托福阅读TPO1题目解析
托福阅读TPO1题目解析
TPO是托福备考圣经，但是并不是有“圣经”就能完全把握托福考试。还要看大家怎么去利用这份资料。针对原文，我们可以最大限度的剖析再剖析。直到把文章掌握得滚瓜烂熟。而大家又是怎样对待其中的每个考题呢？是做完对对答案，记下答对率；还是认真分析每个考题在考什么，找出托福阅读的“点”在哪？前者居多吧！
所以关于托福阅读TPO，小编希望最大限度地利用这些ETS提供的阅读题目。在题目中，找到每个题目考察点，给出最全最有逻辑的解析。今天，小编分享给大家的是关于TPO1Timberline Vegetation on Mountains的题目分析。
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
山上树带界线的植被
1.The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one.Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters,trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs,herbs,and grasses.This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line.In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge,usually because of a lack of moisture.
2.The upper timberline,like the snow line,is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions.It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to4,500meters in the dry subtropics and3,500-4,500meters in the moist tropics.Timberline trees are normally evergreens,suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees(those that lose their leaves)in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.There are some areas, however,where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline.Species of birch,for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
3.At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed.This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes,which tend to attain greater heights on ridges,whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.This is because middle-and upper-latitude timberlines are strongly influenced
by the duration and depth of the snow cover.As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys,trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges,even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor,thin soils there.In the tropics,the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out,they have less frost,and they have deeper soils.
4.There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline.Various environmental factors may play a role.Too much snow,for example,can smother trees,and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy https://www.360docs.net/doc/58638335.html,te-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves.Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees,as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role,while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor.Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature,for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
5.Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra.Immediately adjacent to the timberline,the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs,herbs,and grasses,while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line.The highest plants in the world occur at around6,100meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.At this great height,rocks,warmed by the sun,melt small snowdrifts.
6.The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form.This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life,the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial.The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover.In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
阅读题目在这里
Paragraph1:The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often adramatic one.Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters,trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs,herbs,and grasses.This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line.In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
1.The word“dramatic”in the passage is closest in meaning to
○gradual
○complex
○visible
○striking
解析：答案是(4)。相关句Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters,trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs,herbs,and grasses.在一个垂直距离只有几十米的地方，树木这种生命形式就消失了，取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。这句话是对前一句的解释句。所以看出transition是很明显，变化很大的。
考察点：句子之间的逻辑。
2.Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph1likely to be found?
○In an area that has little water
○In an area that has little sunlight
○Above a transition area
○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.
解析：答案是(1)
由lower timberline定位到到段落最后一句话“In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge,usually because of a lack of moisture.”意思是：在很多半干旱地区有一个下树届带，在那里的低边界树变成草原或荒漠，通常是因为缺乏水分。
考察点：因果句。
3.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph1about both the upper and lower timberlines?
○Both are treeless zones.
○Both mark forest boundaries.
○Both are surrounded by desert areas.
○Both suffer from a lack of moisture.
解析：答案是(2)
从这些句子中找答案：This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line.In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge,usually because of a lack of moisture.所以二者都有“变化“。属于一个分界。
考察点：一些对比或者also这样的提示词。
Paragraph2:The upper timberline,like the snow line,is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions.It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to4,500meters in the dry subtropics and3,500-4,500meters in the moist tropics.Timberline trees are normally evergreens,suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees(those that lose their leaves)in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.There are some areas,however,where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline.Species of birch,for example,may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
4.Paragraph2supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?
○They cannot grow in cold climates.
○They do not exist at the upper timberline.
○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.
○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.
解析：答案是(3)
段落第三句话“Timberline trees are normally evergreens,suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees(those that lose their leaves)in the extreme environments
of the upper timberline.”意思是：树届带的树通常都是常青树，这意味着这些树比落叶树在上树届带极端环境中生存更有优势。Normally adv.通常情况；deciduous adj.每年落叶的；
考察点：对于这种ETS“不打自招“的解释信息，这里一定会出题。(those that lose their leaves) Paragraph3:At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes,which tend
to attaingreater heights on ridges,whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.This is because middle-and upper-latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover.As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys,trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges,even
though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor,thin soils there.In the tropics,the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost,and they have deeper soils.
5.The word“attain”in the passage is closest in meaning to
○require
○resist
○achieve
○endure
解析：答案是(3)
which tend to attain greater heights on ridges,whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.对比或者并列情况下都可以找到同义替换，这里是reach 考察点：对比意味的地方有考点同义替换。
6.The word“they”in the passage refers to
○valleys
○trees
○heights
○ridges
解析：答案是(2)As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys,trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges,even though they are more exposed to high-velocity
winds and poor,thin soils there.要考虑逻辑。
考点；代词还原。
7.The word“prone”in the passage is closest in meaning to
○adapted
○likely
○difficult
○resistant
解析：答案是(2)
In the tropics,the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out,they have less frost,and they have deeper soils.
首先说一下，有些解析会说“查字典知道答案是…”真心醉了……
less prone，这里有比较级，所以找和谁再比可以找到前面，even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor,thin soils there.正好more exposed to与之对应。“更不易，更少可能这一类的意思”。
考点：比较级。
8.According to paragraph3,which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?
○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys
○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.
○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.
○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.
解析：答案是(1)
回到段落第三句“This is because middle-and upper-altitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover.”意思是：这是因为中高纬度的树届带强烈受到雪覆盖长度和深度的影响。第四句“As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys,trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges,even though they are more
exposed to high-velocity winds and poor,thin soils there.”意思是：因为雪在山谷更深持续时间更长，树在山脊上达到的高度更高，尽管它们更会被暴露在高速风和贫瘠薄弱土壤中。选项二，三都错了。段落最后一句：In the tropics,the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out,they have less frost,and they have deeper soils.意思是：在热带，山谷更适宜生长因为它们不会那么容易干涸，其中霜更少，并且泥土更深。所以选项四错。
考点：应该也是有两个事物并列、对比是易出题吧!
Paragraph4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline.Various environmental factors may play a role.Too much snow,for example,can smother trees,and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy https://www.360docs.net/doc/58638335.html,te-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves.Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees,as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role,while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor.Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature,for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
9.Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes,trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.
○As altitude increases,the velocity of winds increase,leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.
○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity,which increase with altitude,can cause serious hardship for trees.
○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees,and this may cause serious stress for trees.
解析：答案是(3)
原句Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees,
as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes
原句结构：动作a increases+动作b cause，有证据。看看哪个最接近就好了。
考点：长难句。
10.In paragraph4,what is the author’s main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?
○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.
○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations
○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified
○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon
解析：答案是(4)
回到段落看第一句“There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline.”意思是：对于为什么树在上树届带戏剧性的停止生长还没有一个普遍同意的解释。再看接下一句“Various environmental factors may play a role.”各种不同的环境因素都可能起到作用。而整个自然段之后就进一步描述了那几个自然环境因素。
考点：段落结构。一般还是那些结构清晰的段落。
Paragraph6:The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form.This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life,the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial.The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover.In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
11.The word“prevalent”in the passage is closest in meaning to
○predictable
○widespread
○successful
○developed
解析：答案是(2)
less prevalent.找到和谁在比较，找到In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life,the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial.The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover.In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
有对比，前面的高山地带上，这种树木形式可以利用……但赤道附近就该没那么……了，应该表现出没那么多，没那么广之类的意思。
考点：比较级。
12.According to paragraph6,all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:
○Because they are low,they are less exposed to strong winds.
○Because they are low,the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.
○In the equatorial mountains,they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.
○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground,where there is more heat than further up
解析：答案是(3)
原文段落最后一句“In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.”意思是：在赤道山区，这种低生长形式更少。选项三与其矛盾了。
“The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form.This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.意思是：在高山带植物的低增长形式是最引人注目的特点。这一特点使它们能够避免最强劲苛刻的风力并且让它们利用靠近地表的高温。所以选项一，四都对；段落倒数第二句“The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover.”意思是：这种低生长形式还使植物能够利用冬天覆雪的隔热。所以选项二正确。
考点：有比较的地方易出题。
Paragraph5:Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra.█Immediately adjacent to the timberline,the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs,herbs,and grasses,while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.█Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line.The highest plants in the world occur at around6,100meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.█At this great height,rocks,warmed by the sun,melt small snowdrifts.█
13.Look at the four squares[█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This explains how,for example,alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of6,180meters.
Where would the sentence best fit?
解析：答案是(4)
This，explains,前面一句是个关于alpine cushion plants生长在很高海拔的解释。只有最后一句话是一个解释“At this great height,rocks,warmed by the sun,melt small snowdrifts.”意思是：在这样大的高度上，受到太阳的温暖，融化了小雪堆。
考点：句间逻辑。
14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided https://www.360docs.net/doc/58638335.html,plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.
At the timberline,whether upper or lower,there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.
Answer choices
○Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.
○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.
○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.
○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.
○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.
○Despite being adjacent to the timberline,the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures.
解析：答案是(2)(4)(6)
选项一错，这是一个细节，不符合文章论述主体。
选项二对，文章第四段主题句。
选项三错，文章第四段中没有这样的比较。
选项四对，文章第二段讲了树的类型，第三段讲了树变形。
选项五错，文章第四段没有这个比较。
选项六对，文章第五，六段的主要内容。
以上就是要分享给大家的关于TPO1-1Timberline Vegetation on Mountains的解析及做题需要注意的问题，希望本文的内容能够帮助大家备考，前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的托福考试成绩。
新托福听力经典加试完整版
新托福听力经典加试完整版
新托福听力经典加试完整版 第一篇：关于鸟的迁徙的论文写作 Conversation: Student having difficulties in writing term paper ?文章回顾 男student: Professor, I hope to discuss my term paper with you. I got stuck in writing the paper on bird migration. I have difficulties in finding enough materials about bird migration. (老师，今儿，我想跟你说说我的学期论文的事儿。我卡住了，找不到这方面的资料。) 女Professor: You can’t find enough material on bird migration?(语调上扬，最后一题，重听题的考点。) 男student: I want to write about early bird migration.( 要写的paper是关于古代鸟类迁徙的，所以资料不够。) 女Professor: “哦你确实找到了一个好的题目，但是你要知道我的要求是你们的论文要反映你们这学期学了什么。”
男 student: 想写关于Aristotle关于这个题目的看法 etc. 女Professor: I want you to apply what you’ve learned to your paper. (希望他们运用所学知识研究来完成paper.) 不要只是做 summary or description. 我想要看到你的special analysis. 男 student: 但是，我觉得我找的资料中有错误的。（I think ….wrong）这就是为什么我不想用资料。 女 Professor: 你不要完全放弃以前找的资料（discard）. 你可以换种想法，用rational 的方式。这就是我们说的critical thinking，不一定非要同意资料。可以写以前的(historically) old theory, 然后现在的这些新研究 (current research) 如何支持(support)或者驳斥这些theory. 男 student: 我想可以写bird migrate at night。人们大多只看到大鸟，所以认为小鸟在大鸟的翅膀下迁徙什么的，其实新发现是因为小鸟晚上飞(通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了老师的意图change the topic from ancient to recent)
READING托福阅读经典加试
READING 1.苏美尔文明 Mesopotamia的背景：美索不达米亚亚洲西南部 Tigris 和Euphrates 两河流域间的古王国,美索不达米亚古代西南亚介于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的一个地区，位于现在的伊拉克境内。可能在公元前5000年以前就开始有人在此定居。这一地区孕育了众多的人类早期文明，其中包括苏美尔文明、阿卡德文明、巴比伦文明和亚述文明。蒙古侵略者在 公元1258年破坏了该地区发达的灌溉系统之后，这一地区的重要性就此减小。其中巴比伦文明以其成就斐然而成为两河流域文明的典范，古巴比伦王国与古埃及、古印度和中国构成了人们所说的世界四大文明古国。 尼罗河文明：发源于非洲尼罗河（Nile）流域，又称古埃及文明，其历史也可追溯到公元前4000年。公元前3100年左右，上埃及国王美尼斯统一上下埃及，开始了史称的埃及王朝时期，也就代表了古埃及文明的正式开始。 美索布达米娅文化Sumerian civilization 第一段：美文化和埃及文化同时，但因为美的地域限制一直没有统一。（有题）平原，经常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不统一。开头，it isastonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化，并且互有交流。一个是尼罗河的埃及文化，一个是两河流域的M地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼罗河，河水孕育了富饶的土地，两岸有沙漠作为自然屏障。M地不一样，河水土地narrow and shallow,周围没有起保护作用的天然屏障 第二段：直到一种S人来统一，说了他们的来源和历史，他们建立了一种s文化 第三段：S文化的实物遗迹少，这又两方面原因：一当地石料不丰富二当地人没有厚葬的习惯。所以对S的了解主要基于文字。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的，很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在我们没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。 我们现在还挖出了许多陶器石板，上面刻着文字，只能通过这些推知历史。后来又变成什么苏美尔了，这是从外面迁徙过来的民族。 第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一个城市有一个local god, god无比神圣拥有一切，代表本城在她的fellow中议事。（有题）社会的经济市场就是以寺庙为中心，由牧师组织交易，所以很多的牧师纪录都与此有关。 Mesopotamia culture一种civilization（文明社会）还和埃及比较了一下。关于两河civilization和Egyptcivilization（埃及社会）的。他们同时存在，有交流，但没有一方压倒另一方。Egypt的体制根两河的政治体制不一样，一个united under 一个联合体制下，另外一个则由于地理条件的制约不存在united format联合体制。另外两河的文明很少有tangiblesubstance （确实的物质）留下来，因为他们的architecture structure（建筑结构）与Egypt不一样，对他们文字的研究也是通过发掘fragment（碎片）的方法研究的。还讲了两河的local lord（封建地主）,这人不是fiction的，他对他那个city state具有很大的
托福听力经典加试完整版
第一篇：关于鸟的迁徙的论文写作 Conversation: Student having difficulties in writing term paper 1.文章回顾 男student: Professor, I hope to discuss my term paper with you. I got stuck in writing the paper on bird migration. I have difficulties in finding enough materials about bird migration. (老师，今儿，我想跟你说说我的学期论文的事儿。我卡住了，找不到这方面的资料。) 女Professor: You can’t find enough material on bird migration?(语调上扬，最后一题，重听题的考点。) 男student: I want to write about early bird migration.( 要写的paper是关于古代鸟类迁徙的，所以资料不够。) 女Professor: “哦你确实找到了一个好的题目，但是你要知道我的要求是你们的论文要反映你们这学期学了什么。” 男student: 想写关于Aristotle关于这个题目的看法etc. 女Professor: I want you to apply what you’ve learned to your paper. (希望他们运用所学知识研究来完成paper.) 不要只是做summary or description. 我想要看到你的special analysis. 男student: 但是，我觉得我找的资料中有错误的。（I think ….wrong）这就是为什么我不想用资料。 女Professor: 你不要完全放弃以前找的资料（discard）. 你可以换种想法，用rational 的方式。这就是我们说的critical thinking，不一定非要同意资料。可以写以前的(historically) old theory, 然后现在的这些新研究(current research) 如何支持(support)或者驳斥这些theory. 男student: 我想可以写bird migrate at night。人们大多只看到大鸟，所以认为小鸟在大鸟的翅膀下迁徙什么的，其实新发现是因为小鸟晚上飞(通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了老师的意图change the topic from ancient to recent) 女Professor: That shows your thinking. （对，这样就是我们需要的思考能力） 男student: 我想写一种不迁徙而是冬眠的鸟。I want to write about the birds that do not migrate. They hibernate during winter. 女Professor: 如果我是你，我就不会在一份15页的论文中写这么多。（If I were you , I would not….. The paper is 15 pages…）不过，想法挺不错。建议你以后每周(in a week)都来找我，看一下他写论文的新的方向（new direction）进行得如何。 2.题目 问题一：Why does the student go to see the professor? 答案：C（3）he cannot find enough material in writing his paper. 问题二：How does the professor help the student? 答案：A（1）change the topic from ancient to recent 问题三：学生的论文中包括什么？ 答案：1. ANALYSIS 2.教授的建议 问题四：Why does the student mention night migration ？ 答案：A (1) 通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了老师的意图he understands what the teacher said. change the topic from ancient to recent. 问题五：listen again（女Professor说的：啊，你没找到鸟类迁徙的资料？） 答案：B (2) 教授认为找资料很简单(…is easy….) 第二篇：关于植物的分类，用大王花举例 Lecture: Rafflesia 3.文章回顾 教授一开始就介绍植物分类，提到分类中的species种，genus属，order目。说植物的classification 很难，一些特性比较特殊的植物特别是这个样子。提出植物的分类不能完全依靠它flower的形态和特性。提到Rafflesia(大王花)，开花石会散发腐臭的味道，以吸引蝇类传播花粉。但是Indonesia有一种植物M，它的flower很特别，超级大（图片显示它的直径有一个手臂这么长，颜色为绛红），有难闻的味道，最后发现他们不是一个order 的。 大王花生长在很恶劣的环境中，其它的植物都不能生长（题目一：它生长在什么样的环境当中?）这种植物有食物的来源，但是它还是会抓insect吃，因为它不能从土壤中得到足够的营养，所以要通过这种方式来获取所需的营养（题目二：为什么吃虫?） 然后教授说了它怎么抓虫的。经过很长时间的研究，专家发现它和violet(紫罗兰)、willow(柳树) 等是属于一个order的，后提到幼时的violet，也会散发那种smell的。 提到共存（考题）。另一种南美洲的植物和它是同一目的，但是花很小，味道也不难闻，与蓝莓共生coherent。学生提问不能测DNA 吗，教授说这种大花基本不进行光合作用，没法提取一般植物能提取到的DNA。在DNA分析技术成熟之前根本无法将他们并为同类，由于他们的特征差异太大。 教授还提到这种植物的交配不易，其一气味难闻致使传蜜的动物不易接近，其二它每年只开一次花，且花分雌雄。所以要这么多先天条件凑齐不易，所以很少有人有机会看到开花的全过程（考题）。结论，不可以貌取人。 后来又讲了这种花很有可能灭绝，原因是要fly帮忙运花粉，要同种的花在一起等等，要这些条件同时发生，是小概率事件。 题目 问题一：What is the main topic of this lecture? 答案：是说分类很难，尤其是特征很变态的 问题二：大王花的特点 答案：1. HUGE 2. 让FLY来传粉 问题三：教授说M植物属于B类的，是什么意思？ 答案：M植物与大王花不是同一类的
托福阅读经典加试题
阅读经典加试题 两河流域文明与埃及文明之比较 两河流域苏美文明与埃及文明之比较 科学家惊奇的发现，两种文明可以在同一时间产生。在埃及文化产生时，美索不达米亚文化也同时应运而生。埃及土地肥沃，造成它的独立致。美索不达米亚两河流域，地理环境特殊，四周沙漠什么的，老被侵略，所以都是一个帮一个帮的，美索不达米亚文化不像埃及文化一样，美索不达米亚文化没有留下很多遗产。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的，很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在我们没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。我们现在还挖出了许多陶器石板，上面刻着文字，只能通过这些推知历史。后来又变成什么苏美尔了，这是从外面迁徙过来的民族。 两河地域的美索布达米娅文明，先是和埃及文明作比较，比较的结果是他们（美索）由外来入侵，文明不易保存，建筑用的材料也不易保存，考古学家只能从挖掘出来的文物中研究他们。后半部分是讲苏美尔人在两河地区建立的文明的特点，特别是他们城邦的宗教神祗制度，影响了他们的经济制度（献纳）。大题目是分类题，比较埃及文明和苏美尔文明。 科学家惊奇的发现，两种文明可以在同一时间产生。在埃及文化产生时，美索不达米亚文化也同时应运而生。埃及土地肥沃，造成它的独立所致。美索不达米亚两河流域，地理环境特殊，四周沙漠什么的，老被侵略，所以都是一个城邦一个城邦的，美索不达米亚文化不像埃及文化一样，美索不达米亚文化没有留下很多遗产。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活安逸，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上，很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。但是挖出了许多陶器石板，上面刻着文字，考古学家只能从挖掘出来的文物中研究其历史。后来讲苏美尔人在两河地区建立的文明的特点，特别是他们城邦的宗教神祗制度，影响了他们的经济制度（献纳）。大题目是分类题，比较埃及文明和苏美尔文明。 Sumerian Civilization It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time. Between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C.
托福TPO经典加试题总汇下载
最新全套托福阅读加试复习资料助您成功 目录 一、托福阅读加试一: 电报 (2) 二、托福阅读加试二: 鸟鸣【Birds Song】 (3) 三、托福阅读经典加试一: 达尔文进化论 (4) 四、托福阅读经典加试二: 苏美尔文明 (6) 五、托福阅读经典加试三: 威尼斯盐业 (12) 六、托福阅读加试: 蜜蜂（貌似很少考到） (13) 七、TOEFL阅读补充加试 (16) 八、托福考试模拟题 (18)
托福阅读加试汇总 为帮助同学们更好的复习托福考试,为同学们搜集了最全的托福阅读加试.包括托福阅读经典加试: 达尔文进化论, 苏美尔文化,威尼斯盐业,以及最新托福阅读加试电报和小鸟唱歌等等.供同学们参考. 一、托福阅读加试一: 电报 本文主要讲述了电报在美国起步阶段所遇到的障碍。其原因主要是：第一，缺乏资金；第二，缺乏政府监管；第三，美国政府当时致力于电话的研究。本文还讲述了电报尽管是一项**性的发明，但是，它对人类的生活影响很小。 概述：科技进步，1840S 的电报已经有了长足进步 Telegraph 有很重大的意义：拉近了 long distance communication。 1. 遇到了什么样的obstacle？ 解析：A． fund 不够; B．缺少management； 2. 电报在美国的发展存在缺陷，原因是？ 解析：当时 Telegraph 在美国发展得不如在欧洲发展得好，因为还把精力放在telephone 的研究上。 3. 电报在美国发展缓慢，该由谁负责？ 解析：在美国， telegraph system 掌控在私人企业手里（私有化 private），很多私企行为都用电报来联系。这些私企有些很垄断（monopoly）。 4. 19世纪，美国电报的发展为什么发生了转折？ 解析：在 19 世纪，电报被纳入政府监管（under government regulation）。之后，尽管美国那时有科技的 限制，但电报在美国发展得最好，得到了普及。 5. 电报在欧洲的发展开端？ 解析：当时很多欧洲国家担心电报会使情报外流，就在犹豫要不要立法来规范电报行为。 6. 欧洲国家的邮政业为什么得到发展？ 解析：随着发展，欧洲国家把 telegraph 纳入governmental control （国家政府管理）, 主要应用在邮政系统 postal system 方面，因此欧洲国家的传统邮政postal 业又恢复生机。 7. 为什么电报的发明是**性的？ 解析：电报需要建立 net，这为后来的网络的建立提供了很多思路，所以说telegraph 是非常 revolutionary invention。 8. 电报的重要性？ 解析：虽然 telegraph 重要，但其不像人们猜测的那么重要，因为在当时，transportation 已经发展了，人们之间的距离被缩短了（物流发达），因此，不应过分夸大 电报发明的意义。电报只产生了little change 。 9. ：Novel解析：新奇的，新颖的，新的近义词：new unique unusual
新托福听力经典加试原题完整版
新托福听力经典加试完整版 第一篇：关于鸟的迁徙的论文写作 Conversation: Student having difficulties in writing term paper 文章回顾 男student: Professor, I hope to discuss my term paper with you. I got stuck in writing the paper on bird migration. I have difficulties in finding enough materials about bird migration. (老师，今儿，我想跟你说说我的学期论文的事儿。我卡住了，找不到这方面的资料。) 女Professor: You can’t find enough material on bird migration?(语调上扬，最后一题，重听题的考点。) 男student: I want to write about early bird migration.( 要写的paper是关于古代鸟类迁徙的，所以资料不够。) 女Professor: “哦你确实找到了一个好的题目，但是你要知道我的要求是你们的论文要反映你们这学期学了什么。” 男 student: 想写关于Aristotle关于这个题目的看法 etc. 女Professor: I want you to apply what you’ve learned to your paper. (希望他们运用所学知识研究来完成paper.) 不要只是做 summary or description. 我想要看到你的special analysis. 男 student: 但是，我觉得我找的资料中有错误的。（I think ….wrong）这就是为什么我不想用资料。 女 Professor: 你不要完全放弃以前找的资料（discard）. 你可以换种想法，用rational 的方式。这就是我们说的critical thinking，不一定非要同意资料。可以写以前的(historically) old theory, 然后现在的这些新研究 (current research) 如何支持(support)或者驳斥这些theory. 男 student: 我想可以写bird migrate at night。人们大多只看到大鸟，所以认为小鸟在大鸟的翅膀下迁徙什么的，其实新发现是因为小鸟晚上飞(通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了老师的意图change the topic from ancient to recent) 女 Professor: That shows your thinking. （对，这样就是我们需要的思考能力） 男 student: 我想写一种不迁徙而是冬眠的鸟。I want to write about the birds that do not migrate. They hibernate during winter. 女 Professor: 如果我是你，我就不会在一份15页的论文中写这么多。（If I were you , I would not….. The paper is 15 pages…）不过，想法挺不错。建议你以后每周(in a week)都来找我，看一下他写论文的新的方向（new direction）进行得如何。 题目 问题一：Why does the student go to see the professor? 答案： C（3）he cannot find enough material in writing his paper. 问题二：How does the professor help the student?
托福听力经典加试答案
一分钟记住托福听力经典加试答案：托福听力经典加试题目不多，不过在短时间内记住答案还是比较困难的，天道留学为大家搜集一份“托福听力经典加试答案口诀”，帮助大家一分钟记住托福听力经典加试答案。 托福听力经典加试答案口诀如何使用：一声A二声B三声C四声D.... 关于鸟的迁徙的论文：答案：C A BD A B 转化后：小心，不要飞离 大王花：答案：C D A B B C 转化后：我要吃红苹果 拉格泰姆音乐：答案：C C CD B A A 转化后：我只想要重新听 女生丢ID卡：答案：D A C D D 转化后：就光喊救命 托福听力加试主题：神经胶质细胞研究 内容简介：教授说早期对人类大脑的研究集中在神经细胞neuron，让一男生起来回答上节课的主要内容，男生说bioelectricity（生物电）通过神经细胞传导，通过两个神经细胞的接触点传到下一个细胞，有趣的是说到这里被教授打断，说他答得已经很完整了（有题目出现，问教授打断他的用意）。glial cells（神经胶质细胞）的作用在早期被忽视了，人们认为胶质细胞只有支持神经细胞的作用。后来人们发现胶质细胞也有传导信息的作用，不是通过生物电，而是化学物质传导。于是总共有三种传导方式，神经细胞间，胶质细胞间，神经和胶质细胞互相传导。而且发现胶质细胞的数量及其巨大，远多于神经细胞。同时还可能有修复神经细胞，决定哪些神经长的大。教授又说，胶质细胞可能与智力有关，越多智商越高，但这不确定。教授说对胶质细胞的研究是一个很开阔的领域，建议学生们可以考虑毕业后作深入研究（有题目出现）。 本篇文章要点： 分析：本篇文章所涉及的正是托福听力中最难的关于生物学方面的知识，所以其中的生词非常多，比如glial cell等，但是同学们要注意，凡是托福听力中涉及到的生词，都会出现一些解释原则对其进行解释说明，比如会出现which means等词语。 biology 讲glial cell（神经胶质细胞）。以往人们对神经传导的研究仅限于neuron（神经元），也叫nerve cell。神经传导通过electrical communication从一个结点传到另一个结点，神经元被认为起主要作用，glial cell（神经胶质细胞）研究的很少，一直被忽略，被看作help the growth of neurons（有题目出现），起辅助作用。 后来偶然发现大脑中glial cell（神经胶质细胞）比neuron（神经细胞）的数目多很多，glial cell（神经胶质细胞）引起了科学家的重视，开始研究它究竟起什么作用（有题目出现，问glial cell怎么引起科学家注意的）。 后来有一重大突破，发现glial cell传导信号不是用的electrical signal，而是用chemical conductor（有题目出现）。传统观点一直误以为glial cell也像nerve cell一样用电信号。后来谈到glial cell可能的作用：使人更intelligent。 对glial cell的认识目前十分有限，但相关研究已经开始流行，是大家毕业之后可选的研究课题（有题目出现）
托福听力经典加试题及答案(汇总)
托福听力经典加试题及答案(汇总) 鸟类迁徙Bird migration Student having difficulties in writing term paper 原文： Conversation：term paper of bird migration Listen to a conversation between a student and his Biology professor. S: Dr. Russell, I was hoping to discuss my term paper with you I'm getting a little bit stuck here. P: Of course, so...what do you have so far? What's your topic? S: Well, I wanted to write about bird migration, but I'm having trouble finding enough sources. P: You're having trouble finding sources on bird migration S: No, actually, on the particular aspect of bird migration that I want to write about. The thing is, I wanted to write specifically on early theories of bird migration...describe some of the theories. Like how Aristotle thought that birds changed into different species during the winter. Or how other naturalists thought that bigger birds carried smaller birds to warmer spots for the wintertime. But I've only got a couple of books to work with right now. P: Hm...I have to admit that it's an interesting topic, and you certainly seem excited by it. But remember I told you all to ask yourselves how your topic is going to help you show that you can apply what you've learned this semester. A summary or description is not really what I'm looking for as much as your analysis of a certain topic.
托福听力经典加试还会出现吗
托福听力经典加试还会出现吗 托福考试中，出现加试的概率非常大，只有一部分考生考试中不会遇到加试。那么，托福听力加试是经典加试概率大还是非经典加试概率大呢?今天给大家带来了托福听力经典加试还会出现吗,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。 托福听力经典加试还会出现吗 一.托福加试总览 托福加试主要是阅读和听力，有可能是一个，有可能是两个。加试实际上是在大纲规定的正常题数量之外，多出来的考试题目，有时候有一道，有时候有两道。阅读可能考两个section或者三个section第三个section就是加试内容听力考试也与此类似，如果考到了第三个section那么往往就是加试内容。而经典加试指经常出现的题目，但不保证每次都出经典加试，所以是否为经典加试是看你运气的。大家考完了下来一回忆考题，发现这几篇*或者听力怎么老出现呢，于是就叫他为经典加试题目。 托福听力加试时间是20分钟。如果有加试，会有托福考场时间相应增加。在加试的时候，同学们因为无法确定哪一道题是加试的，哪一道不是，所以如果想要取得好成绩，那就是遇到任何一道题目的时候，都要象不知道它是加试题一样认真对待。
二.托福听力经典加试取消 从20XX年3月份开始，听力经典加试被彻底取消，听力和AB卷频出，甚至一场考试有多于两套考卷，甚至三四套试题也有可能，这使得一场考试可能涉及了所有场景和话题，从而无法对下一场考试进行准确预测。阅读与听力加试题也都为大家不熟知的新题。 为什么经典加试会被取消呢?原因很简单，经典加试考查的次数太多，试题和答案早已被广大考生知晓。在听力考试中，加试永远是第三个section，一些考生知道加试不算分就不会认真做，甚至不做。由此看出，经典加试有2大漏洞，一是答案已经泄露，不利于考试公平;二是一些考生不认真做加试，影响当天试题难度测算的精准性。ETS显然也发现了这2个漏洞，因此取缔经典加试是必然之举。 三.如何应对托福听力加试 首先，我们要明确，参加托福考试，就得按照ETS的套路来，所以这一点上考生千万要放平心态，调整自己，尽快适应考试的变化。 第二，打铁还得自身强。准备了这么久的考试，多做点儿题还赚了呢。如果你准备的好，深谙托福阅读和听力之法，就不惧加试，对于你来说，变化的只是考试延时了而已。
托福阅读经典加试及答案
阅读加试和答案 阅读加试版本1 以下是阅读加试机经,以及正确答案.(如果没有特殊情况发生,答案应该是对的~,已经经过一些学生检验~ 希望可以给大家考试带来便利~! 第一篇(苏美尔文明的答案是:1.c, 2.c, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.d 10.a 11.d 12.d 13.a, f / c, d, g 第二篇(达尔文进化论的答案是:1. a, 2. a, 3. d, 4. a, 5. c, 6. b, 7. c, 8. a, 9. a, 10. b 11. a, 12. b. 13. b, 14. a, c, d 下面就是具体的文章了~可以看看...(走过路过..不要错过~ 苏美尔文明 Mesopotamia的背景:美索不达米亚亚洲西南部 Tigris 和Euphrates 两河流域间 的古王国,美索不达米亚古代西南亚介于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的一个地区,位于现在的伊拉克境内。可能在公元前5000年以前就开始有人在此定居。这一地区孕育了众多的人类早期文明,其中包括苏美尔文明、阿卡德文明、巴比伦文明和 亚述文明。蒙古侵略者在公元1258年破坏了该地区发达的灌溉系统之后,这一地区的重要性就此减小。其中巴比伦文明以其成就斐然而成为两河流域文明的典范,古 巴比伦王国与古埃及、古印度和中国构成了人们所说的世界四大文明古国。 尼罗河文明:发源于非洲尼罗河(Nile流域,又称古埃及文明,其历史也可追溯到 公元前4000年。公元前3100年左右,上埃及国王美尼斯统一上下埃及,开始了史称的埃及王朝时期,也就代表了古埃及文明的正式开始。 美索布达米娅文化Sumerian civilization 第一段:美文化和埃及文化同时,但因为美的地域限制一直没有统一。(有题平原,经常受到入侵,四周沙漠,生活好,不统一。开头,it is astonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化,并且互有交流。一个是尼罗河的埃及文化,一个是两河流域的M
新托福经典加试阅读
新托福经典加试阅读——《苏美尔文明》超级完整版 Sumerian Civilization Paragraph One Q1 选C 原文It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should haveemerged into the light of history in two separate places at justabout the same time. 题干 1. The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaningto (A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting 解析这道题目属于“熟词熟义”题。 Q2 选C 原文Between 3500 and 3000 B.C. when Egypt was being united underpharaohic rule, another great civilization arose in Mesopotamia,the “land between the rivers”. 题干 2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essentialinformation in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways orleave out essential information. (A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land betweenthe rivers” under pharaonic rule. (B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed inMesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. (C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united. (D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a greatcivilization arose there. 解析按照无词阅读法“一一对应”的原则，原文中有一个关键信息“between 3500 and 3000B.C.”，只有B和C有，从而立刻排除A和D。而原文中强调的是两个文明的“同时性”（when …），对应题 干的at the sametime。所以无需翻译即可完成。 Paragraph Two Q3 选A 原文As a consequence, the politicalhistory of ancient Mesopotamia has no underlyingtheme of the sort that divine kingship provides for Egypt. Localrivalries, foreign incursions, the sudden upsurge and equallysudden collapse of military power – these are its substance.
托福写作经典加试题及答案
第一套： 综合写作 阅读：对于产品单一或者产业链单一的公司怎么发展 (1) 在已有产品上升级版本（新包装） (2) 在产品设计方面推出新产品，比如皮带啊裤子啊你可以生产靴子啊，这样能一起买了 (3) .和别的公司合作，比如说巧克力公司.和冰淇淋公司合作推出巧克力味冰淇淋听力：lecture里反驳 (1) 老顾客不喜欢新包装，.会觉得被offense，不买新包装，.同时又有人觉得老包装old fashion，就全不买了 (2) 一系列产品不能保证质量，万一买了靴子发现质量不好，可能皮带等也都不买了，reputation完了 (3) 合作变成竞争，巧克力公司自己也生产冰淇淋了怎么办？不就和冰淇淋公司闹起来了么 独立写作 Many people spend lots of time watching sports on TV or following their favorite team. Does it have negative impacts on their lives? "To each his own," as the proverb indicates. This is applicable to the hobbies or interests one would spend time on pursuing. Some people however use too much time following their favorite sports teams either on TV or going to the stadium rooting up for their teams or buying team T shirts or caps. Does this have unfavorable impact on them? Yes, in my opinion, those people are negatively affected in their life. First, sports games last a long time and followers need to spend a great deal of time on the event. Although it is a great way to relax，followers will be addicted easily. They will watch these sports programs after finishing working, at night, or on the weekend. Some sports, such as football or tennis, consumes hours in regular conditions or longer in overtime games. In such condition, will the sports followers quit and go back to their work or study? No, of course. They might stay up late or postpone what they are doing for the game. No matter what the result is，they are affected in their life and may not be alert in doing their work. On the other hand, people who are not addicted to the sport can spend time doing other important things that benefit their lives and their plan, for work will have less chance of being interrupted. Second, sports lovers will try all the method to bolster their favorite team. In other words, they might need to spend money and be, sometimes, addicted to legal, but adverse habits. For example, some game cards provide bets as "non-profits" or "for-disabled" kind of charitable purpose. My male coworker, who loves to watch Euro football match, spent a lot of money for gambling. However, the chance to win is rare. Eventually, he had a huge debt because of gambling on his favorite sport: Euro football. In addition，following the favorite team on live competitions has the costs, such as paying for the ticket to the games，the cost of commuting, food, hotel and etc. This money needs to be deducted from savings and any budget that are prepared for their study or tuition.
托福阅读经典加试题及答案：鸟鸣(birds song)(附下载)
托福阅读经典加试题及答案：鸟鸣（birds song）（附下 载） 托福阅读经典加试题及答案:鸟鸣(Birds Song)(附下载) 托福加试一般分为托福听力经典加试，跟托福阅读经典加试。那么托福加试算分吗，加试是不算分的，但并不意味着你可以随便做。新航道托福培训学校为大家整理了下托福阅读经典加试-鸟鸣(Birds Song)的试题及答案。希望对大家有帮助。 文章: 虽然鸟类都会唱歌，但它们唱歌的旋律、调调是各有差异的。为了研究它们唱歌的技能是先天遗传 (基因) 的还是后天习得(外界因素)的，researchers 做了很多实验。Chaffinch 和北美的white X crow (X 可能 =necked，winged，billed 等)的幼鸟是如何学会唱歌的。 试验一、Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小chaffinch 带离鸟巢，放在另外一个地方单独养，与其他大chaffinch 隔isolate，不让它听到大鸟唱歌song。在三个月以后，到雄性该求爱时放回自然，听它的song 是怎样的。结果显示该chaffinch 还是会唱这种歌，只是调子有方言variation、很简单、不连续disconnected。这就证明了chaffinch 先天就有唱歌的本领。 试验二、Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小white X crow/sparrow 带离鸟巢，放在另外一个地方单独养，与其它大white X crow 隔离，不让它听到大鸟的歌。在刚开始的3 个月，还没有形成自己的歌声前，给小鸟听其它鸟唱歌的磁带recording。它很快就学会了recording 里的鸟的叫声(dialect) ，它的调子很快