高中英语Module4SandstormsinAsiaSectionⅢGrammar动词不定式和but+不定式教学案外研版必修3
Module 4 Sandstorms in Asia Section Ⅲ Grammar 动词不定式和
but＋不定式
语法图解
探究发现
①Experts hope to learn more about the movement of thunderstorms.
②There was nothing to be done.
③The storms sometimes continue all day and traffic moves very slowly because the thick dust makes it difficult to see.
④When a sandstorm arrives in the city, weather experts advise people not to go out.
⑤It is difficult to breathe and the dust makes me ill.
⑥To prevent it coming nearer, the government is planting trees.
⑦My job is to teach.
⑧I can do nothing but wait at home.
⑨She has no choice but to give in.
[我的发现]
(1)①～⑦句中，不定式在句中分别充当宾语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语、状语和表语。③句中，it为形式宾语；
⑤句中，it为形式主语。
(2)由④句可知，不定式的否定式为not_to_do。由②句可知，不定式的被动式为
to_be_done。
(3)由⑧⑨句可知，不定式在介词but后面时，如果but之前有行为动词do的各种形式，则介词后的不定式不带to，否则带to。
一、动词不定式
(一)动词不定式的时态和语态
1
之后发生。
I hope to see you next week.
我希望下周能见到你。
I’d like to be told what’s going on.
我希望被告知正在发生什么。
2．不定式的进行式：表示不定式的动作正在进行且与谓语动词同时发生。
I happened to be watching TV when she called.
她打电话来时，我恰巧正在看电视。
3．不定式的完成式：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
They seem to have cleaned the house.
他们似乎已经打扫过这个房子了。
The factory is reported to have been burnt down.
据报道这家工厂已经被烧毁了。
[即时演练1] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①He pretended to_have_fallen (fall) asleep when little Tom came to him.
②The student seems to_have_caught (catch) a cold because of the bad weather.
③He seems to_be_thinking (think) about the question right now.
④The question to_be_discussed (discuss) tomorrow is about the pollution.
(二)动词不定式的语法功能
1．作主语
To master a foreign language is necessary.
＝ It is necessary to master a foreign language.
掌握一门外语很有必要。
[名师点津] 当动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，将不定式后置。
2．作表语
(1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
(2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
(3)如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish 等为中心的名词，或是what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语对主语起补充说明作用。
My job is to drive them to the company every day.
我的工作就是每天开车送他们去公司。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
[即时演练2]
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空
①To_get (get) to Guiyang by bus will take us four hours from Fenggang.
②Danny’s homework is to_write (write) a poem.
(2)翻译句子
①晚起不是好习惯。
To_get_up_late_is_not_a_good_habit._
＝_It_is_not_a_good_habit_to_get_up_late._
②要成为医生很难。
It_is_hard_to_be_a_doctor._
③我的愿望是去太空。
My_wish_is_to_go_to_space._
3．作宾语
She promised to give him a chance.
她许诺给他一次机会。
[巧学助记] 用动词不定式作宾语的动词：
①I had hoped to_send (send) him a telegram to congratulate him on his marriage, but I didn’t manage it.
②When his mother came in, the boy pretended to_be_reading (read).
③Having failed in the driving test twice, he decided not_to_take (not take) it again.
④If you want to_go (go) with us, you should be ready by eight o’clock.
4．作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语，常用于下列动词后：
ask, cause, call, help, force, allow, permit, advise, order, get, want, wish, tell等。
The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
老师建议我们先休息。
[名师点津] (1)在“五看(see, watch, observe, notice, look at)三使(make, let, have)两听(hear, listen to)一感(feel)”等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to，但当以上动词用于被动语态时需要带to。
(2)help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式可带to也可不带to，即help sb. (to) do sth.。
The boss made his men work all the night.
老板让他的工人整夜工作。
5．作定语
(1)不定式作定语，置于被修饰词之后，常表示未发生的动作。
The car to be bought is for his sister.
要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。
(2)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需有相应的介词。
The Greens have a comfortable house to live in.
格林一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
(3)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。
(4)有些名词的同根词跟不定式，因而它们也常跟不定式作定语，常见的有：promise, plan, offer, decision, ability, warning等。
She said she had no plans to go there.
她说她没有去那里的打算。
[即时演练4]
(1)单句语法填空
①The teacher asked us to_finish (finish) our homework.
②I felt someone open (open) my door.
③He was the first one to_think (think) of the idea.
④The manager is the last to_come (come) to the meeting.
(2)完成句子
①Please listen to me sing_the_song_again.
请听我把这首歌再唱一遍。
②You can’t let the child stand_in_the_sun.
你不能让那孩子站在太阳底下。
③We need someone to_help_with_the_work.
我们需要有人来帮忙干这工作。
④I am looking for a room to_live_in.
我正在找一间屋子住。
6．作状语
(1)不定式作状语表示目的、原因和结果。表原因、结果时一般不置于句首。
She reads ChinaDaily every day to improve her English.
为了提高英语，她每天读《中国日报》。
I’m glad to meet you.
很高兴见到你。
(2)不定式作结果状语表示意外的结果，常在不定式前面加上only。
I hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.
我匆匆赶到车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。
(3)“形容词/副词＋enough＋不定式”结构中，不定式也表示结果。
The boy is old enough to go to school.
那个小男孩足够大，可以上学了。
(4)“too ... to ...”结构常表示“太……而不能”，但too之前如果有only，则不定式表肯定。因为only too表示“非常，很”。
He is too weak to do the work.
他身体太弱了不能做这项工作。
(5)too后如果是happy, glad之类的形容词时，不定式也表示肯定意义。
She was too happy to meet her friend in the street.
在街上见到她的好朋友她很高兴。
[即时演练5]
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空
①(2016·北京高考改编)To_make (make) it easier to get in touch with us, you’
d better keep this card at hand.
②David jumped high enough to_get (get) the first at the beginning of the sports.
③Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not_to_lose (not lose) his job.
④He is too eager to_see (see) you at once.
(2)完成句子
①She is proud to_have_taken_part_in the competition.
她对于参加了比赛感到很自豪。
②Sometimes, I was too weak_to_go_to_school so my education suffered.
有时候我身体太虚弱了而不能上学，因此我的功课变差了。
(三)动词不定式的复合结构
动词不定式的逻辑主语往往是泛指的，或根据上下文来表明。但在某些情况下，不定式的逻辑主语需要明确表示，这时可用介词for或of引出逻辑主语，构成for sb. to do和of sb. to do结构，这就是动词不定式的复合结构。这种复合结构常在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语等。
(1)It is ＋adj.＋ of sb. ＋ to do sth. (adj.用来说明主语的特征)
(2)It is ＋adj.＋ for sb. ＋ to do sth. (adj.用来说明句中动词的特征)
①It is foolish of you to say such words.
②It’s easy for you to learn English well.
其中，①可转化为：You’re foolish to say such words.但②却不能这样转化。
(四)疑问词＋不定式结构
疑问词who, what, which, when, where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。在句中可用作主语、表语或宾语。
When to start has not been decided.
何时动身尚未决定。(主语)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.
困难在于如何过河。(表语)
I can tell you where to get this book.
我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(宾语)
[名师点津] “疑问词＋不定式结构”不适用why，常用why do sth.。
Why not turn to him for help?
为什么不求助于他呢？
[即时演练6] 完成句子
①It is dangerous for_children_to_swim in that river.
小孩在那条河里游泳是危险的。
②It’s very kind of_you_to_help_me.
你帮助我真是太好了。
③I haven’t decided what_to_write_about.
我还没有决定写什么。
④Can you tell me how_to_get_to_the_station?
你可以告诉我怎么去车站吗？
二、but＋动词不定式
1．用于can’t but, can’t help but, can’t choose but等短语后，意为“不得不，只能”，不定式不带to。
We can’t but face the reality.
我们只能面对现实。
When a close friend dies, you can’t choose but feel sad.
当好朋友去世时，你怎能不感到悲伤。
Even till today, whenever I t hink of the “ice cream” story, I still can’t help but laugh at myself.
直到今天，每当我想起我那个“冰淇淋”的故事，我就会情不自禁地笑起自己来。
2．当but(表示“除……之外”)前有实义动词do的某种形式时，其后的不定式通常不带to。其他情况不定式通常都要带to。
I have no choice but to accept the fact.
除了接受这一事实，我别无选择。
There was nothing to do but send for a doctor.
除了派人去请医生，没有什么可以做的。
[即时演练7] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①I cannot but admire (admire) your decision.
②He has nothing to do but watch (watch) TV at home.
③When the streets are full of melting snow, you can’t help but get (get) your shoes wet.
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．(2015·北京高考改编)_To_catch (catch) the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
2．(2015·福建高考改编)To_learn (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
3．(2015·湖南高考改编)Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students to_talk (talk) over what is bothering them.
4．(2015·陕西高考改编)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on to_thank (thank) all the people who had helped in her career.
5．There is something wrong with the computer. I don’t know what to_do (do) with it.
6．The bad weather is reported to_have_contributed (contribute) to the passenger plane crash.
7．Even though we have made much progress in preventing pollution, yet much remains to_be_done (do)．
8．There were many talented actors out there just waiting to_be_discovered (discover)．
9．When you get into trouble, don’t hesitate to_ask (ask) me for help.
10．I would love to_have_gone (go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
Ⅱ.单句写作
1. (2015·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达) I’d like to_ask_you_to_write_an_article for our school’s English newspaper.
我想让你为我们学校的英文报纸写一篇文章。
2．(2015·北京高考书面表达) I intend_to_join a Dragon Boat Training Camp.
我打算参加一个龙舟训练营。
3．(2015·四川高考书面表达) As for speaking Mandarin, it’s better to_pay_much_attention_to_the_pronunciation.
至于讲普通话，最好多注意发音。
4．(2015·天津高考书面表达) To_help_the_students_to_learn_Chinese_better,_our school has decided to donate some books to your Chinese class.
为了帮助学生学好语文，我们学校已决定为你们的汉语班捐赠一些图书。
5．He is said to have_studied_abroad for 3 months, but I don’t know which country he was in.
据说他在国外学习过三个月，但我不知道是在哪个国家。
6．He was the only foreigner to_be_given such an honor.
他是唯一被授予这项荣誉的外国人。
7．Though we have made great progress, there is still much to_be_improved.
尽管我们取得很大进步，但是仍要进一步提高。
8．The first man to_set_foot_on_the_moon comes from America.
登上月球的第一人来自美国。
Ⅲ.短文改错
Yesterday I was gone home by the bus and my father was going to pick me up at the station. On the bus, I see a young woman with several bags of heavier books get on. I wanted to offer her my seat, and I didn’t. In my surprise, she and I got off at the same stations later. After a short conversation, I learned she had to walk a long way home. So I offered give her a ride and she accepted. When thinking of this experience, I was sad that she didn’t do the right thing the first time on the bus. But I was very happy to have a second chance to doing it.
答案：第一句：gone→going; 去掉第一个the
第二句：see→saw; heavier→heavy
第三句：and→but
第四句：In→To; stations→station
第六句：offered后加to
第七句：she→I
第八句：doing→do