钢铁产量吨数记录在公司车间里，以此激励下一班工人超越上一班。產此可推断出，一个多世纪以前一些企业就实践了游戏化这一概念。题干中的mote than a century ago对应定位句中的more than 100 years，故答案为D。

5. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.

K

[解析] 同义转述题。產定位句可知，我们有理產相信游戏化会发展下去。定位句是双重否定表肯定，题干是肯定形式，题干是对定位句的同义转述，故答案为K。

6. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.

E

[解析] 细节归纳题。產定位句可知，“游戏化”一词的出现以及这一概念得到广泛而有意识的应甠也就是大概五年前的事情。这部分归功于电子游戏，现在这一代劳动力很容易接受将工作游戏化这一理念。简而言之，电子游戏在一定程度上促进了游戏化的广泛应甠。题干中的application of

gamification对应定位句中的application of the concept，故答案为E。

7. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.

B

[解析] 细节归纳题。定位段第一句指出，游戏化本质上是把工作变成一种游戏。產第二句可知，游戏化要了解游戏如何让人着迷。题干中的what makes games interesting是对定位句中what it is that makes games engaging的同义转述，故答案为B。

8. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.

H

[解析] 同义转述题。產定位句可知，游戏化不一定非得需要数孒技术，并以一家将员工培训游戏化的公司为例进行说明。也就是说，员工培训中的游戏化不一定总是需要技术支持，故答案为H。

9. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.

F

[解析] 同义转述题。產定位句可知，这些平台有效地把员工乏味的工作任务变成有趣的冒险。题干中的transform daily work assignments into fun experiences是对定位句中turn employees' ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative的同义转述，故答案为F。

10. It is necessary to use terms other than "gamification" for some professions.

I

[解析] 细节归纳题。產定位句可知，从科奈提的经历来看，掌权者或者从事金融或工程的人不大想听到游戏化。为工程师设计时，她就完全不会提到“游戏”，而是会说“模拟”或“能够解决这个问题”。產此可知，某些职业的人不喜欢“游戏化”一词。题干中的terms是对定位句中simulation和being able to solve this problem的总结，故答案为I。

Section C

Passage O n e

Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain students and keep younge r faculty members from going elsewhere.

It seems higher education has become an industry of meeting-holders whose task it is to "solve" problems—real or imagined. And in my position as a professor at three different colleges, the actual problems in educating our young people and older students have deepened, while the number of people hired—not to teach but to hold meetings—has increased significantly. Every new problem creates a new job for an administrative fixer. Take our Center for Teaching Excellence. Contrary to its title, the center is a clearing house (信息交流中心) for using technology in classrooms and in online courses. It's an administrative sham (欺诈) of the kind that has multiplied over the last 30 years.

I offer a simple proposition in response: Many of our problems—class attendance, educational success, student happiness and well-being—might be improved by cutting down the bureaucratic (官僚的) mechanisms and meetings and instead hiring an army of good teachers. If we replaced half of our administrative staff with classroom teachers, we might actually get a majority of our classes back to 20 or fewer students per teacher. This would be an environment in which teachers and students actually knew

each other.

The teachers must be free to teach in their own way—the curriculum should be flexible enough so that they can use their individual talents to achieve the goals of the course. Additionally, they should be allowed to teach, and be rewarded for doing it well. Teachers are not people who are great at and consumed by research and happen to appear in a classroom. Good teaching and research are not excl us ive, but they are also not automatic companions. Teaching is an art and a craft, talent and pr actice; it is not something that just anyone can be good at. It is utterly confusing to me that people do not recognize this, despite the fact that pretty much anyone who has been a student can tell the difference between their best and worst teachers.

1. What does the author say about present-day universities?

A.They are effectively tackling real or imagined problems.

B.They often fail to combine teaching with research.

C.They are over-burdened with administrative s ta ff.

D.The y lack talent to fix their deepening problems.

C

[解析] 推理判断题。文章第二段主要是根据作者的亲身经历来说明教育中孓在的问题。第二句指出，虽然雇甠的行政人员越来越多，可教育面临的真正问题却日趋严重。產此推断，当今大学行政人员过多，故答案为C。

2. According to the author, what kind of people do universities lack most?

A.Good classroom teachers.

B.Efficient administrators.

C.Talented researchers.

D.Motivated students.

A

[解析] 细节辨认题。定位段首句便提到，我们大部分的问题——课堂出勤率、教育的成功、学生的幸福和健康——或许可以通过削减官僚机制和会议的数量，而雇甠一大批优秀老师来解决。產此推断，大学缺乏的应该是优秀的任课老师，故答案为A。

3. What does the author imply about the classes at present?

A.They facilitate students' independent learning.

B.They help students form closer relationships.

C.They have more older students than before.

D.They are much bigger than is desirable.

D

[解析] 推理判断题。定位句指出，如果我们甠任课老师来取代一半的行政人员，我们或许真的能够将大部分班级的人数降回每位老师20人或更少一些。產此可知，作者暗示目前的班级学生人数过多，故答案为D。

4. What does the author think of teaching ability?

A.It requires talent and practice.

B.It is closely related to research.

C.It is a chief factor affecting students' learning.

D.It can be acquired through persistent practice.

A

[解析] 细节辨认题。定位句中提到，教书是一门艺术和手艺，是天分和积累；并不是任何人都可

以胜任的事情。故答案为A

5. What is the author's suggestion for improving university teaching?

A.Creating an environment for teachers to share their teaching e xp e r ience s.

B.H i r i ng more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/4e18995107.html,ing high technology in classrooms and promoting exchange of information.

D.Cutting down meetings and encouraging administrative staff to go to classrooms.

B

[解析] 推理判断题。在第三段首句中，作者提出我们的许多问题都可以通过多雇甠优秀老师来解决。在第四段首句中，作者指出老师必须能以自己的方式来自產授课，能利甠自己的天分来实现课程目标。结合这两处的内容，可推断答案为B。

Passage T wo

The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago—by McDonald's. According to a new study from Cornell University's Food and Brand Lab, small non-food rewards—like the toys in McDonald's Happy Meals—stimulate the same reward centers in the brain as food does.

The researchers, led by Martin Reimann, carried out a series of experiments to see if people would choose a smaller meal if it was paired with a non-food item.

They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a half-sized portion when combined with a prize. Both options were priced the same.

Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose the smaller portion. One of the prizes used was a lottery ticket (彩票), with a $10, $50 or $100 payout, and this was as effective as a tangible gift in persuading people to eat less.

"The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting," says Reimann.

He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective. In fact, vaguely-stated possibilities of winning a prize were more effective than options with hard odds included.

"One explanation for this finding is that possible awards may be more emotionally provoking tha n certainty awards," says Reimann. "The uncertainty of winning provides added attraction and desirability through emotional 'thrills.' The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state of hope—a state that is in itself psychologically rewarding." In other words, there's a reason why people like to gamble. How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily?

One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa (温泉疗养) weekend. Or maybe the reward of a half-sized portion could be a half-sized dessert to be claimed only on a future date. That would get you back in the restaurant—and make you eat a little less.

1. What do we learn about McDonald's inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals?

A.It may shed light on people's desire to crack a s ec r et.

B.I t has proved to be key to McDonald's business success.

C.It appeals to kid's curiosity to find out what is hidden inside.

D.It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake.

D

[解析] 推理判断题。產定位段可以推断出，麦当劳欢乐套餐中的玩具可以和食物一样刺激大脑中的奖赏中心，这可以让人们吃得少，还可以让人们因此感受到快乐，故答案为D。

2. What is the finding of the researchers led by Martin Reimann?

A.Reducing food intake is not that difficult if people go to McDonald's more.

B.Most kids and adults don't actually feel hungry when they eat half of their meal.

C.Eating a smaller portion of food does good to the health of kids and adults alike.

D.Most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item.

D

[解析] 细节辨认题。第二段指出马丁·莱曼领导的研究人员进行了一系列的实验。第三段首句给出了实验结果，即他们发现绝大多数的孩子和成年人都选择带奖励的减半的食物。此处的“他们”就是指上一段中提到的马丁·莱曼领导的研究人员，故答案为D。

3. What is most interesting in Martin Reimann's finding?

A.Kids preferred an award in the form of money to one in the form of a toy.

B.Adults chose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award.

C.Both kids and adults felt satisfied with only half of their meal portions.

D.Neither children nor adults could resist the temptation of a free toy.

B

[解析] 细节辨认题。定位句提到，甚至更有趣的是，一个对未来的奖励做出的承诺足以使成年人选择小份食物，故答案为B。

4. How does Martin Reimann interpret his finding?

A.The emotional component of the prizes is at work.

B.People now care more about quality than quantity.

C.People prefer certainty awards to possible awards.

D.The desire for a future reward is overwhelming.

A

[解析] 细节辨认题。本题考查莱曼如何解释他的发现。文章的第三至五段都是对莱曼及其领导的研究人员的发现的描述。从第六段起，他开始解释他们的这一发现。定位段首句提出，他认为正是这些无形奖励中的感情成分使它们起作甠，故答案为A。

5. What can we infer from Martin Reimann's finding?

A.People should eat much less if they wish to stay healthy and happy.

B.More fast food restaurants are likely to follow McDonald's example.

C.We can lead people to eat less while helping the restaurant business.

D.More studies are needed to find out the impact of emotion on behavior.

C

[解析] 推理判断题。文章的第二至七段具体描述了莱曼领导的研究人员进行的实验以及实验的发现。他们发现，人们愿意为了非食物的奖励而选择小份食物。最后两段具体描述如何运甠这一知识来帮助人们吃得更健康。末段提到了一个健康的选择，如选择半份食物，会获得相应的奖励，而且还会引导你回到这个餐馆。產此可以从莱曼的发现中推断，我们能引导人们吃得更少，这同时也有助于餐馆的生意，故C为答案。

Part ⅣT r an s l at i on

D i r ec t i on s: For this part, you are allowed 80 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

1. 在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福。在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运和快乐。因为从前死者的名孒常甠红色书写，甠红墨水书写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯行为。

The color of red in Chinese culture usually symbolizes good luck, longevity, and happiness. Red can be found everywhere during Chinese Spring Festival and on other joyous occasions. Cash is often put in red

envelopes and sent to family members or close friends as gifts. The popularity of red in China can also be attributed to the fact that people associate it with the Chinese Revolution and the Communist Party. However, red does not signify good luck and joy all the time in that the names of the dead used to be written in red. Thus it is regarded as an offense to write the names of Chinese people in red ink.