专业英语句子翻译

1、Once a suitable organism is found, conventional breeding and mutagenesis

methods are used where possible to induce genetic changes that may produce even more of the desired product.

一旦筛选到了合适的生物体，就尽可能地应用传统育种及诱变方法来使生物体发生遗传变化，从而产生更多的目标产物。

2、Thus, totally new capabilities can be engineered and microorganisms in particular

and plant and animal cells to a lesser extent may be made to produce substances beyond their naturally endowed genetic capabilities

通过这种方法就可以设计出全新的性能，并且,可以主要应用微生物和相对较少的动植物细胞来生产某些物质，它们的性质是那些本来正常遗传所不具备的。

3、Thus, resistance to viral infection and increased genetic stability may be

incorporated into organisms that lack them, the formation of harmful by-products can be reduced or eliminated and objectionable odours, colours or slime products can be removed

这样，对那些遗传稳定性不高，易遭受病毒感染的生物体来说，就可以提高抵抗力和稳定性，同时，有害副产品的形成也可以减少或消除，并且，那些具有令人讨厌的颜色、气味或粘质的产品也可以除掉。

4、A successful industrial culture should ultimately exhibit most or all of the

following characteristics: it should be a pure culture; be genetically stable; be easily propagated; exhibit rapid growth characteristics; have good rate of product formation; be free of toxic byproducts; and be amenable to genetic manipulation.

成功的工业培养生物（菌种）应该基本具备以下全部或大部分性质：它应该是纯品，能稳定遗传，容易繁殖，生长迅速，产率高，不含有毒副产品，并且能受遗传的控制。

5、Cultures that are used industrially generally have arisen in three stages: (1)as a

research culture---studied to seek a useful produce;(2)as a development culture----a research culture which has gained a measure of importance; and(3)as

a production culture----a research culture that is now actually used for industrial

production.

工业用菌种通常要经过三个阶段才能正式投入使用，即（1）研究型—用它进行研究来寻求有用的产品；（2）开发型—得到了一定重视的研究型；（3）生产型—实际投入工业生产的研究型。

6、The final culture may be the same as the original research culture but more often

it will have been subjected to an array of treatments to maximize productivity.

最终培养物有可能与最初的培养物是一样的，但大多数都是经受过一系列的处理来使得产量最大化。

7、The development of the industrial organism from a wild type will have required

changes in its genetic information that eliminate undesirable properties or even introduce entirely new ones

从野生品种中开发出工业用生物体一般都需要改变其遗传信息，包括去除不合需要的性质，甚至引入一些全新的特性。

8、In all aspects of biotechnology major efforts are directed to screening

programmes to generate new organisms, either from some natural source or from

established cultures by way of mutation or by hybridization programmes, including genetic engineering.

在生物工艺学的各个研究领域里，努力的主要方向是：从某些天然来源中或者利用突变及杂交的方法，包括遗传工程的手段，从已有的培养物（菌种）中，利用筛选的过程来获得新的生物体。

9、These organisms must be screened for useful products and grown up on a large

enough scale to produce and extract the desired product and then to subject the product to critical evaluation.

要想获得有用的产品，就必须对这些生物进行筛选并且要大规模地进行培养让它们生长，这样才能提取并生产出所需求的产品，然后再对产品进行鉴定评估。

10、However, a major hindrance to the full exploitation of this capacity is the

availability of suitable screening procedures which can identify the necessary product, especially in the presence of culture medium constituents.

但是，阻碍这个能力（这项技术）充分开发的主要问题就是能否找到合适的筛选方法分离鉴定必需的产品，尤其是在培养基存在的情况下。

11、In the search for new microorganisms from the environment for

biotechnological processes there are normally three types of option available;

these involve the choices of habitat for sampling, the physical separation procedures for separating out the desired microorganism and the choice of method to achieve selection which in most in most cases involved enrichment cultures.

从环境中筛选用于生物技术工艺的新的微生物的过程中往往存在着三种选择。这些选择包括：1、样品生长环境的选择；2、分离出目标生物的物理分离方法的选择；3、获得所选产物的方法，而这些方法大多情况下都涉及到富集培养。

12、Large numbers of isolates or mutants can now be plated out, exposed to a

wide range of environmental conditions and the responses recorded automatically over any time period using television monitoring and computer control.

现在可以将大量的单体分离物或突变型从平板上取出，放置于各种环境条件下，通过视频监控或者电脑控制的手段就可以随时地将反应结果记录下来。

13、In contrast, rational screens make more use of the knowledge of the

biochemistry of specific product formation, setting up a selection process that uses

a characteristic of the desirable genotype which is not the particular one of interest

but which can be more readily scored or assayed.

相比之下，理性的筛选会更多地应用到有关某种产品的构成方面的生物化学知识，并且选择过程的设定也是应用所需的基因型的特性，当然，这个基因型可能不一定是令人最感兴趣的，但一定是更容易评估检测的。

14、Culture collections throughout the world are playing an increasingly

important role in biotechnology in providing a comprehensive range of pure, verified organisms that are of past, present or potential interest.

菌种的保藏在生物技术起着日益重要的作用，提供品种广泛的纯的、经过验证的微生物，这些微生物无论是在过去，现在，还是将来都是人们所感兴趣的。

15、The remaining part of this chapter will examine in some detail the various

techniques that are now available to the applied geneticist for modifying the genome of industrially important organisms.

这一章的剩余部分将总结并详细地介绍各种各样的技术，这些技术可给应用遗传学家用于改变工业用微生物的基因型。

16、Once a useful organism has been isolated by preliminary screening several

options are available for improving productivity, which include modifications to the medium and fermentation conditions(chapter 4), mutation (spontaneous or induced) and hybridization.

一旦通过最初的筛选，获得一种有用的生物体，我们就可以通过以下方法提高菌株的生产能力，包括改变培养基或发酵液组成，通过自发的或诱发的突变以及杂交。

17、Mutagen-induced improvements in productivity or titre have long been

practiced for antibiotic production in Penicillium, Cephalosporium and Streptomyces, for organic acid production and enzyme production with Aspergillus species, amino acid production by various bacterial strains and for numerous other industrial microorganisms.

用诱变剂诱发突变来提高微生物的生产能力已在许多生产中得到广泛的利用，包括用青霉菌、头孢杆菌和链霉菌生产抗生素，用各种曲霉菌生产有机酸和酶，用多种细菌株以及许多的其他工业微生物生产氨基酸。

18、It is now recognized that the most effective method for increasing the yield

of a fermentation product is by use of induced mutations followed by selection of the improved strains

目前我们已经认识到增加发酵产物产量最有效的方法是先利用诱发突变得到突变物，再选择性能发生改变的菌株。

19、Successive use of small mutational changes can lead to an increase in the

concentration of the hereditary factors responsible for the productivity of the original genotype.

连续应用微小的突变，会导致决定原始基因型生产能力的那些遗传因子浓度的增加。

20、Many induced mutations are not directly the result of the type of damage

caused to the DNA but rather the result of the cellular DNA repair processes acting on the damage to make it into a fixed alteration in the base sequence.

许多诱发突变并不是DNA损坏的直接结果，更确切地说是受损的DNA在修复过程中使碱基序列发生固定变化的结果。