文学术语对照表(俄文部分)

文学术语对照表（俄文русски部分）

Аверинцев,Сергей Сергеевич阿韦林采夫

Автоматизация и остранение自动化与反常化

Акмецзм阿克梅派

Бахтин,Михаил Михайлович巴赫金

Белинский, Виссарион Григорьевич别林斯基

Взгляд на русскую литературу 1847 года《1847年俄国文学一瞥》Видение и узнавание视象与认识

Винокур,Григорий Осипович维诺库尔

Выготский, Лев Семенович维戈茨基

Владимир Илвиц Ленин列宁

Дилог对话

Деформацця变形

Добролюбов,Никол а й Александрович杜勃罗留波夫

Жирмунский,Виктор Максимович日尔蒙斯基

Имажинизм意象主义

Культурно-историческа я щкола历史文化学派

ЛЕФ: Левый Фронт Искусства列夫

литературность文学性

литературные жанры文学体裁

Лихачёв,Дмитрий Сергеевич利哈乔夫

Ломоносов,Михаил Васильевич罗蒙诺索夫

Лотман,Юрий Михайлович洛特曼

Луначарский,Анатоли й Васильевич卢纳察尔斯基

Материал и прием材料与程序

Мелетинский,Елеазар моисеевич梅列津斯基

Мотив и мотивировка细节与细节印证

Мифологическая школ а神话学派

《О теории прозы》《关于散文的理论》

Партийная литература党的文学

Персонаж и герой角色与主人公

Плеханов, Георгий Валентинович普列汉诺夫

Полифония复调

Поляков,Марк Я ковлевич波尼亚科夫

Пснхологи ческая школя心理学派

Поспелов,Геннадий Николаевич波斯别洛夫

практический язык и поэтический язык实用语言与诗性语言

《Проблемы позтики Достоевского》/《Problems of Dostoevskys' Poetics》《陀思妥耶夫斯基诗学问题》Пропп,Владимир Яковлеви ч普洛普

РАПП: Российская ассоциация пролетарских писателей“拉普”

Серапионовы братья“谢拉皮翁兄弟”

Сокрытиц прицма и隐蔽程序与裸露程序

обнажиниц прицма Символизм象征主义

Социалистический реализм社会主义现实主义

Сравнительно-историческое литерату роведение比较历史文艺学

Тимофеев,Леонид Иванович季莫菲耶夫

Томашевский,Борис Викторович托玛舍夫斯基

Тынянов,Юрий Николаевич狄尼亚诺夫

Форма и содержание形式与内容

Формализм形式派

《Формальный метод в литературоведении》《文艺学中的形式主义方法》

Футуризм未来主义

Храпченко,Михаил Борисович赫拉普钦柯

Чернышевский,Николай Гаврилович车尔尼雪夫斯基

《Что Такое Искусство》《艺术论》

Шкловский,Виктор Борисович什克洛夫斯基

Эйхенбаум, Борис Михайлович艾亨巴乌姆

《Эстетические отномения и действителъности》《艺术与现实的审美关系》Я

Якобсон,Роман Осипович雅各布森

美国文学史复习提纲名词解释

I. Explain the following literary terms(名词解释). 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, gen iality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience or（American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.） 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. 5、American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 6、Transcendentalism: In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set of authors based in Concord, Massachusetts and was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. The transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. They found their chief source of inspiration in nature. Emerson’s essay Nature was the major document of the transcendental school and stated the ideas that were to remain central to it. 7、Free verse: free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventio nal rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg. 8、Naturalism: A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It

俄语基础语法汇总

俄语基础语法汇总 1、形容词软硬变化：硬变化词尾：-ый (ой )-ая-ое-ые软变化词尾：-ий–яя-ее-ие 词尾以гкх 结尾的词属硬变化，但гкх后不写ы写и 词尾以жшчщ结尾的形容词多数属于软变化，但重音在词尾属硬变化。如： Большой (большаябольшоебольшие)хороший (хорошаяхорошеехорошие) 注：жшчщ后不写–я 写-а 2、名词变复数: 阳性：硬辅音----加ы，й和ь---变и ；阴性：а---变и、я 和ь－变и 中性：о---变а、е---变я 3、名词单二格：阳性：硬辅音---加а-й –ь变я ；中性：-о---变а-е----- 变я 阴性：-а----变ы-я----变и-ь---变и 4、形容词、顺序数词、物主代词、指示代词单数第二格（1）形容词：阳性、中性---ого (硬变化) ---его（软变化）；阴性---ой (硬变化) ---ей （软变化）（2）顺序数词单数第二格词尾同硬变化形容词，但третий 同软变化形容词。（3）物主代词与单数第二格阳性、中性名词连用词尾为---его与阴性名词连用词尾为----ей (4) 指示代词этот单数第二格阳性、中性为этого 阴性为этой 5、名词复数第二格（1）不定量数词многомалоскольконесколько后一般要用名词复数第二格；以硬辅音（除жш 外）结尾的阳性名词复数第二格词尾为–ов 以—й 结尾的阳性名词为–ев ；以—ц结尾的阳性名词，复数第二格词尾重音位—ов ，不带重音为—ев ，例如：отец --- отцов Месяц –месяев 2）5----20，25---30，35----40........ 后面的名词要用复数二格；以жшцщ 结尾的阳性名词，以及以—ь结尾的阳性及阴性名词，复数二格词尾为---ей （3）以–а--я--о---ия---ие 结尾的名词复数第二格无词尾或称秃尾 6、形容词、物主代词、指示代词复数第二格（1）形容词复数二格词尾为----ых (硬变化) –их(软变化) ，词尾前以гкхжш 结尾的硬变化形容词，因гкхжш后不写—ы所以也写—их （2）物主代词复数第二格词尾为---их （3）指示代词为этих 7、名词单三格：阳性：硬辅音----加у-й-ь-----变ю；中性：-о---变у-е----变ю 阴性：-а –я-----变е-ь----变и--ия----变ии 8、形容词、物主代词、指示代词单数第三格（1）形容词：阳性、中性---ому(硬变化) –ему(软变化) ；阴性：---ой(硬变化) ---ей(软变化) （2）物主代词：同软变化形容词（3）指示代词同硬变化形容词 9、名词、形容词、物主代词、指示代词复数第三格（1）名词：以硬辅音及—а---о 结尾的名词复数第三格词尾为---ам 。以-й-ь-я-е 结尾的名词复数第三格词尾为---ям （2）形容词：---ым(硬变化) –им(软变化)；词尾前以гкхжш结尾的硬变化形容词因гкхжш后不写—ы ，其复数第三格也为—им （3）物主代词：同软变化形容词（4）指示代词：为этим

美国文学史名词解释

1、the Lost Generation In general, the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of U.S. writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that, b asking under President Harding's “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, e.e. cummings and many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the '20s. They were never a literary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost the distinctive stamp of the postwar period. The last representative works of the era were Fitzgerald's Tender Lost generation The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos. Lost generation The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish. 2、Iceberg Theory It is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface. Iceberg Theory Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” sugge sts that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of

美国文学史及选读复习重点

Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The

俄语语法术语

имя существительное名词 род性: мужской род(м.)阳性женский род (ж.)阴性средний род(ср.)中性 число数: единственное число单数множественное число复数 падеж格: именительный падеж一格 родительный падеж二格 дательный падеж三格 винительный падеж四格 творительный падеж五格 предложный падеж六格 отглагольное существительное动名词 имя прилагательное形容词 качественноеимя прилагательное性质形容词 относительное имя прилагательное关系形容词 полная форма长尾 краткая форма短尾 положительная степень 原级сравнительная степень比较级высшая степень最高级 простая форма 单一式сложная форма复合式 имя числительное数词 порядковые числительные顺序数词 количественные числительные 数量数词: определ?нно-количественные числительные定量数词неопредел?нно-количественныечислительные不定量数词 собирательные числительные集合数词 дробное числительное分数десятичная дробь小数 местоимение代词 личные местоимения人称代词 возратные местоимения反身代词себя притяжательные местоимения物主代词 указательные местоимения指示代词этот тот такой

美国文学史名词解释

1.American Puritanism清教 2.It comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised. Characteristics: 特点 1. Idealistic: Puritans pursue the purity and simplicity in worship. They focuse the glory of God, and the angry believe in the doctrine of destiny, original sin, limited atonement 2. Practical: Puritans come to Amrican to do business and make profits with the desire of chasing wealth and status. They have to struggle for survival under the severity of the western frontier. 3 .The struggle between the spiritual and the material is the basics of the Puritan mind. On the one hand, Puritans chase the purity of the early the other hand, they come to America to earn money. This contradictory will be reflected by their thoughts. 4. In a word, it rests on purity, ambition, harding work, and an intense struggling for success. Romanticism浪漫主义: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography. Transcendentalism先验说,超越论: is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau. American Realism现实主义: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience Local colorism乡土文学: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform. Stream of consciousness意识流：It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke

美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.

History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1

俄语基础语法

语法（Грамматика）：二、普通名词和专有名词、动物名词和非动物名词普通名词：урок, газета, окно 专有名词：Китай, Россия, Анна 动物名词：Студент, Нина回答Кто? 非动物名词：письмо, Москва回答Что? 三、名词的性注1、以-ь结尾的名词，多数是阳性，少数是阴性，要分别记住。注2、表示男人或女人的名词，不按结尾，而按自然属性来确定，如папа, дядя虽然是以-а, -я结尾，但属阳性名词。注3、以-мя结尾的名词是中性，共10个，如имя，время。四、人称代词的性、数

注1、 –Вы учитель? -- Да, я учтитель. –Вы учителя? –Да, мы учителя. 注2、 он: Это студент. Он здесь. Это музей. Он там. она: Это студентка. Она здесь. Это газета. Она там. оно: Где письмо? Оно здесь. они:没有性的区别 Это Максим и Борис. Они здесь. Где мама и папа? Они здесь. Где Нина и Анна? Они там. Это письмо и газета. Они там. 俄罗斯人姓名及称呼： 1、全名顺序为：名字·父称·姓 2、对长辈和上级称对方：名字·父称，如：柳德米拉·博拉格菲耶夫娜。 3、平辈和朋友之间称对方：名字或小名，如：安那托立或托立亚

文学术语对照表(俄文部分)

美国文学史复习提纲 名词解释

俄语基础语法汇总

美国文学史名词解释

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俄语语法术语

美国文学史名词解释

美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.

俄语基础语法

美国文学史复习提纲名词解释