美国文学史学习指南中文翻译

美国文学史学习指南中文翻译
美国文学史学习指南中文翻译

《白鲸》赫尔曼·梅尔维尔美国文学简史

有些十九世纪伟大作家的创作生涯在他谈论起了是相当有趣的。梭罗和迪金森在当时没有读者,坡和惠特曼被人误解,麦尔维尔由于忠于自己的风格,当时也没有受到重视。他不像梭罗和迪金森那样对此满不在乎,而是常常因此痛苦万分,与惠特曼相比,他有生之年甚至完全没有得到人们的肯定。

赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的童年是快乐的,但在他11岁时,父亲去世,留下了一大笔债。麦尔维尔很早就开始工作了,没有受过什么教育。他做过银行职员、商人、老师,还在叔叔的农场帮过忙。这些日子都没有让他过上好日子。在20岁左右的时候他做了海员。麦尔维尔的人生中有三件事应当引起我们的特别注意,出海就是其中一件事,另外两件事分别是他的婚姻和与霍桑的友谊。但是普通的水手是工人阶级的最底层,而麦尔维尔不过是个捕鲸手,而捕鲸手有事水手里地位最低的。但和马克·吐温一样,麦尔维尔由此了解到最底层人民的生活。麦尔维尔去过英国的利物浦和南太平洋,他的青年时光所经历的事情对普通人来说是相当严酷,但是他在海上的经历却使他受益匪浅,为他的小说提供了丰富的素材。

麦尔维尔的婚姻生活与马克·吐温稍有不同,倒是与菲茨杰拉德更为相似。这是三位作家区的太太的地位都比自己高,但只有马克·吐温一人获得了太太的理解与支持。麦尔维尔和菲茨杰拉德都为了挣钱满足太太奢华的生活而写了很多粗罗德文学作品。麦尔维尔区的市一位有钱的法官的女儿,伊丽莎白·肖。为了供养太太和人数不断增多的家庭,麦尔维尔不得不靠写作为生,在当时的情况下,靠写作谋生是极其不易的,更何况麦尔维尔又是一位醉心文学的艺术家。麦尔维尔曾经经济上非常窘迫,直到年迈塔菜不为这个问题操心。

1850年的夏天,麦尔维尔与霍桑相识了。当时麦尔维尔住在马萨诸塞州的皮茨菲尔德,霍桑住在勒诺克斯。他们成为了好朋友,相互拜访至少九次以上,并且经常通信,尽管后来霍桑这边的消息中断了。麦尔维尔看过霍桑的书并深有感悟。他对霍桑十分认同。他的文章《霍桑和他的青苔》就讲述了《古屋青苔》对自己的世界观和生活态度的影响。尽管当时流行的而是新英格兰超验主义者对人类与世界的乐观主义,而麦尔维尔还是从霍桑的作品里认识到美国的罪恶。麦尔维尔对霍桑的罪恶的理解以及黑暗场面的描写十分着迷。当两人相遇的时候,《白鲸》已经完成了差不多三分之一,但在遇到霍桑之后,麦尔维尔

就《白鲸》的原来的构想做了重要的改变。这个故事很有可能成为麦尔维尔又一部奇异的捕鲸传奇,而现在变成了我们今天人在阅读的世界名着,这都得益于霍桑。麦尔维尔写给霍桑的一封信里谈到了他与这位老作家相处时那么富有“激情”的秘密:他继续有人能够理解和欣赏自己的文学作品,因为他的家庭并没有理解和支持他。尽管后来两个人的友谊慢慢淡去,但两个人的哲学观去始终相似。他们代表了当时的悲剧式人文主义。霍桑于1851年秋天搬走,他们此次没有再见过面,直到1856年他们最后一次相见。据说自那以后的二十年,麦尔维尔就再也没有写过小说而转写诗歌。《克拉莱尔》就是他最着名的诗歌作品。

麦尔维尔非常喜欢阅读。爱默生、霍桑、克莱尔、雪莱、托马斯布朗、莱尔德地理学和莎士比亚都在他的书单之列。麦尔维尔读书态度十分严肃,他在做阅读时总是做批注和评论。阅读莎士比亚是他的人生有了深度,克莱尔和霍桑的象征主义也唐塔着迷。对爱默生,麦尔维尔则是既尊敬又排斥。从海上回来的八年时间,麦尔维尔写了很多作品,出版的书如潮涌一般充斥着市场。1846年《泰比》最先出版,紧接着陆续出版了《奥莫》(1847)、《马迪》(1849)、《雷德伯恩》(1849)、《白夹克衫》(1850)《白鲸》(1851)《皮埃尔》(1852)。前三本书是麦尔维尔根据自己在南太平洋岛屿的历险改编而成,《雷德伯恩》是依据他去英格兰的经历写的。《白夹克衫》则是根据在美国的一艘军舰上的生活改编的。因此麦尔维尔一度被认为是着名的传奇故事作家。但是,出来《泰比》和《奥莫》比较畅销之外,其他的作品既没有使他名声大噪,也没有给他带来所需要的丰厚收入。《白鲸》出版后读者的冷淡度几乎使麦尔维尔从40岁末开始放弃了小说创作。后来他留下了《自信的人》和《比利巴德》的手稿,另外还有几篇长篇故事,如《书记员巴特勒比》和《贝尼托赛莱诺》。从这些作品看来,麦尔维尔似乎还是黑白分明,不像还是那样已经向现实妥协。直到创作《比利巴德》,麦尔维尔似乎才平静下来。结束了多年以来的痛苦和挣扎,内心获得了平静,并试图接受这样一个事实,即人必须依据世界的规则而生存。世界的确是一个陷阱,上帝所制定的标准人类无论如何都达不到。在麦尔维尔看来,世界史谜图,人类无法解开这个谜团;麦尔维尔决定放弃这个探索,向命运妥协。所以在《比利巴德》里年轻的水手没有异议的接受了审判,平静的死去了:“比利面向船尾站着,在最后的时刻,他的话,唯一的话,被清楚地传达——‘上帝保佑威尔船长!’谁都没有想到脖子上绕着不光彩的绳索的他会说出这样的话——一个罪人向着船尾表达出对荣誉的祝福,谁都没有想过用树上飞走的鸟儿歌唱的旋律说出的话的含义;经过如此痛苦的经历而磨练出来的罕有的人格魅力使他的话具有这样强烈的效果。”死去的比利闪耀着“上帝的羔羊的神圣的使命”之荣光,他升起的身体“被黎明的光笼罩着”。这里的描写是对麦尔维尔生活

的一个概括,也是对自己将来历史上和子孙眼中的地位的预测。因此《比利巴德》被认为是作者的遗嘱。麦尔维尔接受了命运,停止了与上帝的争辩。

在生命的最后20年,麦尔维尔在纽约的海关工作,每天早出晚晚归。甚至当他还在世的时候,大家却已经我忘了他还是个作家。麦尔维尔为读者写作。他们却对此并不欣赏,双方都失望透顶。麦尔维尔的问题在于他不愿意牺牲自己对艺术的标准去迎合读者的感觉和要求。他的故事往往以“一碟面包和一杯牛奶开头,然后是花一般的语言,最后却是一个莎士比亚式的悲剧结局,所以他慢慢被人们遗忘。当麦尔维尔72岁逝世时,居然有一个评论家奇怪他居然活到了那个时候。霍桑比任何人都清楚他的两男的境地。他们最后一次碰面后,霍桑在他的《英语笔记》里写道:”只有他拥有一个确却的信念,他才会安息。很奇怪他居然这样坚持......没有得到这样的信念,他会继续怀疑,也不安心;他是如此的勇敢和诚实,不会随便迁就......他有着高尚的品格。”

麦尔维尔最着名的作品是《白鲸》。评论家一致认为这是世界上最伟大的巨着之一,想要了解十九世纪的美国及美国历史,就必须阅读这本书。这是一本百科全书,包括历史、哲学、宗教,还有对捕鲸产业的详细描述,但是首先这是一本莎士比亚式的悲剧,是人类在漠然甚至是充满敌意的宇宙里向命运抗争的故事。在《马迪》里,麦尔维尔暗示我们应该知道生活中的罪恶,人类的灵魂应该帮助人们生活的更好。就像他所说的:“通往天堂的道路是地狱。”

麦尔维尔把他认为对自己观点有用的东西全部放进了《白鲸》这部作品里。故事的情节大致是这样的:伊斯梅尔心情沮丧,希望通过登上捕鲸船皮廓德号出海来逃避现实。船长亚哈只有一条腿,因为上次出海时白鲸莫比迪克咬断了他的一条腿。亚哈发誓要杀掉白鲸,他在桅杆上悬上金币,奖励最先看到白鲸的人。皮廓德号捕到了很多鲸鱼,但是亚哈执意要捕到白鲸,才能返航。

美国文学史复习提纲 名词解释

I. Explain the following literary terms(名词解释). 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, gen iality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience or(American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.) 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. 5、American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 6、Transcendentalism: In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set of authors based in Concord, Massachusetts and was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. The transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. They found their chief source of inspiration in nature. Emerson’s essay Nature was the major document of the transcendental school and stated the ideas that were to remain central to it. 7、Free verse: free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventio nal rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg. 8、Naturalism: A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It

美国文学史习题 (1)

I. Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’= 10’) 1. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ____ was the dominant. 2. The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving’s work named ____. 3. Which of the following is not the characteristic of American Romanticism? 4. The short story “Rip Van Winkle” reveals the __ attitude of its author.

5.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by ___. 6.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___ and Thoreau. 7.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”? 8.____ is considered Mark Twain’s greatest achievement.

美国文学史期末参考复习资料

仅作参考,最主要还是要自己消化,整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832

美国文学史名词解释

1、the Lost Generation In general, the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of U.S. writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that, b asking under President Harding's “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, e.e. cummings and many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the '20s. They were never a literary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost the distinctive stamp of the postwar period. The last representative works of the era were Fitzgerald's Tender Lost generation The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos. Lost generation The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish. 2、Iceberg Theory It is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface. Iceberg Theory Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” sugge sts that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of

美国文学史期末考试复习题

美国文学史期末考试复习题(使用书本为童明的《美国文学史修订版》) 一、名词解释(交代背景、内容/特点、代表人物/作品) 1. American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. (the representative writers and its features should be also added.) 2. Black Humor : 1)In the 1960s, in literature, drama, and film, black humor refers to grotesque or morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world. 2)Black humor often uses low comedy farce and low comedy to make clear that individuals are helpless victims of fate and character. 3)Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is an example of this school 3. Henry James’s international theme: 书p159 4. Beat Generation: 1) American poets, 1950s-1960s, a rebellion ,counterculture, romantic, drugs and uninhibited sex. 2)Best and most influential poem: “Howl”:denounces the life-denying effects of American culture. 5.American Puritanism:it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination and salvation were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness,thrift and sobriety were praised.书p17 6. Transcendentalism: is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism. Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.

美国文学史及选读复习重点

Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet;The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (colonists living) Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson: Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The

美国文学史及选读考试整理

Washington Irving Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄 (1822) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tales of a Traveller 旅客谈 (1824) Christopher Columbus (1828) c. writing characteristics (1) humorous: the function of his writing is to amuse, to entertain instead of teaching or instruction (2) vivid and true character portrayal (3) finished (refined) and musical language, thus regarded as “the Amn. Goldsmith ” d. analysis on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(选自the sketch book 见闻札记 ) 1. the story:setting,character, plot 2. theme:conflicts and praise conflict betw. Ichabod and Brom conflict betw. the village and the outside world James Fenimore Cooper The Spy (1821): a historical novel The Pilot (1824): a sea novel Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841): frontier novels The Last Mohicans (1826) (Colonial War betw. Britain and France) e. writing features: strong points: we can see a variety of incidents and tensions, complicated plot and structure and a beautiful description of nature. Weak points: characterization is weak. There is unsatisfactory description of characters (esp. female). He is not free from syntactical awkwardness, heavy-handed attempt at humor. “Where Irving excels Cooper is weak.” Dialect is not authentic. Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House Usher Feature: i. brevity (15 pages) ii. Single effect iii. originality in theme To Helen It was inspired by the beauty of the mother of a schoolmate of Poe in Richmond, Virginia. The poem is famous for a number of things: 1. its rhyme scheme: ababb 2. its varied line lengths 3. its metaphor of a travel on the sea 4. its oft-quoted lines: "To the glory that was Greece,/And the grandeur that was Rome." theme: praise the ideal love and beauty and ancient Greek and Roman civilizations The Raven 乌鸦 theme: the lament over the death of a beautiful woman tone: melancholy Transcendentalism (essayists, poets, novelists) Their journal is “The Dial ” . Definition: Transcendentalism is idealism. (Emerson) b. features (1) stress on Oversoul, that is spirit. (2) stress the importance of individual. (3) fresh conception of nature. c. significance (1) inspired a whole generation of writers such as Whitman, Melville and Dickinson. (2) dresses man ’s subjective initiative as opposed to materialism. (3) liberated people from Calvin ’s original sin d. limitation (1) shallow: cut off from real life or reality; initiated by the rich, they were limited in a certain circle. So, in some degree, they have been cut off from social life and can ’t understand the sufferings of the common people. (2) inward contradiction: gain knowledge by intuition, shows its idealistic aspect. R.W. Emerson (Ralph Waldo) Nature (1836): the Bible of New England transcendentalism The American Scholar (1837): "America's Declaration of Intellectual The Divinity School Address 神学院致辞 (1838) Essays (1841/1847) Representative Men (1850) English Traits (1856)

美国文学史名词解释

1.American Puritanism清教 2.It comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination(预言)and salvation(拯救)were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness(虔诚,尽职),thrift and sobriety(清醒)were praised. Characteristics: 特点 1. Idealistic: Puritans pursue the purity and simplicity in worship. They focuse the glory of God, and the angry believe in the doctrine of destiny, original sin, limited atonement 2. Practical: Puritans come to Amrican to do business and make profits with the desire of chasing wealth and status. They have to struggle for survival under the severity of the western frontier. 3 .The struggle between the spiritual and the material is the basics of the Puritan mind. On the one hand, Puritans chase the purity of the early the other hand, they come to America to earn money. This contradictory will be reflected by their thoughts. 4. In a word, it rests on purity, ambition, harding work, and an intense struggling for success. Romanticism浪漫主义: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated(刺激)the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography. Transcendentalism先验说,超越论: is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau. American Realism现实主义: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience Local colorism乡土文学: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s,it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals(剧变)that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform. Stream of consciousness意识流:It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke

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