中国文化导读重点

第一章概述

Chinese people’s political consultative conference （CPPCC）中华人民共和国政治协商会议Communist party of china (CPC)中国共产党the national people’s congress (NPC)全国人民代表大会the Han Dynasty（汉朝206BC-AD220）was established by Liu Bang with its capital at Chang’an 西安it is divided into two periods western Han Dynasty（西汉206BC-AD25）and Eastern Han Dynasty（东汉AD25-220）according to the constitution of the PRC China’s administrative units are currently based on a three-tier system（三级建制）dividing the nation into provinces counties and townships根据宪法,中国的行政单位，目前正在根据全国分为省，县和乡镇的三级建制

第二章哲学和宗教

Chinese philosophy（中国哲学）is the collective designation for the various schools of thought是各大流派的总称。世界3大哲学体系western philosophy and Indian philosophy 百家争鸣 a hundred schools of thought contend. The philosophy in pre-Qin times先秦子学 the most influential schools were Confucianism （儒家）Taoism（道家）Mohism（墨家）and Legalism(法

家) Confucius（孔子）and Mencius（孟子）it advocates benevolence and justice allegiance and forbearance(仁义忠宽)the doctrine of the golden mean and values the ethical relations of men中庸之道和重视人的伦理关系it emphasizes the importance of family and societal order. Children must respect and be dutiful to their parents. The younger must obey the elder. The junior must follow the senior. The servants must serve their rulers.它强调的是家庭和社会秩序的重要性。儿童必须尊重和孝顺父母。年轻的必须服从长辈。初中必须按照高级。下级必须服从统治者。

Taoism is a school of thought founded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi.道德经Dao De Jing 无为（non-action）Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble道教提倡的信念，一个人要过简单的生活，而不是争取财富，名誉或权力，只会给一个忧虑和麻烦

Mohism cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another , there would be no hatred, calamities, and hostilities. In politics and ethics Mohism advocates honouring

virtuous people, opposing fatalism and aggressive wars and upholding thriftiness and simple funerals.墨家珍视兼爱，其中规定如果心爱的人，所有的人在世界上就没有仇恨，灾害，和敌对。在政治和道德墨家主张履行贤惠的人，反对宿命论和侵略战争，并坚持节俭和简单的葬礼。Legalism, begun by Han Feizi, espouses laying down laws to unify the thought of people法家，韩非子开始，拥护统一人们的思想奠定了法律

两汉经学（the orthodox philosophy during the han dynasty）banning all schools of thought except Confucianism 罢黜百家独尊儒术orthodox philosophy advocates that heaven affects human affairs and human behavior finds responses in Heaven（天人感应）and the power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven（君权神授）正统哲学主张天上影响人类事务和人类行为的认定，在天堂的响应和皇帝的权力是由天授权integral part nature天人合一

Metaphysics during the wei and jin dynasties魏晋玄学three profound studies三玄 the book of changes易经Lao Zi老子Zhuang Zi庄子the Buddhist philosophy during the sui and tang dynasties隋唐佛学

It mainly discusses the relationship between the

subjective and the objective它主要讨论了主观和客观之间的关系。Neo-confucianism in song and ming dynasties宋明理学周敦颐程颢程颐朱熹rationalism was eternal and was a spiritual existence prior to the world理性精神永存于世界

Application philosophy in the ming and qing dynasties 明清实学philosophy focuses on self-examination哲学侧重于自我检查the basic features of ancient Chinese philosophy中国古代哲学的基本特征stress on spiritual existence, practice, harmony, intuition压力对精神的存在，实践，和谐，直觉知之者不如好之者好之者不如乐之者to delight in it means to put it into practice and gain pleasure from it天时不如地利地利不如人和opportunities vouchsafed by heaven are less important than terrestrial advantages, which in turn are less important than the unity among people. Mencius said. This well expressed the idea that harmony was the highest principle. Confucius further explained how to realize harmony between man and nature, man and man, man and society, and man and heaven through the golden mean.这充分表达的理念，和谐是最高的原则。孔子进一步解释如何实现人与自然，

人与人，人与社会，与中庸的人，并通过天堂之间的和谐。三清the three pure gods of Jade Pure玉清who has a pearl within his fingers他有他的手指内的一颗明珠Upper Pure上清who holds the universe in his arms宇宙在他的怀里 and Great pure太清 who has a feather fan in his hand在他手里拿着羽毛扇eight immortals in the Taoist religion八仙when the eight immortals cross the sea, each demonstrates his/her divine power八仙过海各显神通the theory of samsara轮回the cornerstone基本观点the doctrine of four noble truth四谛the eight-fold path八正道the famous Buddhist mountains 佛教名山五台山峨眉山普陀山九华山Islam was founded by the Arabic prophet(先知)伊斯兰教创立的阿拉伯先知there is only one god Allah阿拉真主qingzhen temple 清真寺诗经尚书礼记周易春秋大学中庸论语孟子四书五经

第四章艺术

Calligraphy’s purpose is to retain the beauty of nature and illuminate man’s spiritual beauty.书法的目的是为了留住美丽的大自然，照亮人的心灵美。The handwriting reveals the writer字如其人in the part, children were trained at an early age to practice

writing. People were often judged by their handwriting. It was believed that the force used in writing betrayed 表露one’s disposition 性情and the written characters revealed the calligrapher’s understanding of life and arts. Devotion to practicing calligraphy could help a person to achieve relaxation and repel排斥 outside disturbance.孩子们从小训练，练习写作。人们常常通过他们的笔迹判断。有人认为，在书写的力量表露一个人的性格和文字显示，书法家的生活和艺术的理解。奉献练习书法可以帮助一个人达到放松和排斥外界干扰。Categories 点（dot stroke）横（horizontal strokes）竖（vertical stroke）撇curved折angular钩hooked

five categories of chinese scripts五种书法chinese scripts are generally divided into five form: the seal form(篆书)，the official form(隶书),the cursive(草写的)form（草书），the regular form(楷书)，and the running form（行书）in 221BC， Prime Minster Li Si of the Qin dynasty collected and categorized all the different systems of writing used thought the country in an effort to unify t he writing system, he simplified the ancient seal script and suggested small seal scrip, as the

standard form of writing. Soft lines of strokes and upright rectangular shapes keep the seal form characters more close to pictography 总理李斯在公元前221，秦王朝的收集和分类的所有不同的书写系统，认为该国在努力，统一了书写系统，他简化了古篆书，并建议作为标准形式的小型密封以股代息写作。中风和直立矩形软线保持密封形式字符更接近象形.秦汉时期it was the turning point in the later scrip forms, it turned the remaining curved and round strokes of the seal form into Iinear and flat square shapes这是在后来的以股代息形式的转折点，它变成Iinear和平面方形密封形式其余的弧形和圆形笔触

the cursive form originates form the Han Dynasty. This style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together. The characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one merging into the initial stroke of the next. It is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the characters appear exaggerated. 草书形式的起源，形成汉代。这种书法风格是平稳的，活泼和流畅的笔触和字符连接在一起。往往加入字符，进入下一个初始中风合并的最后一搏。它是自由和迅速地执行，使部分字符出现夸张the

regular form was developed during the Wei and Jin dynasties, and came to prominence in the Tang Dynasty. This is still today’s standard writing. 定期的形式在魏晋，唐代突出。这仍然是今天的标准写作。The running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms, allowing simpler and faster writing. 运行形式是介于定期和草书形式，允许简单和快捷的写作。王羲之eastern jin dynasty

书圣sage of Chinese Calligraphy书画同源have the same origin as calligraphy壁画Mural paintings 木板刻画Wood-cut block print文房四宝four treasures of the study .Duan ink stones were first introduced in Duanzhou, and now are produced in Zhaoqing City. Chinese opera, together with Greek tragedy and comedy, and the Indian Sanskrit are the three ancient forms of drama in the world .chinese opera is the only remaining living form中国戏曲与希腊悲喜剧，印度佛教剧是三个古老的戏剧形式在世界，中国戏曲是仅存的生活形式Beijing opera Towards the end of the 18th century 唱念打(singing, recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting )生旦净丑the sheng roles are generally positive生的角色一般都是积极的and can be divided into laosheng （老

生：elderly men，武生military men小生young man娃娃生children. laosheng are middle-age or older men who are decisive and honest. They are also called xusheng. because they wear artificial beards. Wusheng are young generals skilled in martial arts. Xiaosheng are clean-shaven and handsome. The most distinctive feature of real and falsetto voices in singing and speaking. The falsetto voice is sharp, thin, and high-pitched in order to sound young and to distinguish the young men from the elderly, wawasheng are children’s parts. 老生是中年或老年的人是决定性的和诚实的。他们也被称为须生。因为他们戴假胡须。武生是在熟练掌握武术的年轻将军。小生是清洁光头和英俊。真实和假声唱歌和说话声音的最鲜明的特征。假声是尖，薄，高音调听起来年轻而区分的年轻男子从老人，娃娃生是儿童的部分。Dan refers to various female roles, including 老旦青衣花旦武旦彩旦laodan characters are elderly women. qingyi characters are generally young or middle-aged omen of strong characher and refined disposition. Most of them are faithful wives. Loving mothers, and pure woman from feudal society. Huadan characters are agile young woman with a frank and open personality. Wudan

characters are women skilled in martialarts. Caidan are clowns in farces and comedies. 老旦的人物是老年妇女。青衣角色一般是年轻人或中年预兆的坚强性格和优雅的性格。他们中的大多数都是忠实的妻子。亲爱的妈妈，和纯洁的女人从封建社会。花旦角色是敏捷的年轻女子与一个爽朗的性格。武当的人物是妇女熟练的武术。彩旦是小丑闹剧和喜剧。The national treasure国粹 kungqu opera昆曲the oral and intangible cultural heritage人类口头非Wu质Wen化遗产。Shanxi opera of great fun and the elderly residens of xi’an city take particular delight in it even today秦腔非常有趣和老年人居住的西安市特别喜爱它直到今天。川剧。越剧。黄梅戏it is a local opera in anhui province。粤剧

第六章科学与技术

China’s four great inventions,namely,the compass,gunpower,movable type printing and papermaking, not only changed the world but also accelerated the evolution of world history. China further contributed to the world with its rich heritage in ceramics and silk中国的四大发明，即，指南针，火药，造纸术和活字印刷，不仅改变了世界，但同时也加速了世界历史发展。中国进一步促进世界以其丰富的遗产在陶瓷和丝

绸

The world’s most detailed and earlist astronomical records were kept by the chinese. 世界上最详细和最早的天文记录是由中国.

China dominated in metallurgy. When europeans still could not turn out a single piece of cast iron in the 14th century. 中国为主的冶金。当欧洲人还是不能变成一个单件铸铁在第十四世纪。

The four major inventions have become important symbols of china’s important role in the world’s civilisation. 四大发明，已成为中国在世界文明中的重要作用的重要标志。The compass is a device showing geographic direction by using the earth’s magnctic field. It enabled trade and exploration to develop on a worldwide scale. 指南针是一个显示设备的地理方向的地球磁场。它使贸易和探索的发展在世界范围内。

Referred to as a south-pointer, the spoon or ladle shaped compass is made of magnetic lodestone. 称为司南，长柄勺子、瓢形罗盘是由天然磁石。

The earliest record of the use of the compass in navigation was in the song dynasty最早记录使用指南针导航是在宋代the compass vehicle指南车

Papermaking造纸术paper has been a major medium for recording, transmitting, and storing information in human civilisation. The earlest charcters were inscribed on bones, tortoise shells and bronze wares in the shang dynasty and later on silk, bamboo and wood. 纸已成为主要的媒介记录，传输和存储的信息，在人类文明。世界上最早的特点是刻在骨头，龟壳和青铜器在商代和后来的丝绸，竹木。In the eastern han dynasty, a court official named cai lun used inexpensive materials such as bark, hemp, rags, fishnet, wheat stalks and other materials to make paper. 在东汉时期，一位名叫蔡伦使用廉价的材料如树皮，麻，碎布，渔网，小麦秸秆和其它材料制作纸。

Gunpowder火药it was sunsimiao, a well-known pharmacologist of the tang dynasty, who first discovered the method for making gunpowder. 这是孙思邈，著名药师的唐代，首先发现了火药的制作方法。Flying fire-arrows发机飞火bronze cannos火统two-stage rockets火龙出水were introduced. In the yuan dynasty, the method of making gunpower was introduced to the arab world and europe, bringing a series of revolutions to weapon manufacturing,as well as to stratagem and

tactics on the battlefield. 在元代，制火药传到了阿拉伯和欧洲，带来了一系列的革命的武器制造，以及战略战术在战场上。Printing, know as “mother of civilisation”文明起源block printing雕版印刷movable type printing 活字印刷block rinting was probably invented between the sui and tang dynasties. The process of block printing started with the cutting of wood into blocks, and then characters were engraved in relied on the blocks. 雕版印刷术发明之间可能是隋唐时期。这个过程的雕版印刷开始切割木材成块，然后被刻在依赖于块。The world’s oldest surviving book printed on paper is vajra sutra. It is the earliest woodcut illustation in a printed book. 世界上现存最古老的印刷纸是金刚经。它是最早的木刻插画在印刷书籍。Block printing was time-consuming as blocks had to be engraved each time a new book was printed. 雕版印刷是费时块已被刻每一次新的书是印刷。During the song dynasty, bi sheng, a printing carver,invented movable type printing, which ushered in a major revolution in the history of printing. It was more than 400 years earlier than europe’s. 在宋代，毕升印刷，雕刻，发明了活字印刷，这开创了一个重大的革命在印刷史。这是400多年前比欧洲。Movable type