《翻译理论与实践(笔译)》期末复习辅导
《翻译理论与实践（笔译）》期末复习辅导
2007年1月
一、考试题型和模拟题
1. 选择题：10题，每题2分，共20分。范围主要包括翻译标准，直译与意译问题，翻译的定义，文化与翻译的问题。
2. 问答题：2题，每题15分，共30分。范围主要包括直译与意译问题，翻译的标准，比如玄奘对翻译事业的贡献等等。
3. 段落翻译（英译汉）：1段，共50分。这部分在课外。
选择题（在四个选项中选择一个正确答案）：
1. 明朝末年的翻译家徐光启主要从事---C---的翻译。
A. 佛教经典 B. 文学作品
C. 科技著作 D. 哲学著作
2. 《马氏文通》的作者马建忠提出了"---A---"的翻译观点。
A. 善译 B. 化境
C. 神似 D. 信、达、雅
3. 出版后即风靡海内的《巴黎茶花女遗事》是--B----的译作。
A．严复 B. 林纾
C. 林语堂 D. 梁实秋
4."意译"是指译文从意义出发，要求将原文的意义正确表达出来，不必拘泥于--D----的形式。
A. 词句 B. 词句和比喻
C. 各种修辞手段 D. 词、句、以及各种修辞手段
5. 翻译是一种（ A ）的交际活动。
A． 跨语言，跨文化，跨社会 B. 跨语言
C． 跨语言，跨社会 D. 跨语言，跨社会
6. 翻译的理想单位是：__________。（ ）
A． 篇章 B. 句子 C.词语 D. 单词
7. 下列四个语言特点中，----B--不是广告英语的特点。
A. 多祈使句 B. 多后置定语
C. 多新词汇 D. 多常用词汇
8. 鲁迅曾提出过"-------B--------"的翻译观点。
A. 宁顺而不信 B. 宁信而不顺
C. 与其信而不顺，不如顺而不信
D. 忠实、通顺、得体
9. 在下列四组特点中，---D---组符合英语语言的实际情况。
A. 重意合，多主动结构，多动态词，多重复，多生物词作主语
B.重形合，多主动结构，多动态词，多替代，多物称词作主语
C.重意合，多被动结构，多静态词，多重复，多生物词作主语
D.重形合，多被动结构，多静态词，多替代，多物称词作主语
10. 下列四种语言特点，----B----不符合英语语言的实际情况。
A. 重形合 B. 多动态词语
C. 多替代 D.多物称词作主语
11. "Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market." 意思为( )。
A． 昨夜我听见他把他的猪赶到市场。
B． 昨夜我听见鼾声如雷。
C． 昨夜我听见他开车把猪送到市场。
D． 昨夜我听见他开车去了市场。
12. 名词化 (nominalization)倾向是---C---的一个比较明显的
语法特点。
A. 广告英语 B. 新闻英语
C. 科技英语 D. 文学英语
13．"to laugh off one's head" 被译为"笑掉大牙"，这是运用了什么翻译方法？ C
A．直译法 B. 意译法
C. 汉语同义习语的套用法 D. 归化法
14．严复的"雅"是指：___A____。
A．指脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。
B．指保存原作的风格。
C．指保持原作的形式。
D．以上的答案都不正确
15．"意义相符，功能相似"是指哪三种意义相符。（ ）
A． 指称意义，言内意义，语用意义
B． 表达意义，社交意义，祈使意义
C． 指称意义，联想意义，语用意义
D． 语法意义，音系意义，语用意义
16．列车的"慢车"应该翻译为( ).。
A．slow train B. local train C. fast train D. tardy train
17．文化差异在给翻译带来了困难，在词汇层面上主要表现为（ ）。
A． 词汇空缺，词义冲突，语义联想，语用含义
B． 词汇空缺，语用含义
C． 语义联想，语用含义
D． 词义冲突，语用含义
问答题：
1. 如何理解直译和意译之间的关系。
1．1） 所谓直译，就是在不违背译语文化传统的前提下，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式（特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等），即尽量完全保留词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
2）意译法是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求译文与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能相似的方法。意译不是任意乱译。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥于原文的形式。
3） 直译与意译应该互相兼容，而不应互相排斥。翻译实践中，在能确切地表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译法显然有可取之处。因为直译有助于保存原著的格调，亦即鲁迅所说的保持"异国情调"和"洋气"；同时，直译有助于不断从外国引起一些新鲜、生动的词语、句法结构和表达方法，使汉语变得丰富。
4）翻译时必须采取不同的手段，或意译或直译，要灵活处理。直译和意译的最终目的都是为了忠实表达原作的思想内容和文体风格，互不排斥，互不矛盾。译者必须善于把两者结合起来。其实，真正主张直译的人其实并不排斥意译，而是反对胡译、乱译；而主张意译的人也不是排斥直译，而是反对死译、硬译。直译容易出现"翻译症"，即追求机械对等；意译容易脱离原文本意，即随意乱译。
2．如何理解严复的"信，达，雅"翻译标准？
应包含以下三层意思：
1）作为翻译标准，"信、达、雅"的提法简明扼要，又有层次，主次突
出。三者之中，信和达更为重要，而信与达两者之中，信尤为重要。
2）有一定的时代局限性。
3）"雅"可以作不同的解释。严复认为的"雅"，是指脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。这样就有人认为严复用一个"雅"字打消了"信"和"达"，但从积极的一面来看，严复重视译文文字润饰这一点却值得我们注意的。
3．请分析英汉在心理文化方面的异同。
从性质上分，中国文化属人文文化，西方文化属科学文化。
具体表现为：1）中国人重直觉与具体形象，而西方人重理性与逻辑。即汉语体现的是形象性，而英语注重功能性。如A) "人"(sun) 子酷像分腿站立，顶天立地的人的形象；"雨"（rain）字的四点表示雨滴；"连衣裙" (形容上衣连着裙子；overall skirt)。因此汉语形象鲜明生动；而相应的英译文绝大多数只说明功能，极少具备原文的形象性。B） 汉语爱以具体比喻抽象。如"蚕食"（to nibble） 比喻逐步侵占像蚕吃桑叶一样。"如日中天"（like the sun at high noon; at the apex of one's power, career, etc.）; "手忙脚乱" （in a frantic rush） 形容做事慌张而没有条理。因此，对于这类词的理解，不能浮于字面，而应了解其喻义。翻译时，可用直译再现原文的 形象，让译文读者凭借共享的文化知识理解其喻义；也可用意译直接表达喻义。C) 汉语丰富的量词也是汉语形象化的体现。
2）中国人重整体，西方人重个体。具体表现为：a) 汉语词义一般较笼统，英语词义一般较具体。如："车来了！"中的"车"可指公共汽车(bus)也可指面包车(minibus),还可指卡车(lorry), 甚至出租车(taxi),英语中却需分门别类十分明确地表达。又如中国人问"你吃了饭没有？"，我们往往无需细说，因为从问话的时间就明白问话人的所指。但如译成英语，则需将早餐(breakfast)、午餐(lunch)和晚餐(supper)分得清楚。b) 汉语表意较模糊，英语表意较准确。如"我妈是个好人。"（My mom is a good woman.） "我饿死了。"是指"我"饿的很厉害。"又如"那年闹饥荒，我弟弟活活地饿死了。"中的"饿死"才是"died of hunger"的意思。
3）汉语重意念，英语重形式。如：学院请来一位洋教师，长得挺怪，红脸，金发。分析："长的挺怪"的逻辑主语应是"洋教师"，"红脸"指洋教师的脸是红的，他的头发是金色的。翻译时不仅要断句，而且要增添主语。所以，可以翻译成：Our institute employed an English teacher. He looked very strange----red-faced and golden-haired.
段落翻译：（1）
First impressions are often lasting ones. Indeed, if you play your cards right, you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the "halo effect." This means that if you're viewed positively within the
critical first few minutes, the person you've met will likely assume everything you do is positive.
How you move and gesture will greatly influence an interviewer's first impression of you. In a landmark study of communications, psychologists discovered that seven percent of any message about our feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use, 38 percent from our voice, and a startling 55 percent from our facial expressions.
（2）Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.
While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman.
Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success.
（3）Science finds order and meaning in our experience, and sets about this in quite a different way. It sets about it as Newton did in the story which he himself told in his old age, and of which the schoolbooks give only a caricature.
In the year 1665, when Newton was twenty-two, the plague broke out in southern England, and the University of Cambridge was closed. Newton therefore spent the next eighteen months at home, removed from traditional learning, at a time when he was impatient for knowledge and, in his own phrase, "I was in the prime of my age for invention." In this eager, boyish mood, sitting one day in the garden of his widowed mother, he saw an apple fall.
What struck the young Newton at the sight was not the thought that the apple must be drawn to the earth by gravity; that conception was older than Newton. What struck him was the conjecture that the same force of gravity, which reaches to the top of the tree, might go on reaching out beyond the earth and its air, endlessly into space.
（4）If an occupation census had been taken in the eleventh century it would probably have revealed that quite 90 percent of the people were country inhabitants who drew their livelihood from farming, herding, fishing or the forest. An air photograph taken at that time would have revealed spotted villages, linked together by unsurfaced roads and separated by expanses of forest or swamp. There were some towns, but few of them housed more than 10,000 persons. A second picture, taken in the mid-fourteenth century would show that the villages had grown more numerous and also more widespread, for Europeans had pushed their frontier outward by settling new areas. There would be more people on the roads, rivers and seas, carrying food or raw materials to towns which had increased in number, size and importance. But a photograph taken ab
out 1450 would reveal that little further expansion had taken place during the preceding hundred years.
(5) One of my favourite moments of the day is among the last -- the last conscious one, anyway. After several attempts at keeping my eyelids from fluttering closed and the book from collapsing onto my chest, I know it really is time to go to sleep. I affectionately place the book on the bed beside me. We sleep together, me and my book, me and those characters, me and my mixed-up dreams.
Reading in bed seems to run in families. The last time my mother babysat for me, I got home to find the house dark except for two small lights. One came from my son's room, where I discovered the eight-year-old holed up under the covers with Goosebumps and a flashlight. At the other end of the house, my mother had already dozed off with her book.