城乡规划英文文献综述
Literature review of the issue of rural tourism development and land transfer 1.Overseas study on rural tourism
As the global rural economy,society,culture,environment,great changesthat have taken pla ce,people gradually realized that rural tourism policy should focus on the social,economic and natural unity of purpose. Research also extends to rural tourism to rural communities in economi c,natural and social both positive and negative impacts, attractions, travel planning, residents ' attitudes towards travel, community participation in rural tourism, protection of the natural and cultural heritage as well as the relationship between rural tourism and sustainable develo-pment of rural https://www.360docs.net/doc/5415182966.html,e the title of rural tourism, retrieved SCI-EXPAND-ED, SSCI, CPCI-S data-bases, studies on rural tourism and reported a total of 195,Total of 128 reviews and journals articles, and overall increasing trend,judging from the country, The United States, China, and the United Kingdom far more than in other countries.
Meanwhile, when rural tourism and landscape co-retrieving only have 5. Instructions direc-tly that combine rural tourism and land use change studies is rare. But a careful analysis, on the existing literature to varying degrees, also addressed issues related to land-use.
Stakeholder research on the one hand:literature on the most cited definition of stakehold-ers in management on the basis of research objects for their definition and classification. In200 2, Ryan [1] Sautter and Leisen (1999) [2] on the basis of the potential stakeholders are updated, Proposed tour operator class of stakeholders,including local and national attractions transportat-ion suppliers,media,national tourismorganizations,local government tourism marketing depart-ment,Central Government,travel agents,and ultimately consumers,hotels,local tourism autho-rities,pressure groups and employees. Sheehan and Rstchie (2005) based on the "International Association of exhibition and travel agency" management (DMO) belongs 389 members of thre-atening and cooperation agencies to investigate, the DMO stakeholders into four categories-su-pport, edge type, object type, and mixed-type [3].All these different stakeholders in land use eff -ects on rural tourism and category management strategies have an important role.
Guo Hua(2007)in his doctoral thesis,summarize the impact of tourism onrural communitie s in the country by foreign scholars's study,these effectsare divided into economic,social and en vironment generous and positive andnegative affect[4]. Not only the interests of land-use alloca-tion,price of land,land use,environmental protection and awareness,the impact of land-use aspects of public administration. But from the carrier of the rural tourism,land linked to the perspective of these systems,find out laws,and try to avoid the negative impact of the docume-nts is rare.
In addition, Abroad scholars also from multi and reveals and research has village to urism of drive factors, as the city of people life rhythm is fast, village tourism can relea-se city life of pressure, feel easily and quiet of lifestyle; people environmental conscious-ness of enhanced; traffic, and communications, facilities of improved, improve has village tourism to of can into sex; short-term holiday increased, work way and leisure activities diversification; on village heritage, and village traditional interest increased; people think village ecological environment better; Passengerswant and rural residents have real conversatio
ns, and so on.
2.Domestic study on rural tourism
Research on domestic tourism in our country is also gradually increasing,from April2012 in The Cnki ,you can search for the title of rural tourism to2,747results found.Search by key words found that in addition to rural tourism, "measures and" the construction of new count-ryside, "sustainable development," issues, "development" are more. But keywords not directly named for land, when we use “land and rural tourism”and“rural tourism and land”search , only23 articles can be found. It shows domestic rural tourism is not visible with attention problems.
Same as foreign studies,scholars in terms of rural tourism impact,initially only pay atte-ntion to the importance of tourism for rural development and farmers' income effects as well as balanced regional development and regional,urban and rural areas,the role of the differe-nce of worker and farmers.Scholars pay more attention to rural tourism and integrated roles in recent years, think of rural tourism development has contributed to social progressand devel opment of the rural economy, but also to rural communities hasbrought income distribution ine-qualities, rural culture of excessive commercialization, environmental pollution and other nega-tive impacts. Meanwhile, although some scholars believe that can significantly increase farmers ' income, but more narrow ' income benefit.
Meanwhile,under the influence of foreign study,in rural tourism key words on the rese-arch,we also found that the"community involvement"and "stakeholder"phrase.Scholars not only to rural tourism community participation levels,how do different levels of analysis on rural tourism stakeholders have been classified.Such as Wang Sujie and Li Xiang (2011) will be inv-olved in rural tourism stakeholders in the decision is divided into communities, Government, and tourism management, tourism businesses and pressure groups etc. [5]
3.Study on rural tourism site
In tourism development and land use,in the early 1930 of the 20th century published by McMurry of “Relationship between recreational activities and land use”,study the relations-hip between land use and the development of tourism for the first time,explicitly states that the urism industry is a unique and important form of land use[6]. In legal documents in force in our country,there is no standardized"tourism"concept,both promulgated in2001,"National lan d classification (Trial)" and "Land use classification" Promulgated in2007did not address specific standards for tourism https://www.360docs.net/doc/5415182966.html,nd use classification on tour in China in addition to th e Ministry of construction issued in1999"Scenic area planning norms" (CB50298一1999) Classification of tourist sites are basically focused on the scenic layout of land use within the Division or function of scenic using partitions. The lack of classification standards also led to tour-ist sites, especially in the rural tourism land illegal land " hotbed" and land rent excuse.But what
is important is tourism does have a lot of specificity because of its diverse nature. From the perspective of land use,tourism development,which contains the characteristic of urban constru-ction land,but also the characteristics of agricultural land,is a hybrid type of land use.
Shen Gang (2007) from the new perspective of eco-systems to explore the spatial area of rural tourism think that rural tourism and semi-natural ecosystems in terms of spatialoverlaps. Tourism eco-zones can include development of the tourist area,moderatearea,control areas,ecol ogical reserves and so on[7].Which provide some reference to the classification management of rural tourism land.
Reference：
[1] Chris Ryan. Equity，management，Power sharing and sustainability - -issues of the “new tourism”[J]. Tourism Management, 2002,23(1):17-26
[2] Sautter E. T. Leisen B. Managing stakeholders: A Tourism Planning Model [J]. Annal s of Tourism Research, 1999,26(2):312一328.
[3] SheehanL. R.，Ritchie J. R. Destination Stakeholders: Exploring Identity and Salience [J].Annals of Tourism Research, 2005 ,32(3):711一734
[4] GuoHua.View of institutional change of rural tourism stakeholders managementresearch
[D]. GuangZhou: Jinan University，2007.
[5]Wang Sujie, Lixiang. Sustainable rural tourism decision-making based on thesocial network research[J]. Rural economy of China，2011(3):59-69 , 90.
[6] McMurry，K. C. The Use of Land for Recreation[J]. Annals of the Association of American Ceogra-phers，1930(20):7一20.
[7] Shen Gang. Regional exploration of rural tourism space based on the perspective of ecological system[J]. Arid area resources and environment，2007 , 21(9) : 102一105
Others：
[8] Wu Bihu. Principles of regional tourism planning [M]. Beijing: China Tourism Press, 2001
[9] Hu Xiaoqin. Economic analysis of illegal land use in the development of rural tourism [J]. Economy and technology of rural，2010,21 ( 7) : 105一108
[10]. Huang Kui. Research on rural tourism commercial land use based on the theory of rural land development rights[D]. Chengdu: Sichuan University, 2007.
01-文献综述范文-翻译-当前零翻译研究问题与对策
外国语学院2018届毕业论文文献综述（示范） 一、研究背景 近来多篇论文中出现零翻译的提法（杜争鸣，2000；邱懋如，2001；刘明东，2002；袁斌业，2002a，2002b，2002c，2002d；石琳，2003；余清萍，2003；余清萍，秦傲松，2004；肖耀田，2004），但国内学者所编三本译学词典（林煌天，1997；孙迎春，1999；方梦之，2004）均未出现零翻译这一词条，国外三本词典/术语著作（Shuttleworth & Cowie，1997；Baker，1998；Delisle，2004）亦未收入这一条目，只有国内孙迎春（2001）编著的《汉英双向翻译学语林》收进了“零翻译（音译、形译之一种）zero translation”（58页）及“zero translation零翻译（音译、形译之一种）”（268页）两个条目，同时又有贾影（2002）反对零翻译提法，并认为承认不可译有“积极作用”。但零翻译现象确实存在，如DIY（自己动手），IQ（智商），EQ（情商），这些零翻译词汇经常在汉语中出现。英语中也有类似情况，如美国《时代》周刊中报道中国特色事物时经常使用拼音，如aizi(矮子)，pizi（痞子），shiganjia（实干家），yuan（缘）（王祥兵，2002），shuangying(双赢)，guanxi(关系)（顾静，2005）。 这些研究成果揭示了零翻译现象的存在，引进了零翻译的概念，促进了翻译理论概念的扩大，但是从发表的论文及孙迎春（2001）的这两个条目来看，各自运用的名称虽同（也有不同，如杜争鸣称为不译），但概念的内涵及外延均有出入，因此有必要探讨当前零翻译研究的问题并提出相应研究对策。 二、研究现状及不足 1. 定义不统一、模糊不清 传统翻译理论多把零翻译归结为“音译法”、“移译法”，只看到技巧层面的意义，如秦建栋（1999）讨论“英汉词汇空缺现象刍议”列举“音译法”、“移译法”，袁斌业（2001）论及“英语本族人音译汉语词汇的语用分析”，虽然看到“音译在我国只能用来翻译名词，而在国外则可以用来翻译包括名词在内的各种词语”，但未能从中提炼出零翻译的概念，实际上这里已包含有零翻译与音译的某些区别。 国内最早使用zero translation这一术语的是杜争鸣（2000），但他称之为“不译”，并分析了直译、意译与不译三种翻译策略。他不停留于策略本身，从跨文化交际的视角分析了三种策略的社会语言学与跨文化交际涵义，并看到了不译的三层文化含义。不译背后体现译者对于翻译目的的认识，“而翻译的目的必然直接或间接地反映反映译者本人对翻译的文化含义的意识与潜意识，反映他翻译时所采取的文化姿态与立场。”即翻译观的问题。但从术语的精确性来说
英文文献综述样本 威尼斯商人
毕业论文 （或毕业设计） 文献综述 文献综述题目 （中文小二号黑体居中或英文Times New Roman小二号加粗居中或日文明朝体小二号加粗） 学生姓名指导教师 二级学院专业名称 班级学号 年月日
（标题Times New Roman三号加粗） The Literature Review of The Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of Venice （正文用Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，各段首行空4个字符，书名用斜体加粗） Written sometime between 1596 and 1598, The Merchant of Venice is classified as both an early Shakespearean comedy (more specifically, as a "Christian comedy") and as one of the Bard's problem plays; it is a work in which good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved. In The Merchant of Venice , Shakespeare wove together two ancient folk tales, one involving a vengeful, greedy creditor trying to exact a pound of flesh, the other involving a marriage suitor's choice among three chests and thereby winning his (or her) mate. Shakespeare's treatment of the first standard plot scheme centers around the villain of Merchant, the Jewish moneylender Shylock, who seeks a literal pound of flesh from his Christian opposite, the generous, faithful Antonio. Shakespeare's version of the chest-choosing device revolves around the play's Christian heroine Portia, who steers her lover Bassanio toward the correct humble casket and then successfully defends his bosom friend Antonio from Shylock's horrid legal suit. Antonio, as the title character, is sad from the beginning to the end of the play but never names the cause of his melancholy even when his friends ask him. Antonio plays the role as an outcast in the play. Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness simply as the device to set the tragic tone in the comedy or make Antonio be one of his melancholic characters in his works? Or Antonio is the representative of the complicated human nature? Antonio's unexplained melancholy is a significant element in understanding the play. 1. Studies on The Merchant of V enice（Times New Roman + 四号+首缩进4字符，下同） Karl Marx once cited that Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the world.
文献综述写法及格式
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学术英语理工类文献综述英文
学术英语 学院名称：材料科学与工程学院学生姓名：张庆飞 学号：7301013016 专业班级：新能源材料与器件131 2015年 6月16 日
The current development of genetically modified crops of China and its safety issues Zhang Qingfei (College of materials science and engineering, Nanchang University, 10001) Abstracts: GM technology as a new, highly efficient genetically modified technology, already widely used in the cultivation of new varieties of field crops. China's transgenic technology started earlier, China's current GM technology level in the forefront of the world, especially made great achievements in the cultivation of new varieties of crops. In this paper, the status quo using gene transfer on Chinese agriculture and safety of transgenic technology are introduced, and the resolve of GM safety issues some thought. On this basis, I made some new ideas of transgenic technology and application of transgenic technology development prospects were discussed. Keywords: GM technology; GM crops; GM safety issues; China Introduction: As the core of the biotechnology giant leap .Transgenic technology is known as the second "green revolution." In 1983, the world's first strain of transgenic tobacco plants marks the arrival of the era of gene transfer plants. In the ensuing decades, genetically modified crops developed rapidly. In 2014, there are 28 countries in the world planted GM crops, the planting area has reached more than 180 million hectares, Chinese genetically modified crops planting area is 3.6 million hectares. With the widespread planting of genetically modified crops, the impact of transgenic technology in agriculture is growing. As the research of GM crops, China has made great achievements in the research of rice and cotton. The development of anything will not be smooth. With the development of GM technology, its security deposit issues also be exposed. The safety of genetically modified crops has been disputed by people, opponents argue that GM crops have great potential risk, it should be resisted. What is more, some people exaggerate the risk of genetically modified crops. Aroused people's fear of genetically modified. In this paper, the people of GM crops concerns, the status of the development of GM crops were elaborated. Besides, security problems of genetically modified crops and their solutions will be discussed. The current development of genetically modified crops in china GM refers to the Technology that use molecular biology method to transfer the artificial separation and some modified biological gene to other species and change the genetic characteristics of the species .Plant transgenic technology is the genetic transformation of plants, making plants to meet human needs in aspects of shape, nutrition and consumer quality. China's biotech crop improvement research began in the 1980s, during the past 30 years, Chinese agricultural and biological high-tech has been developing rapidly. At present, China's hybrid rice, cotton and other advanced in the world. GM technology Applied on cotton, rice and other crops on behalf of China's development status of GM crops. As a cotton producing countries, the industrialization of Chinese insect-resistant cotton has brought huge economic and ecological benefits to Chinese
文献综述 英文
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