交通工程专业英语翻译(全)

Unit1The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化

The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。运输署早期功能是满足基本需要搬运粮食供应和建材等领域。但随着部落，然后人民，和最后形成，运输的社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。在第一次有流动性所需的个人、宗族、家庭和动物保护他们免遭，和逃避危险自然灾害和部落的侵略行为，并在寻找最好的地定居。部落群体形成和逐步确立其地理特征，运输日益需要开放地区的发展，以提供对天然资源，促进族裔间的贸易，并调动本土防卫的访问。当第一次的联合国应运而生时，运输发挥了重要的作用，建立民族气节

After basic societal needs had generally been attended to，local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic，cultural，and technological development through trade links with other peoples and

regions．Again，transport provided the mobility required for such intertribal, international，and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade．During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport as physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changes．Such changes were induced by several factors and circumstances．In fact，today’s transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and preferences．

基本社会需求大体上已照顾到后，当地社区可能会越来越多地致力于加强贸易联系通过与其他民族和地区经济、文化和科技发展共同。再次，运输提供所需的这种部落之间、国际和洲际最后的文化交流和贸易的流动。在所有有组织的人类社会，今天代表国际大家庭，交通工具的移动人员和货物，物理过程，从而促进这种发展，通过向此逐步发展的过程中不断发生了技术和组织的变化。这种变化是几个因素及环境所致。事实上，今天的各种形式和组织安排运输仍高度受回应社会需求和偏好的变化。

Clearly，the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency．For centuries，and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics，society required reliable，fast，and low cost transport．The search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrained．There were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was especially pronounced，and quick solutions were required for national self-defense. During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and sometimes victory.

Subsequently refined and developed, such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.

显然符合运输的首要准则是效率。几百年来，特别是在本地经济的起飞阶段期间，社会需要快速、可靠、和低成本的运输。寻找合适的技术是相对无约束。倍时，在人类历史上尤为突出的可靠、快速的运输需求，并快速解决案所需的自卫。在这样的地和国际冲突的时期人类智慧制定新运输技术往往证明的生存空间，有时胜利的决定性因素。随后改进和发展，这种新技术使能够更好地满足日益增加的交通需求，从而提高经济进步和人类福祉。

The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, self-propulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the railways, and then the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.

需要更好的战略机动致努力提高海洋和陆地运输。这导致更大、更快的船舶和更可靠和坚固的陆地车辆。最终，自航引入，蒸汽机船、铁路和汽车的例子。在运输领域研发终于成为组织的承诺与特定的目标。作为随后浓度的人才及专业知识的结果，更多先进的传输技术如飞机和，最近，火箭推进发展。

The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today' s transport systems, which include air, surface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes

that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts. Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.

今天的表现是逐渐演化的日益复杂的交通工具' s 运输系统，其中包括空中、地面、和海上运输。而是有限的应用程序如管道、电缆和带的交通工具的发展导致特殊行业的需要。当前社会的需要和喜好，以及成本效益的经济上的要求，在现有的各种运输模式普遍达到而是特定的功能。

Although transport's potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price.

A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation. As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. This caused equity problems because charges required to cover operating costs were not affordable by all population groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare. Many governments chose to subsidize transport, but quickly realized that the budget implications often caused serious distortions in their national economies.

虽然运输的潜力以满足有效众多社会流动性需要不断改善，很明显这种有效性了它的价格。运输技术的一些暗示能耗高，所需大量资金投入生产和经营。因此，几个交通工具变得昂贵给用户。这造成了股权问题，因为业务费用所需的费用不是负担得起的所有人口群体，从而限制了他们的流动性和福利。多的政府补贴交通工具，选择了，但很快意识到，所涉预算问题经常在自己的经济造成重扭曲。

Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries and the need to cope with rising

volumes of commodity flows and person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels. These effects of such damage yet are to be fully explored.

逐渐引起各种交通工具的污染成了另一个重的问题，作为世界交通在大多数和应付日益增加的商品流动和人旅行的需要。过高的人口和产业的浓度在世界一些地区，这种对环境的不利影响已达到高水平。这种损害的这些影响还很充分探讨。

Finally, problems caused by dwindling world energy resources, particularly petroleum, have increasingly impeded transport services and operations. Most existing transport modes are critically dependent on petroleum derivatives for proper functioning. With unabated growth of demand for transport and a progressively limited supply of energy, the costs of providing transport have increased steadily. In particular, the disproportion of petroleum requirements and petroleum supply has caused serious inflationary problems to arise in many countries. Especially hard hit are countries with a partial or total dependence on an external petroleum supply, which have experienced growing deficits in their current accounts.

最后，特别是油、世界能源资源日益减少，所引起的问题越来越多地阻碍了交通服务和操作。大多数现有交通工具都依赖油衍生品的正常运作。对交通的需求有增无减，逐步有限的能源供应提供运输的费用稳步增加。特别是油需求和油供应的非均衡性，引起重的通胀问题在多中出现。打击尤其是部分或全部依赖外部的油供应，经历了它们的经常账户赤字不断增长的。

The transport sector' s increasing inability to satisfy demand efficiently and

equitably is a problem with which all nations have to cope in trying to advance economic and social progress. Energy-supply constraints, high capital and operating costs, often with excessive foreign-exchange components, and the seriousness of transport-related environmental pollution account in large part for this problem. But transport is and will continue to be an essential requirement for world development and human welfare. There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs wil1 be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum. Obviously, the development of transport demand will have to be controlled.

运输部门越来越无法满足需求，有效和公平地是，所有都必须应付在试图推动经济发展和社会进步的一个问题。能源供应约束、较高的资本和经营成本，往往与过度外汇组件和运输有关环境污染帐户在很大程度上对这一问题的重性。但运输是并将继续是世界的发展和人类福利的基本要求。有没有别的选择，但寻找替代目前的运输系统，或修改相关模式的技术和业务特点，使能源消耗及成本失败会减少和环境的影响可以保持在最低限度。很明显，发展的运输需求将不得不加以控制。

Unit2

当在美国的案最初是由移动2000构思超过10年前，我有四个主要功能区：先进的交通管理系统，先进的旅客informatior系统，商用车辆运营和先进的车辆控制系统。自那时以来的十年中，大多数的一般社会的关注一直集中在自动取款机和自动航站情报，AVCS定义已经扩大了与安全的另外AVCSS容纳安全预警系统没有实际的控制系统。

在多面有一个倾向，承担USDOT的形状和资源分配案反映或者甚至其所有活动的围确定在美国这个假设，特别是误导AVCSS的情况下，其部分活动发生在车辆的生产和供应业和最先进的思想比美国DOT，而发生的状态点。该行业在研究和开发AVCSS产品AVCSS涵盖围很广的用户服务和技术。这些通常是

根据美国ITS体系结构（防撞纵向，横向防撞，视力增强，安全准备，预碰撞约束的部署和车辆自动操作）中包含的类别定义。然而，这并不甚至捕获，从不同围个人用户服务的合作和自动化水平出现的可能性的广度。的投资远远超过了由??政府投资。

警告系统能提供可闻，可见或触觉（触摸）线索，以提醒驾驶员潜在的不安全的条件下，驱动程序后，需要采取纠正措施，以避免危险。前向碰撞预警几年来一直在卡车上，主要是从伊顿- Vorad，卡车车道偏离警告系统已Iteris和SistWare宣布。短程警告OT停车危害也已为乘用车提供了好几年。

控制辅助系统提供控制自动驾驶功能的一部分，以协助纾缓工作量（例如，自适应巡航控制）的驱动程序，以提高安全性（例如，避免碰撞制动）。自适应巡航控制系统最近已成为在美国S（上TEW高档轿车奔驰S级，雷克萨斯i5 - 430和不久的新Irlfiniti Q45），以及一些卡车。它一直提供围更广的车辆和一些在日本和欧洲的时间。

全自动化系统提供完全自动化的驾驶，减轻司机的驾驶执照或车辆操作，无需驱动程序，它可能的责任。这些尚未被引入公共道路的应用，但它们cawing百万计的乘客在机场的人推动者和各种城市轨道交通系统（温哥华，巴黎，伦敦，东京，里昂和里尔）的每一天。自动化，无人驾驶的车辆也都搬货每天都在工厂和一些主要港口，如鹿特丹，的。

的合作程度，是指以提高安全性和性能之间的车辆和路边设备和单独的车辆之间交换的信息量。自主车采用没有合作，但来自自己的机载传感器，其所有有关环境的信息。虽然它们可以“看到”其他车辆，他们不能“??谈”，“听”，甚至信号的其他车辆。

自主汽车几乎所有其注意力集中在美国DOT智能车辆倡议。1VI有赞助的一个小项目的“传感器友好的车辆和道路系统”的形式，探讨合作的预警系统的可能性。

该项目已考虑被动和主动的“标签”的车辆和路边的对象，使他们可以更清楚地识别汽车雷达，以及技术，如车辆车载通信和分拆荧光涂料的红外发光二极管尾灯的调制的概念路面车道的位置信息，以便的歧视。这个项目背后的基本概念，是一个温和的技术应用到“targetvehicles和道路基础设施显着增强的性能和/或降低了成本和复杂性的车辆检测和警告systenrs AVCSS。

例如，在欧洲的司机项目使用红外灯的一个独特的模式在拖车后面以下卡车跟进，形成“电子拖栏”，和两辆卡车也相互沟通的“目标”其他使用无线连接。

加利福尼亚州，明尼达州和弗吉尼亚州都加入了“IVI基础设施集团”，共同拓展合作的基础设施系统的IVI。他们最初的重点是在路口碰撞预警，这是自主汽车系统是不切实际的，几乎可以肯定，需要基础设施的传感和通信系统。实质性的关注也已考虑到基础设施合作AVCSS日，建设部在“Smartway”项目。他们证明在2000年11月下旬，他们最初的概念和设备，作为2000年的DEMO一部分。

Unit4公交优先

翻译：设计目标,

公交优先已被看到在整体城市交通的战略目标,不仅包括改善公共汽车(或电车)操作和克制,car-borne 通勤更是一种增强环境,为居民、工人和游客。法必须为所有这些

也有明显的目标而成本和执行。

典型的设计目标为公交优先的措施包括:

以上条件和可靠性,提高经营通过引入适当的公交优先的措施。

~来改变这种交通平衡赞成在这些地点的正确的话,这可能会是正当的。

(~改善条件公交乘客在停止和立体交叉。

针对提高道路安全一般,特别是对行人、自行车、残障人士。

哦~,在适当的时候,小时的手术的等待和加载的限制。

(~建立、实施协调和连贯的应用中等待,停车场和加载执法机制在巴士路线走廊。

针对提高条件和frontagers疯狂的用户在巴士路线走廊。

实现这些目标通常包括提高汽车运行和妥协需求的本地企业和居民和行人获得合理的安全、便捷、自行车运动。

公交优先的措施

典型的公交优先措施可分为4种类型: