科技论文常用英语句型葵花宝典
Part One 科技论文写作英语句型库
一、摘要
This paper derives the…
This paper puts forward a new method to …
二、引文
研究目的（（purpose of the study）
1．研究目的
This problem concerned (deals, bears)(briefly, meanly, largely) with …
This is a problem relating to …
Our work is devoted to…
The Primery goal of the present research is..
The work presented in this paper focuses in…
The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of …
The chief aim of study is …
The laboratory study demonstrates (suggestes, indicates, reveals, establishes) …
Doing this work, we intend (hope, expect, attempt) to…
Carry out (undertaking, performing, initiating) this study, we hope to …
The principal purpose (objective, task) of the present (preliminery, further) work is to investage the features of (mechanisms involved in, effects prodused by) …
背景和历史（（background and history）
2．背景和历史
This problem was (first) advanced by …
The Problem under discussion was formulated ( raised, posed, brought up, put forward) by …
Since then the problem has attracted (fascinated) many scientists (workers in this field) .. This problem has been clarified (e;usidated, solved) …
The problem as can be seen (is to know) is (still) poorly (inadequately) understood. Compared with the current research, the previous work was in connection with …
The work we are doing is closely related to the deliberations described in …
The new findings from the experiment agree well with the results obtained in …
Several (numerous, many, few) studies are made (carried out, performed) to elucidate the nature (understand the behavior, reveal the cause) of …
Astudy of the the kind has (never) been made (until now, until a few years ago)
3．问题的难易程度
问题的难易程度（（difficulty of the problem）
It seems (exceedingly, enormously) difficulty to obtain knowledge of the problem …
It proves (totally, quite) impossible (unrealistic) to try …
It is rather difficulte to solve the problem …
The problem is rather involved …
The problem involves (cetain, tremendous) difficulties.
It is easy to present (reveal, analyze, discuss) the problem in all its complexity (in every detail).
It is no easy task to gain a insight into the intricate detail of …
4．问题的范围
问题的范围（（scope of the problem）
The main aspect (core, essence) of problem is …
Studies of these effects cover various aspects of …
Our studies with this technique confine to …
The problem is within the scope of …
Our problem lies beyond the range of …
二、正文
理论说明（（theoretical explanations）
1．理论说明
Our theory is based on the assumption that …
This theory proceeds from the idea (principle) of …
The underlying concept of the theory is as follows.
There is a similar (alternative, tentative) theory that …
The basic (essential, fundamental) feature of this theory is …
The object of this theory is to …
The newly advanced theory has some advantages (assets, strong points, positive features, deficiencies, drawback, inadequacies, flaws, shortcomings) .
The validity of the theory has become obvious in the light of recent findings.
This newly-developed theory finds experimental support ..
The theory received universal recognition (general acceptance).
公式推导（（formulas derivation）
2．公式推导
… is given by:
… as follows:
… as in the following:
… the following equation is obtained.
… this becomes
therefore, we have
… can be expressed as
… can be derived:
… can be written:
… can be described by …
… can be represented as
方法介绍（（method introduction）
3．方法介绍
the method of … was first developed by …
the method of …came into use as long ago as
the original proposal of this method was first published in …
the method we used differs from the conventional one.
The newly-elaborated technique is different from the one previously used.
The method is now greatly improved. …
The procedure we followed has certain advantages over the existing method.
One of the assets of the technique is its simplicity (reliability, sensitivity).
Another good feature of this method is …
This method allows us to demonstrate …
The above procedure makes it possible to evaluate …
This method is capable of providing …
实验描述（（experiment description）
4．实验描述
We made (carried out, performed, initiated ) this experiment to show (demonstrate, elucidate, evaluate) a correlation between (certain phenomena, the mechanism of, the hypothesis of, some features of )…
Experiments on … are made (underway) to …
Earlier (previous) experiments with this technique were intended (designed, designated) to …
The experiments reported here demonstrate a variety of changes in (a correlation between, a much resistance to) …
Our experiment support our assumption (hypothesis, evidence) that …
Recent experiments with … furnish some new information (for the data, new evidence) about the mechanism (the influence) of …
Further experiments in this area lead us to conclude (believe, suggest) that …
From these experiments we can conclude that …
三、结论
结果的意义（（meaning of the results）
1．结果的意义
The results presented in this paper are (seem) …
The findings reported here is (quite) striking (remarkable, fascinating).
These preliminary findings are very reliable (encouraging, promising. Convincing, ambiguous)
The results reported here prove (confirm, suport, bear out) the hypothesis (assumption, observation) that …
The above findings can be viewed (approached) as follows (in terms of.., from other standpoint).
We can consider (interpret, look at) these results as fully reliable (consistent with) …
This fruitful work gives explanation to …
导致结论（（Conclusion deduced）
2．导致结论
Our findings suggests that …
These findings lead the auther to a conclusion that …
Our data leave open the question of whether …
In the future, we will extend the persent studies to …
Our work has contributed to the understanding of …
The research work has brought about a discovery of …
Further progress can be provided by this experiment.
四常用语句
1．
It has been generally accepted that … could be …
As mentioned above, ….
It is emphasized that …
2．时间
In recent years, there are …
Part Two Paper
Beginning
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to
construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...
This Section
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
14. This paper analyses problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving
a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of ... is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and
effective method has yet to be developed.
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this research lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
20. This illustration points out the need to specify
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have,
therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
34. The central issue in all these studies is to
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
36. Applied ... techniques to
37. Characterized the ... system as
38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called ... which
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41. Emphasized the need to
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46. Point out that the problem of
47. A study on ...was done / developed by []
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49. The approach taken by [] is
50. The system developed by [] consists
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []
52. []'s model requires consideration of...
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
54. []'s model focuses on...
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
56. The published information that is relevant to this research...
57. This study further shows that
58. Their work is based on the principle of
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
60. Studies have been completed to established
61. The ...studies indicated that
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69. An unanswered question
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
75. There have been many attempts to
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex Part Three Others
1、对……作一分析/研究/比较
make an analysis of …
make a study of …
make a comparison of A with/and B
make a comparison between A and B
2、对……作一介绍/描述/解释
give an introduction to …
give a description of …
give an explanation of …
3、对……的研究/分析/比较表明……
A study of … shows that…
An analysis of … shows that…
4、我们必须……
It is necessary for us to do…
We must do…
5、我们能够……
It is possible for us to do…
We can do…
We are able to do…
We are capable of doing…
We are in a position to do…
6、值得注意的是……
It is worth noting that…
What is worth noting is that…
7、必须解这个方程把未知数求出来。
It is necessary to solve the equation for the unknown.
8、直接应用这个定律我们就可以得到……
Direct application of this law yields/gives/produces/results in/leads to… By direct application of this law we obtain/have/get…
9、可取的/恰当的做法是……
It is well/proper/appropriate to do…
10、我们想要……
We wish to do…
One wishes to do…
It is desired to do…
11、本书已经出版三年了。
It is/has been three years since this book was published. This book was published three years ago.
12、已知……，我们就能求出……
Given…, we can find out…
Knowing…, we can find out…
13、现有的数据
the data available
the data we have/possess
the existing data
the current data
14、该理论认为……
The theory holds/maintains/claims/implies that…
15、所产生/得到的方程
the resulting equation
the resultant equation
the equation which results
16、因此，……
So, …
Thus, …
Therefore, …
Hence, …
As a result, …
It follows that…
…so that…
…such that…
17、有证据表明……
There is evidence that…
There is evidence to show/indicate/suggest that…
18、（存在）有……
There is/are…
…is/are available/present,
There is/are present/available…
19、显然……
It is clear/obvious/evident/apparent/transparent that… Clearly/Obviously/Evidently/Apparently/Transparently, … …is/are in evidence,
20、要是没有……
But for…
Were it not for…
If there were no…
Without…
21、下面，……
In what follows, …
In what is to follow, …
In the following, …
22、我们具有……
We have/possess/are in possession of…
23、A随B变化的曲线图
the graph/plot of A as a function of B
A versus/against B
the dependence of A on B
the variation of A with B
24、本章论述了……
This chapter deals with…
treats…
describes…
discusses…
involves…
covers…
concerns…
bears on…
This chapter is devoted to…
concerned with…
confined to…
25、这个理论来源于……
The theory comes/stems/emerges/originates from…
The theory is obtained/provided/furnished from…
26、这一方法与现有的方法相比有许多优点。
This method has many advantages over those available.
the existing ones.
This method is advantageous in many aspects (as) compared with those available.
the existing ones.
27、……得到了广泛应用。
…is/are widely used.
…is/are in wide use.
…is/are widely in use.
…find(s) wide use/applications.
28、这个参数表明……
This parameter is an indication of…
This parameter gives an indication of…
This parameter is indicative of…
This parameter indicates…
29、该实验未能说明……
The experiment failed to show/demonstrate…
The experiment has not shown/demonstrated…
30、我们做了许多实验来检验这一理论。
We have performed/done/made/conducted a number of experiment to test/verify/prove/check the theory.
31、把M代入N，（我们）得到……
Substituting M in/into N, we have/obtain/get…
Substituting M in/into N gives/produces/yields/results in/leads to… Substitution of M in/into N gives/produces/yields/results in/leads to… 32、与……成正/反比
be directly/inversely proportional to…
vary directly/inversely with…
depend directly/inversely as…
be in direct/inverse proportion to…
33、所得结果与计算机模拟相吻合。
The result obtained agrees with the computer simulation.
is in agreement with
is consistent with
is in line with
fits into
34、输入可用下面的等式表示。
The input can be represented by the following equation.
expressed
given
denoted
35、毫无疑问……
There is no doubt/question that…
Beyond doubt/question, …
Without doubt/question, …
No/Out of doubt, …
36、这种方法的突出优点之一在于它很简单。
One of / Among the great advantages of this method is its simplicity.
One of / Among the great advantages of this method is that it is very simple.
37、……保持不变。
…remain(s)/stay(s) constant.
unchanged.
fixed.
unaltered.
the same.
…is/are kept/held/maintained/left constant/the same.
38、这些数据帮助我们得出结论……
These data lead us to a conclusion that…
conclude that…
These data enable us to conclude that…
On the basis of these data, one/we can conclude that…
From these data, it can be concluded that…
39、这个方程适用于……
This equation holds for
holds true for
is true for
is valid for
applies to
40、这与……没有（几乎没有；有一点；有很多）共同之处。
This has nothing/little/something/much in common with…
41、A与B之间的关系可用C表示。
A and
B are related by C.
A is related to
B by C.
The relation(ship) between A and B can be given/expressed/denoted/represented by C.
42、我们成功地……
We have succeeded in doing…
been successful in doing…
successfully done…
43、最好是……
It is (most) desirable to do…
It is (most) desirable that…
It wound be best if…
44、前面的例子表明……
The previous example shows…
preceding
foregoing
45、（本文）对……作了研究/分析。
A study/An analysis has been made of…
46、这引起了……
This causes…
results in…
leads to…
brings about…
gives rise to…
47、这是由……引起的。
This is due to…
results from…
arises from…
is caused by…
is the result of…
48、其数值范围为0.3-0.9。
Its values range/vary from 0.3 to 0.9.
Its values range/vary between 0.3 and 0.9.
49、……在……范围之内/外。
… falls within/beyond…
comes
goes
lies
is
50、这一点应引起我们的重视/关注。
This should attract our attention.
arouse
gain
receive
have
51、问题的关键是……
The key to the problem is…
The crux of the problem is…
heart
essence
main aspect
52、这需要进一步研究。
This deserves/bears/requires/demands/calls for further research/effort/study/work/investigation.
53、……分成两大类。
…fall into two major classes.
are divided into general groups.
are classified into broad kinds.
are of main types.
categories.
There are two major groups…
general classes…
broad categories…
main
54、在下一章，……
In the following/subsequent/next chapter…
In the chapter which follows…
to follow…
55、……曾提出了这个问题。
…put forward this problem.
raised
posed
advanced
formulated
brought up
56、他们根据……而提出了这一理论。
They put forward this theory, which is based on…
developed rests on…
proposed proceeds from…
advanced
suggested
created
constructed
formulated
elaborated
57、该方程表明……
This equation indicates…
implies…
shows…
suggests…
demonstrates…
reveals…
establishes…
bears out…
58、该项研究的主要目的在于……
The chief aim of the study is…
main purpose
primary object
major objective
principal goal
The study has been started in the hope of/that…
with the view to do…
in order to do…
to the end that…
so that…
The study is intended/designed to do… Performing the study we hope that…
intend to do…
expect to do… 59、……的体积各不相同。
…are different in size (=are of different sizes). …vary /differ in size.
…come in different/various sizes.
60、这是与……有关的问题。
This is a problem concerned with…
concerning…
related to…
relating to…
dealing with…
bearing on…
The End
英语论文写作方法
一.关于本专业毕业论文地选题 二.英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大地方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和 翻译学.各个大方向中又可以选择小地方向，具体解释如下：.英语文学：选择英语文学地毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究. 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中地某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法地运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究.但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典地作家或作品.有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生地兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象.在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在地深刻含义，不能流于肤浅地分析. 文学批评理论地选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识地学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论地知识结构.这个方向地选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语地阐释或某两种或以上地文学批评理论地比较. 比较文学研究就是将两个以上地作家或作品进行比较.这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别地（如“雪莱与拜伦地诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别地（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）.语言学：选择语言学地毕业论文选题可以在两个大地方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学. 普通语言学地研究就是对于英语语言地任何一个方面地研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面地研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）. 应用语言学包括教学法地研究和其它一些新兴地应用语言学分支地研究.师范专业或本身从事教师职业地学生选择教学法方向地较多.在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围地选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要地是要结合教学实践或实验.这个方向地好地选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习地影响” 等. .翻译学：翻译学地选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动. 对翻译理论地研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等.相比之下，对翻译活动地研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象地翻译、或一种修辞格地翻译地研究（如“汉语成语地英译”）.应该注意地是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子地罗列. 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分. （一）前置．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成. ．目录：由论文地中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页. ．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文地内容不加注释和评论地简短陈述，宜以最简洁地语言介绍论文地概要、作者地突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整地短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在字左右关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息地单词或术语.为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文地中心词，以显著地字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要地左下方.各关键词之间用“分号”隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应. （二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（）、正文()、结论()、参考文献().主体部分必须由另页右页开始. ．引言：主要说明研究工作地目地、涉及范围、相关领域地前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面地概述、理论意义和实用价值等. ．正文：论文地正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分，论点明确.行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项地序号编码
英语论文写作指导 (仅供参考)
英语论文写作课复习资料(仅供参考) Lecture 1 General introduction 1. The basic concept of academic research paper writing The concept: “Research ”---something new, something of significance, something that can promote scholarship, science and technology, productivity and human growth, for the betterment of the well-being of mankind. 2. Characteristics of academic paper A. Scientific--- based on scientific theories and objective data, and the problem is approached with a scientific attitude and methodology．The conclusion is backed up by reliable evidence, the analysis or exposition is logically sound. B. Scholarly --- more or less theoretical and concerned with academic matters．The subject under discussion or investigation and the conclusion to be drawn are academically significant. C. Original --- a new perspective or method, develops new arguments or conclusions，or even makes a breakthrough in a certain field． The graduation paper is a special form of academic paper characterized by being scholarly，scientific and original to the greatest extent possible． 3. The style of academic writing A. Formal because it is written in standard language and in formal style devoid of contractions，ellipses，slangy words，vulgarisms，etc. B. Substantial because it deals with academically important and serious issues and is of substance and length． C. Well-documented because it rigidly follows the rules of citation and documentation with all borrowed ideas or facts fully acknowledged in the notes and bibliography． 4. The requirements of an academic paper. 1) A scientific attitude，a rigorous study style, a creative mind, and a great courage to explore unknown academic areas, discovering or solving problems in the academic or scientific fields. 2)Basic knowledge of academic research--- its nature, value, and significance，essential features, techniques and methods，etc．To learn more about the academic circle and the society by searching through all sorts of reference materials originating in academic and social studies. 3) To know about scholarship, such as how to find subjects to investigate, how to collect and evaluate source materials, how to develop their own ideas. 5. Components parts of an academic paper 1) English title and Chinese title of your paper 2) Abstract both in English and in Chinese and key words 3) Key words in English and Chinese 4) Contents
考研英语写作议论文常见话题经典句型示例
考研英语写作议论文常见话题经典句型示例 1. When asked about..., most people say... But many other people regard...as... I personally think... 当被问及对......有什么看法时，大多数人认为......但是，还有很多人认为......我个人认为...... 2. When it comes to..., some people think that... Others argue that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth to both arguments, but... 涉及......这一问题，有的人认为应该......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理，但是...... 3. It is widely acknowledged that...contributed to... Experts argue that China must introduce... But I doubt whether...alone will solve the problem。 人们普遍认为......专家认为中国必须推行......但我对仅仅......就能解决问题表示怀疑。 4. An increasing number of people are joining... In reaction to the phenomenon, some say... But do they realize that...can also lead to... 越来越多的人......进入了......针对这一现象，一些人认为......但是，他们有没有意识到......也能导致...... 5. One of the pressing problem facing our nation (China) today is...and... 我们国家(中国)如今面临的紧迫问题之一是...... 6. Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is... 也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是...... 7. Never before in history has the issue of...been more evident than now。 历，......的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。 8. Perhaps it is time to reexamine the idea that... 也许现在是应该重新考虑......的时候了。 9. A growing number of people are beginning to realize that...is not the sole prerequisite for happiness。
SCI论文——英文写作的语言技巧总结
我觉得写文章之前要先有思路，你怎么去写怎么写的和别人不同，有新意。这里面的文章很大，我也说不透，只是参透了一二，和大家分享，望大家不要耻笑。我毕竟是个硕士研究生。 我觉得论文写很简单，主要是能够发表出去。下面我简单讲下我的思路。有相同或不同见解的留下言，共同交流，一起进步。 文章的第一步要有图，也就是说首先把图做的漂漂亮亮的，不管是SEM，TEM，Uv-vis，FTIR，还是效果图。图片放到你的文章里就是你的思路，图片放好了你的思路就出来了，这是就关键的过程，放图的过程中你要考你怎么写，你的文章新的地方在哪?;图做好了也放好了，就是写文章了，写文章也很快了，因为思路有了你的文章也构思好了。我在这里给出我写文章时的程序。对于文章主体部分，我觉得先写Results and discussion，写完了根据其内容下个Conclusion，然后根据Conclusion写Abstract(因为它们俩有些许的类似)，而后补充Experimental。论文发表qq1813831290最后也是最难写的地方Introduction，这个让审稿人一看就能知道你的文章的水平，所以写好Introduction是关乎论文是否收录的关键所在。我和外国审稿人专家关于审稿交流过意见，他们也是这样认为，他们也认为Introduction是整个文章的脸面，这是他们主要审的地方，在这里能看到你的创新点，创新点不够直接refuse;Introduction写的还可以的话，就看Results and discussion，这部分其实主要看的是图，你的图的清晰度质量，以及性能图。我审过一篇Journal of Hazardous Materials上面的文章，我也是这样审的。当然是咱们国内某名牌大学的文章，做的是催化，我也是做这个的不知为什么编辑发来让我审，我也感觉很莫名。后来编辑告诉我和我的文章有些类似还称我是专家，教授…… 下面我引用了一些总结的写作经验，我觉得很有用。大家认真看看，在此先祝福大家论文高中，硕果累累不减当年勇时： 1.前言部分 1.1如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如 However,little information... little attention has been devoted to… little work... little data/little research or few studies/investigations/few attempts have been don on… or none of these studies
英语议论文写作结构分析及模板句型
英语议论文写作 一、文章结构 I.引言（Introduction）：引出话题 II.正文（Body）：阐明观点 a.阐述理由 b.分析利弊 c.提出举措 d.列举实例 III.结论/倡议（Conclusion）：重申观点/发出倡议 二、段落组织 每个段落紧扣一个主题展开。（段落的首句为本段的主题句） 写作范文： Nowadays, with more and more people going to work in the city in the hope of earning money, the phenomenon of left-behind children has become more and more common., which gives rise to a series of problems. First of all, neither will the kids who are left at home with their grandparents be well looked after because of their grandparents old age, nor will they have anyone to turn to for advice/guidance in times of difficulty. Besides, these kids have to help with the farm work, which takes up a lot of their time for study, so their study will have to suffer. What is worse is that some of them may even lose interest in study and so drop out of at an early age. As the problem is getting more and more serious, I do think it is necessary for the government as well as the parents to take some actions to improve the situation for the poor children. Children are the future of our nation, save them before it is too late! 三、常用表达方式 I.引言（Introduction）：引出话题 1.Nowadays, with the development of ___n.____, the phenomenon of _____n.____ is becoming more and more common, which gives rise to public concern./ which results in a series of problems. 2.As ______句子______, the problem/issue _____of + n.______/ ___that+同位语从句____ is getting more and more serious, which raises a storm of controversy./ which leads to heated debates. 3.Recently, there has been a growing tendency(趋势) ___that+同位语从句____, on which people’s opinions vary/differ (from person to person). 4.As the famous saying goes, ____名言警句____. 5.Recently, the problem ___of+n____ / ____that+ 同位语从句____ has been brought into
初中英语议论文写作指导
初中英语议论文写作指导 英语议论文的结构一般较为固定，通常包括以下三部分： 1. 在导语部分提出需要议论的议题; 2. 在正文部分对所提出的问题进行议论; 3. 在结论部分对以上的讨论进行总结和归纳。 写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论;或者先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实中分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论;也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的问题，然后一一作答，逐层深入;还可以把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论。在具体写作中要注意下列几点： 1. 议题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥带水。 2. 议论时可以采用不同的方法。如：可以摆出正反两方面观点，进行对比;也可引经据典论证作者自己观点的正确性，从而使读者接受自己的观点;亦可提出一种错误的观点然后论证其错误，最终提出正确的观点。正文部分是写作的重点，论证方法可用归纳法、推理法、比较法等。 3. 在结论部分必须表明作者的观点，对讨论的问题做出总结。 4. 注意连接词和过渡词等词语的使用，以增强文章的条理性和逻辑性。常用的过渡词和连接词包括：first, second, third, finally, in addition, furthermore, besides, what was worse, more importantly, in contrast, because, since, now that, therefore，consequently，in that case, as a result/consequence, in conclusion, to sum up等等 感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
英文学术论文常用词句
英语学术论文常用词句 1. 常用词汇与短语 差别：gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference 存在，出现：occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数：the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法：approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率：Incidence, frequency, prevalence 发现，阐明，报道，证实：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变：change, alteration, 高，增加：high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种：in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of 关系，相关，参与：closely involved in, associated, 广泛的：in an extensive survey 执行：perform, carry out 降，少，缺：decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed 角色，起作用：role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role） 可能性：feasibility 密切地：intimately 难理解的，似谜的：enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)
初中英语语法大全：英语五个基本句型
初中英语语法大全：英语五个基本句型1简单句、并列句、复合句 根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 1简单句 句型：主语+谓语 只包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。简单句有五种基本句型，详见第十七章。 They are playing baseball in the garden. 他们正在公园里打棒球。 Her brother and sister both are teachers. 她的哥哥和姐姐都是老师。 2并列句 句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句 （常见的并列连词有and，but，or） 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 My friend was at home，and we talked for along time. 我的朋友在家，我们谈了好长时间。 Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher.
她父亲是个医生，她母亲是个老师。I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasn't interested in it.我非常喜欢这个故事，可是李明却对它不感兴趣。 Hurry up，or you'll be late. 快点，否则你就会迟到的。 3复合句 句型：主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。） 句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分： 1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。 We study in No.1 Middle School.（讲述“谁”～） 我们在一中学习。 The classroom is very clean. （讲述“什么”很干净） 这间教室很干净。 Three were absent.（数词作主语）
英文SCI论文写作时的语言表达技巧
英文SCI论文写作时的语言表达技巧 1. Introduction： A. 如何指出当前研究的不足并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性？ 在叙述前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，提出一种新方法或新方向。如：However, little information(little attention/little work/little data/little research……)(or few studies/few investigations/few researchers/few attempts……)(or no/none of these studies……)has(have)been done on(focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studied(with respect to))。如：Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/overestimated, underestimated/misleaded. Thus, these previous results are inconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist…… 研究方法和方向与前人一样时，可通过以下方式强调自己工作：However, data is still scarce(rare, less accurate)or there is still dearth of……We need to(aim to, have to) provide more documents(data, records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are still necessary(essential)…… 强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍与自己研究问题相反或相关的问题。比如：(1)时间问题；(2)研究手段问题；(3)研究区域问题；(4)不确定性；(5)提出自己的假设来验证。 如果你研究的问题在时间上比较新，你可大量提及时间较老问题的研究及重要性，然后(However)表明“对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足”； 如果你的是一种新的研究手段或研究方向，你可提出当前流行的方法及其物质性质，然后(However)说对你所研究的方向方法研究甚少； 如果研究涉及区域问题，就先总结相邻区域或其它区域的研究，然后(However)强调这一区域的研究不足； 虽然前人对某一问题研究很多，但目前有两种或更多种观点，这种uncertainties或ambiguities值得进一步澄清； 如果自己的研究是全是新的，没有前人的工作可对比，你就可以自信地说“根据假设提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果”等等。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the……It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach). B. 提出自己的观点：We aim to//This paper reports on//This paper provides results//This paper extends the method//This paper focus on……The purpose of this paper is to……Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss…… C. 圈定自己的研究范围：introduction的另一个作用就是告诉读者(包括reviewer)，你文章的主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等。为减少这种争论，在前言的结尾就必须明确提出本文研究的范围： (1)时间尺度； (2) 研究区域等。如涉及较长的时序，你可明确提出本文只关心某一特定时间范围的问题，We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)……如有两种时间尺度(long-term and short term)，你可说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种。研究区域的问题，和时间问题一样，也需明确提出你只关心某一特定区域！ D. 最后的原场：在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”；
英文论文写作常用的句型
英文论文写作常用的句型 1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by… 2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are … 3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx… 4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原 则也。 5.已经采用了：have adopted … 6.近年来：in recent years 7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。 8.出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons 9.此外，另外：moreover, in addition 10.即： “…, namely …” 11.A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of … 12.谈及，关于：In terms of… 13.这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from… 14.为了让：In order for xx to … 15.很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on … 16.基于… is based on… 17.不是…而是… not …, but rather … 18.这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …” 19.严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：be subject to the restrictions. 20.产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from … [Tip]：多用although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿，句子之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚，读paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽。
研究生英语论文写作指导
研究生英语论文写作指导 1．研究生英语论文评判标准 1）语体 论文应该采用正式语体。 相关知识链接：语体 通常，英语语体分为五个大类：超正式语体；正式语体；普通语体；随便语体，超随便语体。在科技文献（包括论文）中，一般采用正式语体。 正式语体的特点如下： a）人称特点：通常不采用第一或第二人称。 b）词汇特点：通常采用在正式场合使用的词汇，或在需要时采用专业技术用语，少用在日常用语中采用的通俗用语，尽量不用俚语。从以下例子中可以看出 正式语体与普通语体在选词方面的差异。Mr. John Smith delivered an interminable address at the conference.（正式）John Smith gave a very long speech at the meeting. （非正式）将两个例句在词汇方面进行比较，可以发现，前一个句子采用的词汇 （deliver, interminable, address, conference）比后一个句子采用的词汇（gave, long, speech, meeting）要正式得多。 c）结构特点：通常不用在日常用语中常见的简略表达形式，如:can’t, they’re，而应该用can not, they are。根据意义表达的需要，通常采用比较长的句式结构，
比较多的采用各种从句。而在非正式语体中，为了交流方便，常常采用比较简短的句式。 2）文体 论文应该采用议论文这样的文体。由于缺乏文体方面的知识，或忽视了文体区别，曾经有一些同学将在论文中错误地采用了说明文或分析劝导型文体。 相关知识链接：文体 记叙文（Narration）：记叙一系列的事件的发生。有时有一个主题陈述（thesis statement）。 说明文（Exposition）：说明一个事物或事理，主要目的是介绍信息（providing information, or informing somebody of something）。介绍事物的说明文通常在开篇部分对所说明的事物有一个总的概括介绍。一般采用写作中的描述手法（description）。描述总要循着某个规律，或从左到右，或由表及里，或由本质到现象，或由一般到具体，或由整体到部分，或进行比较对比（comparison or contrast），或进行因果分析（cause analysis）。说明事理的文章可有一个主题陈述。这个主题陈述虽然可能是有争议的，但是不能将这个文体与议论文混淆。作者并不去试图证明或反驳某个观点，只是通过陈述一些事实或事例来解释说明主题陈述。在罗列相关事实或事例时，作者不用遵循什么规律，只要能够达到说明主题陈述的目的就行。 议论文（Argumentation）：如同中文，议论文有论点，论据，结论。一般性的论文中，论点往往涉及一个常见话题（issue）。
英语学术论文写作常用句型
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
英语作文万能模板及万能句型汇总
xx英语作文万能模板及万能句型汇总 作文万能模板 一、阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． １．阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．２．分析并举例使其更充实．二、解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 １．问题现状２．怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）Confronted with A，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing，---------------（解决方法一）。For another -------------（解决方法二）。Finally，--------------（解决方法三）。Personally，I believe that -------------（我的解决方法）。Consequently，I'm confident that a bright future isawaiting us because --------------（带来的好处）。 三、说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） １.说明事物现状２.事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）３.你对现状
（或前景）的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally，its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------（Ａ的优点之一）。Besides -------------------（Ａ的优点之二）。 1 / 13 But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------（Ａ的第一个缺点）．To make matters worse，------------------（Ａ的第二个缺点）． 四、议论文的框架 （1）不同观点列举型（选择型） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows：in the first place，___原因一_______.Furthermore，in the second place，___原因二_____. So it