消防科技英语

消防科技英语复习一、词组英译汉

fire chemistry火灾化学

fire behavior火灾特性

fire triangle 火三角/燃烧三要素

breathing apparatus 呼吸器

heating source热源

CNG 压缩天然气

LPG 液化石油气

ignition point 燃点

static electricity 静电

spontaneous ignition自燃

diesel engine柴油机

compressed air压缩空气

ignition source点火源

combustible materials 易燃材料，可燃物

heat balance热平衡

flammable limit 燃烧极限

flash point 闪点

heat transfer热传递

the incident commander火场指挥员

fire-resistive construction耐火结构建筑

fire department消防部门

fire load火灾荷载

fire-resistive materials耐火材料

commercial buildings商业建筑

wet automatic sprinkler system湿式自动喷水灭火系统

fire prevention 防火

heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system (HV AC) 暖通空调系统

fire-suppression system灭火系统

smoke detection systems感烟探测系统

complete automatic-extinguishing system全淹没式自动灭

火系统

dry chemical干粉灭火剂

elevator shaft电梯井

command post火场指挥部

fire classes火灾分类

dry chemical (dry powder)干粉

fire extinguisher灭火器

fire engine消防车

solid stream 密集水流

turntable ladder转台云梯

alcohol foam抗溶泡沫

flare up骤燃

blanketing effect覆盖效应

cooling effect冷却效应

water damage水渍损失

carbon dioxide extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器

thermal balance热平衡

carbon monoxide一氧化碳

floodlight truck照明车aerial ladder truck云梯车

aerial ladder云梯

offensive strategy进攻型战略

the seat of the fire起火部位

forcible entry破拆

attached buildings附属建筑

dispatch center调度中心

first alarm assignment第一出动

second alarm二级火警

additional alarm求援火灾警报

horizontal fire extension水平火灾蔓延

defensive strategy防御型对策

line placement水带铺设

building collapses建筑倒塌

construction features构造特点

firefighting tactics 灭火战术

truck company登高车中队

firefighting standpoint 灭火的角度

evaluation models评估模型

the point of origin 起火点

extinguishing agent 灭火剂

flammable liquids易燃液体

multiple-story buildings多层建筑

fire doors 防火门

open stairways敞开楼梯间

fire command 消防指挥

the incident command system 事故（灭火）指挥系统first alarm一级火警

multiple alarm二级火警

pre-fire planning灭火预案

target hazard 火险重点单位

company commander中队指挥员

fire hydrant消火栓

hard and fast rules 固定规定

fire loss火灾损失

rescue company救援中队

firefighting operations灭火作业

engine company 泵浦消防车中队

two-piece company 接警后同时出动两辆消防车的中队tank companies 油罐车消防中队

tanker companies 水罐车消防中队

response area灭火责任区

heavy stream appliances集水射流装备

surface tension表面张力

friction loss摩擦损失

wet water渗透水

slippery water滑流水

hose stream 消防射流

high-expansion foam高倍泡沫

low-expansion foams低倍泡沫

expansion ratio 发泡倍数

proportioning equipment 比例混合器

sticky residue 粘性残渣

submergence time淹没时间

high-rise buildings高层建筑

multiple-story building多层建筑

pike pole消防钩

staging area集结待命区

smoke towers防烟楼梯间

center-core design concept核心筒设计economic cost经济成本

safety engineering安全工程

portable radio便携式电台

thermometer 温度计

spark plug火花塞

endothermic reaction 吸热反应

exothermic reaction 放热反应

building construction 建筑结构

compactor and incinerator shaft 垃圾井和烟道self-closing device 闭门器

winding stair 螺旋楼梯

havoc reeked 烟熏破坏

fire tenders 消防车（船、艇）

semi-trailer 半拖车

tiller truck 舵盘消防车

quint 五件套

suffocating fire 窒息灭火

saponification effect 皂化反应

overhaul operation 火场清理工作

squad company 抢险救援中队

fire alarm assignment 第一接警出动mercantile establishments 商用仓库abnormal colors 异常色

smoldering fire 阴燃

glowing embers 余烬

evaluating extent of fire 评价火灾程度

a charged line 充水水带

engine house 消防站

a single-family dwelling 独户住宅

district chief （消防）支队长

subjective judgment 主观判断drive all initiative out of sb. 调动积极性

use one’s initiative 发挥主观能动性

worth one’s weight in gold 非常有价值laying and handling of hose lines 铺设水带priority list 优先救援次序

panic 恐慌

inward-swinging door 向内开的门

hoisting machinery （电梯）起降设备

in jeopardy 处于危险之中

asphyxiation 窒息

resuscitation measures 急救措施

physical handicaps 身体障碍

fire attack team 灭火突击队

rotary saw 旋转锯

hose pack 水带架

annunciator panel 信号控制盘

log in 登记

pry tool 挖掘工具

helispot 直升机临时升降处

portable spotlight 便携式聚光灯

built-in fire protection aids 固定灭火设施援助circuit corridors 环形走廊

population density 人员密集度

complete evacuation 全部疏散

tile assembly point 人员集结点

irrational behavior 非理性行为

aggressive attack 主动进攻

relocation of occupants 人员的重新定位

a relay operation 中继方式

logistic support 后勤保障

planning chief 预案指挥员

blaze 火焰

emotional stress 精神压力

structural collapse 结构倒塌

plaster ceiling 石膏吊顶

roof beams 屋顶梁

underground excavations 地下疏散Occupational Safety and Health Administration 职业安全和健康管理协会

outside venting外部通风

二、词组汉译英

对流热heat convection

辐射热heat radiate

导热（热传导）heat conduction

闪电thunder

内燃机internal-combustion engine 火箭推进系统propellant system

灭火剂extinguishing agent

最后的产物resultant product

交叉电路crossed circuit

吊顶drop ceiling

火场指挥部command post

耐火构造fire-resistive construction 耐火等级fire-resistive rating

钢构件包覆encasement of steel structure

防火分区fire compartmentalization

自动喷淋系统automatic sprinkler system

暖通与空调系统

HA VC(heating ventilation and air-conditioning) 集中供热central heating

灭火系统extinguishing system

钢结构steel structure

钢构件steel element

登高（消防）车中队fire truck company

消防中队fire brigade

二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxide extinguisher 消防车fire engine

云梯车aerial ladder truck

干粉灭火剂dry powder/ dry chemical

落地梯子ground ladder

灭火器extinguisher

明火open flame

火场fire ground

防火墙fire wall

泵浦车中队engine company

内部防御措施interior defensive operation 火体body of fire

第一次搜索primary search

小口径水管handlines

攻击行动attack operation

灭火战术firefighting tactics

消防射水hose streams

冷却效应cooling effect

建筑倒塌building collapse

开敞楼房open stairways

结构特征construction features

火场指挥员fireground commander

消防指挥员fire commander

消防大队长battalion chief 供水干线manned line

抢险救援中队salvage and rescue company 多次火警的火灾multiple alarm fire

备用水带back-up hose

渗透水wet water

油罐消防中队truck company

燃烧四面体fire tetrahedron

水罐车消防中队tanker company

洒水车manifold truck

集水射流heavy stream

滑流水slippery water

清理火场overhaul operations

破拆forcible entry

救援工作程序rescue operation procedure 抢险救援大队squad company

见习（新）消防员rookie

经济成本economic cost

消防员的伤亡firefighter casualties

遏制火灾fire containment

风险管理者risk manager

安全工程师safety engineer

地下火灾underground fire

倒塌救援工作collapse rescue operations 丙烷气体火灾propane gas fires

三、名词解释

Fire：Rapid oxidation accompanied be heat and flame（or heat and light）.

Fire triangle（火三角）：The combination of three elements(fuel, oxygen and heat) that leads to a fire.

Fire tetrahedron（燃烧四面体）：Fire tetrahedron is a four-sided figure that incorporates the fire triangle and the added feature

of the chain reaction.

Ignition temperature（燃点）：The temperature to which a material must be heated in order to burn..

Flammable limit（燃烧极限）：Vapor will burn within certain limits, which can be expressed as a percentage of a vapor/air

mixture.

Flash point（闪点）：The temperature at which a flash will occur across the face of the liquid and go out.

Offensive strategy（进攻型战略）：Offensive strategy is the strategy aimed at confining the fire in the area of origin and the

fire forces are operating inside the building and extinguish the fire.

Defensive strategy（防御型战略）：Defensive strategy is the strategy in which exposure protection is the priority while the fire

confinement of building is given lesser priority until reinforcement is arrived because of

insufficient manpower and the size of the fire/or the dangers present.

Target hazard（火险重点单位）：A target hazard might be defined as an occupancy that constitutes a large collection of

burnable values or occupancy where the life hazard is severe.

Wet water（渗透水）：Wet water is water to which an additive has been introduced in order to reduce the surface tension of the water.

Slippery water（滑流水）：Slippery water is water to which an additive has been introduced in order to reduce the friction loss in hoses.

Backdraft（回燃）：A backdraft is an explosion caused by the rapid of fire gases occurring in a burning room that has been tightly sealed up.

BLEVE（沸腾液体扩展蒸汽）：A BLEVE is a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion that occurs when a container of

liquefied petroleum gas ruptures.

Boil-over（沸溢）：A boil-over is a sudden eruption of hot oil over the top of a large, burning crude oil storage tank. Flameover（窜火）：A flameover is a flash fire which occurs over the surface of a wall, ceiling, or floor.

Flare-up（骤燃）：A flare-up is the sudden explosive flaming of a brush fire caused by a strong wind gust or change in wind direction.

Flash fire（急剧燃烧）：A flash fire is the sudden rapid ignition and the immediate self-extinguishment of a room filled with a combustible atmosphere.

Flashover（轰燃）：A flashover is defined as the rapid ignition of heated fire gases and smoke that have built up in a burning room.

Oxidation（氧化）：Oxidation is a chemical process where an atom from one material combines with an atom of oxygen from another material to form a new product.

Fire point（燃点）：Fire point is the temperature a few degrees above the flash point (usually 2—4) at which a flash will occur above the liquid and the resultant fire will continue.

Hydrophobic reaction（疏水反应）：Hydrophobic reaction is a type of response when mixing two different chemicals carried

separately causes instant ignition, completely eliminating the need for another ignition

source.

Fire-resistive construction（耐火建筑）：Fire-resistive construction is the construction which consists of walls, columns, beams,

floors and roofs made of non-combustible materials or limited-combustible materials. Compartmentalization（防火分区）：Compartmentalization is the small self-contained unit divided in the building by fire wall

or fire door for fire protection.

Fire extinguisher（灭火器）：Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device to put out the fire, often in emergency

situations.

Fire engine（泵浦消防车）：Fire engine is a vehicle designed to fight fires by pumping water using an engine and onboard water supply, which can be replenished via available water sauce by using suction.

Fire truck（登高消防车）：Fire truck is a vehicle designed to fight fires equipped with a mix of long ladders, additional firefighting equipment and other emergency gear.

Firefighting strategy（灭火战术）：Firefighting strategy is a term used in fire ground operations best related to the planning of

operations.

Firefighting tactics（灭火对策）：Firefighting tactics is a term used in fire ground operations best related to the carrying out of

the plan.

The seat of fire（起火部位）：The seat of fire is the hottest part of the fire, usually located at the point of origin.

Rescue operation（救援行动）：Rescue operations not only include the removal of people but the prevention of further injury

and the loss of life at fires.

Search procedures（搜索程序）：Search procedures is a priority system for the order in which people should be rescued. 四、句子翻译（汉译英、英译汉——译法多种，语法正确句意通顺即可！）

汉译英：（结合看《科技英语概论》P12的常用句型, 考试不会全考原句，但使用到的句型相似！）1、显然，火三角是产生燃烧的必要条件。

It is evident that fire triangle is essential to combustion.

2、看来火灾的发生与社会经济发展之间是相互依存，相互作用的。

It seems that fire incidence and social economic development are mutually dependent and interacting.

3、已经证明，火灾的增加与商品的物价指数无关。

It has been improved that fire increases are independent of CPI.

4、直到二十世纪人们才认识到火灾发展的主要机理。

It was not until the 20th century that most of the mechanism of fire development was known ( by people ).

5、火灾的发展主要可分为初期、全面发展、衰减等三个阶段。

Fire development can be classified as three phase, i.e. initial, fully-developed and decaying phase.

6、这种新型阻燃材料可以将轰然的发生时间推迟，大约为易燃材料的五倍。

This type of new fire-retardant material can delay the beginning of flashover, nearly five times as combustible.

7、人们认为这种合金钢是最适宜建筑结构的合金钢。

It is believed that this kind of steel alloy is the best available to building structure.

8、烟气蔓延的速度几乎与火焰相同。

Smoke spreads almost at the same speed as flame.

9、森林火灾的增加与气候的关系如图1所示。

The relationship between the increases of forest fire and climate can be shown in Fig. 1.

10、公共建筑与住宅比较，火灾的频率大概是它的五倍。

Compared with dwellings, public buildings are five times as fire frequency.

11、燃烧一旦开始，在“烟囱效应”的作用下，就会因沿建筑内的各种管道和缝隙不断向上蔓延。

Any combustion, once starting, will keep on spreading along various shafts and cracks inside the building under chimney effect.

12、一切燃烧，不论是气态、液态还是固态，都应具备三个要素。

To all combustions, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, fire triangle is essential.

英译汉：（考试时是从阅读理解里摘出句子翻译，有课内的也有课外的，以下均为课内的句子！）1. In the simplest terms, fire might be defined as rapid oxidation accompanied by heat and flame (or heat and light）

简而言之，火灾的定义是伴随着光和热的迅速的氧化作用。

※2.Basic as it may seem, these three elements (fuel, oxygen, and heat）are best illustrated by the use of fire triangle.

从根本上讲，这三个要素（燃料，氧气和热量）可以很好地用火三角来表示。

3.Consequently, in such situations, a firefighter should not enter the area without wearing a breathing apparatus, and should not enter at all if additional signs indicate that the situation is ripe for a backdraft.

因此，在这样的情况下，消防员不能不佩戴呼吸器就进入火场，并且绝不能在有其他迹象表明回燃条件成熟的情况下进入火场。

4.If the room you are in is heated to a certain point, everything in the room will break into flames, and a condition called a flashover will occur.

如果你所在的房间温度达到一定值时，房间内所有物品都会忽然燃烧，随即发生轰然这种现象。

5 .Although the open flame is generally considered the primary heat source for a fire, there are many others.

虽然我们一般认为明火是燃烧的主要热源，但还是有很多其他的（热源）。

6.Most fires in combustible materials are started when the burnable material comes in direct contact with a heating source.

大多数可燃物的火灾是由可燃的物质直接接触热源引起的。

※7.There are three heat sources other than direct flame contact that can raise the heat level of a material to above its ignition temperature. The three are radiation, conduction, and convection.

除了直接的火焰接触，还有其他三种热源能使材料温度上升到燃点之上。它们是：辐射热，传导热和对流热。

8.Vapors were being given off from the liquid before the first flash occurred; however, the mixture formed by these vapors with the air would not burn.

这些蒸汽产生于发生初次闪燃之前的液体；但是，这种由蒸汽和空气形成的混合物无法燃烧。

9.The resultant product is carbon dioxide （CO2）. Hence it can be said that the product of complete combustion is carbon dioxide.

最终产物是二氧化碳。因而可以说完全燃烧的产物是二氧化碳。

10. The greatest ally to the fire department in buildings constructed of fire-resistive materials is that the fire is usually compartmentalized, that is, each unit of construction, especially in residential high-rises, is essentially self-contained.

耐火材料建成的建筑物中，对消防部门来说的最大帮助是防火分区，也就是说建筑物的每一个单元，特别是高层居住建筑都能控制在本区域内。

11. Extensive firespread beyond the area of origin is rare, however, there are several building features that compromise the complete compartmentalization inherent in this type of construction.

超出最初起火区域的猛烈的火灾蔓延是很罕见的，然而却有一些建筑结构特征能破坏建筑物原有的完整防火分区。12. Access stairs are open stairways, sometimes of the winding type, that connect two floors rented out to a single occupant.

内部楼梯是敞开楼梯，有时是螺旋楼梯，连接着一个住户两层楼之间的房间。

13.A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device to put out fires, often in emergency situations.

灭火器是一种经常在紧急情况下用来扑灭火灾的主动消防设施。

14. Water has a great effect on cooling the fuel surfaces and thereby reducing the pyrolysis rate of the fuel.

水能有效的冷却可燃物表面进而降低燃料的热解速率。

※15. Ordinary foams are designed to work on nonpolar flammable liquids such as petrol ( gasoline）, but may break down too quickly in polar liquids such as alcohol or glycol.

普通泡沫是设计应用于非极性易燃液体的，例如汽油，但遇到像乙醇或乙二醇等极性液体时会很快分解破坏。

16. There are also rescue/medical companies with their own distinctive vehicles, including ambulances and heavy rescue or support trucks.

抢险救援/医疗中队同样有他们自己的特殊车辆，包括救护车和重型救援或供给卡车。

17. This sometimes puzzles people who see a fire apparatus race past but do not see any fire, but medical calls often outnumber fire calls for such departments.

有时人们对看到消防车呼啸而过却没有看到任何火灾感到困惑，但对消防部门来说医疗报警远比火警多。

※18. The identification of the seat of the fire is usually not difficult if the so-called burning materials are producing flame and the fire is relatively small.

如果所谓的可燃材料产生了火焰并且火势相对较小，那么确定起火部位通常不难。

19. Determining the type and amount of material involved in the fire is extremely important in developing the tactics to be used for extinguishment.

确定火灾中起火材料的种类和数量对确定灭火战术是极其重要的。

※20. There have been cases where firefighters have shut down their lines in preparation for picking up only to discover that the fire was burning fiercely in another portion of the building.

有这样的案例，消防员已经将水带收起准备整理不料又发现建筑物的另一部分猛烈燃烧起来。

21. Protecting the external exposures is a matter of keeping the temperature of the exposure below its ignition temperature.

对外部暴露物得保护就是使其温度保持在燃点以下。

22. Prior to leaving quarters, the company commander of an engine company will generally check the map to review the location of the last hydrant available before arriving at the given location, and the next available hydrant past the given location. 离开消防站之前，泵浦中队的指挥员通常要查看地图以确定到达指定地点之前和之后的最近可用的消火栓。

23. When assuming command, the officer takes on the full responsibility for planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling all the resources at the scene of the emergency.

进行火场指挥时，指挥员应对以下几个方面全面负责：计划，组织，指导，协调以及控制现场紧急救援的所有资源。

24. This report will alert the dispatch center that a company is on the scene and will provide additional information to incoming companies.

该报告能使调度中心明确有一个中队已到达火场，并将为后续到达的中队提供进一步消息。

※25. Fire tetrahedron is a four-sided figure that incorporates the fire triangle and the added feature of the chain reaction.

燃烧四面体是一个将燃烧三要素与链锁反应这一额外特征结合在一起的四面图。

26. The final objective is to reduce the temperature of the burning material and the surrounding atmosphere to below the ignition temperature of the burning material.

最终目的是将燃烧材料及其周围环境的温度降低到燃烧材料的燃点之下。

27. Water is most often used, not only because of its availability but also because of the characteristics of its composition.

水是最常用的灭火剂，不仅因为其取材方便，而且其结构特征也适于灭火。

28.Materials have been added to lower the freezing temperature, to thicken the water, to reduce its surface tension, and to reduce its friction loss.

加入某些添加剂以降低凝固点，提高水的密度，降低水的表面张力和减小摩擦损失。

29. Wet water is water to which an additive has been introduced in order to reduce the surface tension of the water.

渗透水是一种向其内加入添加剂以降低其表面张力的水。

30. Low-expansion foams have an expansion ratio up to about 20 to 1, whereas high-expansion foams have an expansion ratio

as high as 1 ,000 to 1.

低倍泡沫的发泡倍数是20：1，而高倍泡沫的发泡倍数可达1000：1.

31．In a broader sense, rescue operations not only include the removal of people but the prevention of further injury and the loss of life at fires.

从更广泛的意义上来说，救援行动不仅包括人员转移，还包括防止人员在火灾中进一步伤亡。

32. It should also be kept in mind that who is likely to die first does not necessarily depend on the order in which the fire will reach the people.

我们应该谨记谁先（在火灾中）遇难并不取决于他离火源的距离。

33. The individual can be dragged by his or her own clothing or by the wrists; however, it is sometimes easier and less hazardous if the person is placed on a turnout coat, blanket, or some other object that can be pulled rather than pulling directly on the victim.

救援时可以拉着被救者的衣服或者手腕拖动；不管怎样，把被救者放在一件战斗服上衣，毯子或者其他可以拖动的物体上，而不是直接拉受害者会使救援实施更加轻松和安全。

34. If the person has been overcome by smoke and asphyxiation is imminent, it is extremely important to get him or her to a location where resuscitation measures can be started immediately.

如果某人已经被烟气熏倒并导致窒息，将他（她）带到能立刻进行心肺复苏的地方是机器重要的。

35. Panic is one of the primary contributing factors to loss of life when a large number of people are placed in danger at a fire situation.

当大量人员处于火灾危险中时，恐慌是造成人员死亡的最主要因素之一。

36. These tactics merge the Incident Command System, the experience gained over the years in fighting fires in multiple-story buildings, and the bitter lessons learned from the many disastrous high-rise fires that have occurred around the world.

这些战术是将灭火指挥体系统多年来扑救多层建筑火灾所获得的经验以及全世界范围内发生的灾难性高层火灾所获得的教训。

37. There are two basic types of high-rise buildings that have been designed for human occupancy：residential and commercial.

设计为人们使用的高层建筑有两种类型：居住建筑和商业建筑。

38. The center-core design concept features office areas or living areas surrounding a "core" containing stairwells, elevators, and utilities.

办公区域和住宅区域围绕一个包含有楼梯，电梯和公用设施的“核”而存在是“核心筒”设计概念的特征。

39. At most fires rescue consists of achieving a complete evacuation of the building. This is impossibility in high-rise buildings. 对大多数火灾救援意味着实现建筑物完全疏散。这在高层建建筑火灾中是不可能的。

40. The responsibilities of the first arriving officer are to size-up the situation from outside the building, give a report of the conditions to the dispatch center, take command of the fire, and then lead the company (including the apparatus operator）into the building to locate and extinguish the fire.

最先到达火场的指挥员的责任是从建筑物外部估计形势，想调度中心汇报情况，担负火场指挥，带领中队进入建筑确定起火部位并灭火。

41. If possible, they should take along additional equipment such as a portable spotlight, extra air bottles, and a portable extinguisher.

如果可能，他们应携带额外的装备如便携式聚光灯，额外气瓶以及便携式灭火器。

※42. A complete search of a high-rise building is a long and tedious task and normally does not have to be made except when the fire is extensive.

对高层建筑进行全面搜查是一项耗时长的体力工作，通常并不是必须做的除非火灾规模太大。

43. Total evacuation of a high-rise structure during firefighting operations is neither practical nor feasible.

灭火作业中，完成高层建筑的完全疏散是不实际也不可行的。

※44. The major risks of firefighting are created by the flames, heat, smoke, and toxic gases produced by fire.

灭火战斗中最主要的危险是来自火灾产生的火焰，烟气，热和有毒气体。

※45. Unlike any other dangerous occupation, a firefighter must work in an extremely dangerous environment, constantly threatened by flame and smoke as he performs his tasks.

与其他危险性职业不同，消防员必须在极端危险的环境下工作，并且在其执行任务过程中不断受到火焰和烟气的威胁。※46. When a firefighter enters a burning building, he crawls into a flaming, smoke-filled room and enters an unpredictable, deadly work environment.

当消防员进入一座起火建筑是，他匍匐进入了正在燃烧和充满了浓烟的房间，这意味着他进入了一个难以预测的有死亡危险的工作环境。

47. Protection of life is the highest priority of firefighting, and this includes the lives of the firefighters as well as those of the people we serve.

保护生命安全是灭火战斗的首要任务，这既包括消防员自己的生命，也包括其救援对象的生命。

五、摘要翻译（汉译英）

关键句型：

1.降低灭火经济成本，是消防工程研究的一个重要方面

Reducing economic cost （economic benefit—经济效益）of firefighting is an important aspect in fire engineering research.

2.提高建筑消防安全，是性能化分析的一个重要目标。

Increasing building fire safety is an important object of performance-based analysis.

3.本文分析了影响烟气蔓延的相关因素。

Some related factors affecting smoke movement were analyzed in this paper.

4.文章以风险分析基本理论为基础，提出了重大危险源评价方法和评价指标。

Evaluation methods and indicators of major hazard were given based on the basic theories of risk analysis.

5.文章研究了火灾损失与社会经济因素之间的关系。

The relationship between fire loss and social economic factors was studied in this paper.

6.本文采用数值模拟的方法，分析了热释放速率对烟气浓度影响。

In this paper, the influence of heat release rate on smoke concentration was analyzed using numerical simulation method.

7.研究结果表明，喷头启动时间随环境温度升高而降低。

Results indicated/showed that the activation time of sprinkler decreased with the increasing of ambient temperature .

8.结果表明，风速对烟气蔓延速率有显著影响。

Results improved that wind speed affected significantly on the smoke spread rate.

9.文章最后针对救援方式提出了改进的建议和措施。

Finally, some improvement suggestions and measures were advanced with regard to the rescue methods.

摘要翻译注意时尤其要注意时态问题，以下为对应的时态：

1、研究的意义——一般现在时

2、研究的内容与方法——一般过去时

3、结果与结论——一般现在时

摘要范例：（仅供参考，只是范例，不是考试题！）

对消防经济学理论与方法研究框架的探讨

摘要：本文分析了国内外消防经济学的研究概况，从宏观和微观两个方面对消防经济学的研究框架、基本理论与方法进行了全面论述，并对我国消防经济学的研究及应用前景进行了展望。目的在于为填补我国在该研究领域的空白提供探索性的指导。

关键词：消防经济学；宏观经济学；微观经济学；成本与效益；最优安全度；效用与边际效用

Discussion on Theoretical and Method Framework in Research of Fire Protection Economics

Abstract:A summary of fire protection economics in domestic and foreign research fields was analyzed in the paper. The research frame work and the basic theories and methods of fire protection economics were fully discussed from macroscopic and microscopic points. Finally, the research trend and the application of fire protection economics were prospected in our country. The paper is aimed at giving some guides to filling the blank of this field in our country.

Key words: fire protection economics; macroscopic economics; microscopic economics; cost and benefit; optimum safety level; utility and marginal utility