《作物育种学总论》习题.doc

《作物育种学总论》习题

Exercises in general introduction of crop breeding

Chapter 1 breeding objectives

1.terms: breeding objectives, biological yield, economic yield, harvest index, plant breeding, breeding for high photosynthetic efficiency

2.what are the basic requirements of modern agriculture for crop varieties?

3.what are the principles for formulating breeding objectives?

4.what are the main objectives of crop breeding?

5., how can we correctly formulate a practical breeding target?

6., why can crop yield increase through dwarf breeding?

7., formulate a breeding target for a particular crop for a region you are familiar with and explain why.

The seco nd chapter is the breed ing mode and varieties of crops

Floral structure and flowering habits of the wheat, corn, cotton, soybeans and other crops? What are the floral structure and flowering habits conducive to cross pollination? What are the

floral structure and flowering habits conducive to self pollination?

Combining the specific crops, the genetic effects of selfing and outcrossing were briefly described?

What are the types of crops and what are the basic characteristics of them?

What are the breeding characteristics of different types of populations?

The third chapter, Germplasm Resources

1.concepts: germplasm resources, origin centers, primary centers, secondary centers, native crops, secondary crops, genetic diversity centers, gene banks, primary gene pools, secondary gene pools, and three gene pools

2.briefly describe the role of germplasm in crop breeding?

3.briefly describe the characteristics and utilization value of local germplasm resources?

4.briefly describe the characteristics and utilization value of foreign germplasm resources?

What is the role of the theory of 5. Vavilov origin center in crop breeding?

6.how to differentiate between primary and secondary centers?

7.the main contents and identification methods of crop germplasm resources are discussed?

8., what is the significance of establishing the crop gene pool? How to build a crop gene bank?

9., what is the significance of establishing a database of crop germplasm resources? How to establish a database of crop germplasm resources?

10.what is the necessity and significance of excavation, collection and preservation of germplasm resources?

The fourth chapter is introduction and Domestication

1.what are the concepts and basic principles of introduction and domestication?

2.what are the factors affecting introduction and the law of introduction?

The fifth chapter chooses breeding

1.describe the basic principles and procedures of breeding?

The sixth chapter is cross breeding

1.types of cross breeding can be divided into two types according to their guiding ideology What are the respective genetic mechanisms?

2.why is it the key to cross breeding to choose the parents correctly? What's the point?

3., how to understand the four principles of parental selection in cross breeding?

4., what are the advantages and disadvantages of using genetically diverse materials as parents? How do you understand the distance between parents and their parents?

5.why should parents be highly cooperative?

6.why is hybridization one of the most important factors that affect the success of cross breeding? What are the hybrid ways? How about the genetic proportion of each parent in single cross, three handed, four handed and double crosses? Why do you put the good agronomic parents on the last cross in the three and four crosses?

7.explain genealogy, mixed method, derivative system method and single granule transmission method, and give a brief account of their respective work points. Compare their advantages and disadvantages and their applications?

The seventh chapter is backcross breeding

1.what is backcross breeding? What are the uses and limitations of backcross breeding? What is the most effective breeding in backcross breeding?

2.what is a recurrent parent and a non recurrent parent? What roles do they play in backcross breeding? What problems should we pay attention to when choosing recurrent parents and non recurrent parents?

What is the genetic effect of 3. backcross? What's the difference between selfing and genetic effects?

4., the characters of dominant and recessive single gene control, as well as the backcross breeding process of quantitative characters were briefly described?

The eighth chapter is the utilization of Heterosis

The 1. nouns explain heterosis, specific combining ability, test cross, test cross species, test species, one ring system, second ring system, gametophyte self incompatibility, sporophyte self incompatibility and cytoplasmic hybrid

2.what are the approaches to utilize crop heterosis? What are the characteristics of each?

3.what are the methods of measuring heterosis in crops? How to measure?

Four

Principles and reasons for selection of parents of hybrid varieties ?

5.what are the basic conditions for utilizing crop heterosis? What types of crop hybrids are there in

6.?

What are the characteristics of crop heterosis in 7. crops?

8.what are the main directions for the study of Heterosis in maize, rice, cotton, wheat and so on? Why?

9.,what are the genetic causes of Heterosis in crops? What do you think of these interpretations?

10.what methods are used to determine the combining ability? What are the characteristics of these methods?

11.what is cytoplasmic cytoplasmic male sterility? How does this sterility utilize heterosis?

12.what is the difference between sporophyte sterility and gametophyte? What are the characteristics of each?

13.,there are several types of pollen abortion in male sterility What are the characteristics of each?

14.what are the abnormal physiological and biochemical aspects of male sterility in plants?

15., what are the conditions for the application of sterile lines?

16.what methods can be used for the breeding of restorer lines?

17.what principles should be followed in the selection of hybrid varieties? Why?

18.how to identify the genetic type of genic male sterile material?

How was the germplasm of 19. photoperiod and photoperiod induced male sterility obtained?

The ninth chapter is mutation breeding

1.what are the species, radiation sources, and major characteristics of the major physical mutagens?

2.the materials of radiation mutation treatment and corresponding treatment methods are discussed?

3.what are the irradiation intensity and dose intensity? What is its unit? How do you convert new and old units?

4.how do you determine the optimum dose of radiation?

5.what are the types, properties and principles of the main chemical mutagens? What problems should we pay attention to in using?

6.how to determine the concentration and treatment time of chemical mutagens?

7., what is the difference between mutation breeding and other breeding (such as cross breeding) in the treatment of future generations?

8.why does mutation breeding require close planting in Ml?

9.to illustrate the achievements of mutation breeding in Crop Genetics and breeding and agricultural production?

10.what are the characteristics and trends of plant mutation breeding?

The tenth chapter is distant hybridization breeding

1.what is distant hybridization? What is the role and significance of distant hybridization in crop genetics, breeding and scientific research?

2.the characteristics and difficulties of distant hybridization were discussed.

3., try to explain the reasons for the incompatibility of distant hybridization and the ways to overcome it.

4.hybrid sterility and why die? How to overcome?

What is the difference between the isolation of 5. Distant Hybrids and that of interspecific hybridization?

6.how to overcome the instability of distant hybridization progeny?

What is the principle of induction of haploid in 7. distant crosses?

8.what are alien addition lines and alien substitution lines?

Can il be used directly in agricultural production? How to make use of it in Crop Genetics and breeding?

9.to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of somatic hybridization.

The eleventh chapter is ploidy breeding

1.what are the main ways to induce polyploidy?

2.what are the main ways of artificially inducing haploid?

3.,the significance of ploidy breeding in plants was discussed?

4.how does plant ploidy breeding combine with other breeding methods?

5., six times triticale lacks D genome, poor quality of grain. How do you think it improved?

The twelfth chapter is disease resistant breeding

1., the main role of pest resistance breeding in modern

agricultural production?

2.. What are the physiological races, physiological, biological and differential hosts?

3.what is the gene pair theory of genes?

4.what is vertical resistance and horizontal resistance?

5., the main links of breeding for disease resistant insects?

6.how to maintain the stability of resistance to disease resistant varieties?

The thirteenth chapter stress resistant breeding

1.main species of crop adversity?

2.. The meaning of drought resistanee and salt tolerance of crops?

3.general procedures for crop stress resistance breeding?

4.main methods of crop stress resistance identification?

The fourteenth chapter, group improvement and recurrent choice

1.,the concept and function of group improvement?

2.principles of population improvement?

3., the basic process and main link of population improvement?

4., the similarities and differences between composite varieties

and synthetic varieties?

5.how do we synthesize base populations for population improvement?

6.,how does the recurrent selection approach the combination of population impTovement and breeding practice?

Seven

What are the recurrent selection methods within a population? What are the characteristics of each?

8.,what are the similarities and differences between groups and groups?

9., in what circumstances is it suitable to apply compound cycle selection?

10.why into Recessive Genic Male sterile gene is based on recurrent selection of self pollination and cross pollinated crops?

The fifteenth chapter is the experimental technique of crop breeding

1.explain the concepts: marginal effects, growth competition, regional trials, varietal adaptability, and varietal stability

2.what are the basic requirements for field trials? How can the test error be minimized?

3.what are the factors that affect the design of a residential district? How do you deal with these factors?

4.,how to overcome inter cell compelition?

5.how do you conduct a line comparative test?

6.what are the conditions for applying for a regional trial? What standards are you up to?

7.how about regional test and production test?

8.what are the methods and procedures for the stability parameter

estimation using the average number of varieties as the parameter and the adaptive estimation method based on the environmental index?

The sixteenth chapter, seed production and management

1.what conditions should be applied for the varieties that have been applied for approval?

2., what are the similarities and differences between China, Japan, the United States and European countries in their species management systems?

What are the substantial and major causes of the 3. species，hybrid degradation? How to prevent?

4.in China, self pollination and cross pollination often crop seed production method, the main differenee breeding method and cycle selection proposed in recent years strains breeding method and self propagation method mixed in technology is what?

5.show three methods of producing two representative types of parent stock, and point out their substantive differences and their theoretical basis.

6.what are the two methods for the production of inbred stock? What，s the difference between them?

7.how to speed up breeding?

How to select isolation zone in 8. parent breeding and hybrid seed production? How do you determine your parents， ratio?

9.what is the key point in regulating the sowing date and ensuring the flowering time in hybrid seed production?

Plant breeding, biotechnology, exercises

Chapter 1 cell engineering and crop breeding

1.what are the main ingredients of the culture medium?

2.what is the genetic basis for somaclonal variation in somatic cells?

3.how to breed new varieties by somatic cell cloning and variation?

4.. What is the practical value of haploid cell culture in crop breeding?

What is the difference between microspore development and normdl microspore development under 5. culture conditions?

6.what are the factors that affect anther culture?

7., how can cell engineering be used to overcome the

incompatibility of distant hybridization?

The second chapter, transgenic technology and crop breeding

1.what is GM crop breeding? What are the contents of its research?

2.. Advantages and disadvantages of transgenic breeding and their relationship with conventional breeding?

3.procedures for breeding transgenic crops?

4.what are the commonly used transgenic methods?

5.what are the common methods for identification of transgenic plants?

6.the mode and characteristics of exogenous gene integration.

Causes and solutions of 7. gene silencing?

8.isolation of foreign genes in transgenic plants?

9.specific ways of breeding transgenic crops?

10.biosafety principles of genetically modified crops.

The third chapter is molecular marker assisted selection breeding

1.types and genetic characteristics of several major molecular markers?

2.订lustrate the principles and methods of gene mapping for important agronomic traits.

3.how to understand the development of molecular marker technology and inject new vigor into crop breeding work?

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