概念练习答案

概念练习答案
概念练习答案

第二讲练习

一、在下列各段文字中,哪些语词或语句是标有横线的概念的内涵或外延。

1、艺术是通过塑造形象,具体地放映社会生活,表现作者一定思想感情的一种社会意识形态。由于表现的手段和方式的不同,艺术通常可分为表演艺术(如音乐、舞蹈)、造型艺术(如绘画、雕塑)、语言艺术(如文学)和综合艺术(如戏剧、电影)。

内涵:通过塑造形象,具体地放映社会生活,表现作者一定思想感情的一种社会意识形态。

外延:表演艺术(如音乐、舞蹈)、造型艺术(如绘画、雕塑)、语言艺术(如文学)和综合艺术(如戏剧、电影)。

2、医学伦理学是研究医学领域中的道德、伦理问题的一门科学,它主要研究预防、医疗、管理等医疗活动中的道德关系和道德规范。医学伦理学对医学有重要的作用。医学史上大量事例表明,医护人员的责任感对于疾病的治疗有很大的作用。医护人员如果不讲医学道德,对病人漠不关心、粗枝大叶,往往会使病情恶化。近年来,医学发展的速度很快,有力地推动了医学伦理学的发展。现代医学的发展提出了一系列尖锐的伦理学问题,例如,体外受精、借胎生殖问题、“安乐死”问题等。

内涵:研究医学领域中的道德、伦理问题的一门科学,它主要研究预防、医疗、管理等医疗活动中的道德关系和道德规范。

二、下列语句中标有横线的是单独概念还是普遍概念,是正概念还是负概念?

1、中国共产党厦门市思明区委通过了加强政治思想工作的决议。单独概念,正概念。

2、占世界人口四分之一的中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。单独概念,正概念。

3、西沙群岛的海域内有丰富的资源。单独概念,正概念。

4、反对派陷入困境。普遍概念,负概念。

5、故宫是我国现存的最大的、最完整的古代宫殿建筑群,是明朝和清朝两代的皇宫。单独概念,正概念。

6、这支无线话筒是上海生产的。普遍概念,负概念。

7、西线无战事。普遍概念,负概念。

三、下列表有横线的语辞,是在集合意义下使用,表达集合概念?还是在非集合意义下使用,表达非集合概念?

1、人贵有自知。非集合概念。

2、从达尔文主义的观点来看,人是由猿进化而来的。集合概念。

3、人民,只有人民,才是创造历史的真正动力。集合概念

4、在我们的国家里,人民享受着广泛的民主和自由,同时又必须用社会主义的纪律来约束自己。非集合概念

5、书是知识的海洋。集合概念

6、中国是发展中的社会主义国家,属于第三世界。我们坚定地同亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲以及其他地区的发展中国家站在一起。社会主义国家:非集合概念;第三世界:集合概念。

7、“谁不讲卫生,谁就不配做个杭州人。”集合概念

8、“杭州人是爱美的。”非集合概念

四、下列各组概念是什么关系?

1、文学作品抒情诗——真包含(于)关系

2、有线广播无线广播——矛盾关系

3、革命者反动派——反对关系

4、工业重工业——真包含(于)关系

5、概念命题——反对关系

6、研究生留学生——交叉关系

7、教师文艺工作者——交叉关系

8、平行四边形菱形——真包含(于)关系

五、指出下列各题中标有横线的概念之间的关系:(前者对后者的关系。)

1、我们共产党人,更不待说党的高级干部,在政治上都要光明磊落。真包含关系

2、事物的矛盾法则,是唯物辩证法的最根本的法则。同一关系

3、1900年,英国、法国、日本、沙皇俄国、德国、美国、意大利、奥匈帝国等八个帝国主义国家,为了侵略中国,镇压中国人民反帝爱国的义和团运动,联合出兵进攻中国。

反对关系(英国、法国、日本、沙皇俄国、德国、美国、意大利、奥匈帝国),真包含于关系(英国、法国、日本、沙皇俄国、德国、美国、意大利、奥匈帝国)与帝国主义国家

4、有些类的分子是有穷的,有些类的分子是无穷的。矛盾关系

5、丛生物到非生物矛盾关系,从宏观到微观反对关系,从自然界到人类社会反对关系(还有思维),无一不在运动。

6、能力是人能够顺利地、成功地完成某种活动的心理特征。人的能力可以分为一般能力和特殊能力矛盾关系。一般能力是在许多活动中都不可少的能力,如观察力、注意力、记忆力、想象力反对关系等等;特殊能力是指在某种专业活动中表现出来的能力,如计算能力、文字表达能力、绘画能力反对关系等等。

六、下面是八种表示概念间的关系的欧拉图,还有八组概念,请在每组概念后面的括号内填上对应的图形编号。

(B)

(A)

(C)(D)

(E) (F)

(G) (H)

1.公里米厘米毫米D

2.牡丹花水仙花水稻植物A

3.大学生北京大学生女共产党员共产党员H

4.工程师老年人上海人青年人B

5.画家诗人艺术家人F

6.化学自然科学宪法法律C

7.衣服黑铅笔红色的白色的G

8.大学生运动员南方人人E

七、请将符合下列图示关系的概念分别填在图中。

A C

B C C B A A B C B A B C D

D A

A:学生A:教师A:温带水果A:女干部A:电器

B:学生干部B:数学教师B:温性水果B:女人B:家用电器

C:三好生C:无党派人士C:桔子C:教师C:加热家用电器

D:电脑D:厨房用家用电器

八、下列语句作为定义都是错误的,请指出它们各违反了下定义的哪条规则?并略作分

析。

1、期刊就是每周或每月定期出版的出版物。定义过窄

2、所谓生命就是塑造出来的模式化进行的新陈代谢。循环定义

3、生产关系就是人与人之间的社会关系。定义过宽

4、资本家是靠开工厂榨取剩余价值为生的人。定义过窄

5、所谓大国,就是比小国领土较大、人口较多的国家;所谓小国,就是比大国领土较小、人口较少的国家。含混不清

6、所谓“理性”,就是人区别于动物的高级神经活动;而所谓“高级神经活动”,就是人的理性活动。循环定义

7、所谓心理学就是关于人的心理活动的科学。同语反复

8、所谓“警句”就是人们从生活矿藏中提出来的艺术纯金,是人的闪光思想、豪迈情怀的结晶。隐喻定义

九、定义分析:

本世纪初,美国办报人威廉登报征求关于“新闻”这一概念的定义,应征者达数百人之多。现将应征的定义举例如下:

1、有人认为,“新闻就是关于东南西北所发生事情的报道”。理由是:在英文中,“新闻”用“news”来表达,而“news”乃是north(北)、east(东)、west(西)、south(南)四个词取第一个字母缩写而成。定义过宽

2、有人认为,“新闻就是关于离奇的、非同一般的、出乎意料的事情的报道”。理由是:狗咬人不是新闻,人咬狗才是新闻。定义过窄

3、有人认为,“新闻就是关于大多数人感兴趣而带有刺激性的时间(诸如战争、犯罪)的报道”。含混不清

4、有人认为,“新闻是新事的记录,新闻不是过去发生的事情的报道”。理由是:新闻不同于历史,关于过去发生的事情的报道就是历史了。否定定义

从现代新闻学的角度来看,上述的定义都不正确的。现在请你从逻辑上指出上述定义违反了下定义的哪条规则。

十、下列各题,哪些属于划分,那些不属于划分?试简要分析。

1、一年可分春、夏、秋、冬四季。不属于划分,拆分

2、句子可分为主语、谓语、补语、定语、状语等部分。拆分

3、句子有单句、复句;陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句。划分

4、交通工具可分为空中的、路上的和水中的。划分

十一、下列划分各违反了哪条规则?

1、生物可分为动物和植物。子项不全

2、资本家可分为产业资本家、手工业资本家、大资本家、中小资本家、商业资本家、借贷资本家等。混淆根据、子项相容

3、警察分为户籍警、交通警。子项不全

4、五十页以上的称为书,五十页以下的称为小册子。子项不全

5、中国画可分为山水画、人物画、花鸟画(包括鱼、虫、走兽)、工笔画、写意画。混淆根据

6、直系亲属包括祖父母、父母、配偶、子女、同胞兄弟姐妹和孙辈。多出子项

十二、对下列概念各做一次概括和限制。

1、散文:概括——文学体裁;限制——抒情散文

2、历史科学:概括——社会科学;限制——古代史

3、初等数学:概括——数学;限制——初等代数

4、坦克车:概括——军用车辆;限制——水陆两栖坦克车

5、外交部:概括——职能部门;限制——中国外交部

6、电子产品:概括——工业产品;限制:电脑

十三、下列概念的概括和限制是否正确?为什么?

1、北京大学概括:高等院校;对。限制:北京大学哲学系。错,因为北京大学是单独概念,不能限制。

2、学生:概括:知识分子;错。二者交叉。限制:中学生。对。

3、非金属元素:概括:元素;对。限制:塑料。错,因为塑料不是元素而是合成物。

4、勇敢:概括:品德;对。限制:勇敢的战士。错,不是对战士的限制,而是对勇敢的限制,应如:鲁莽的勇敢等概念。

5、喜马拉雅山脉:概括:山;对。限制:珠穆朗玛峰。错,此乃拆分,把喜马拉雅山脉分为几个组成部分。也是单独概念,不能再限制。

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