外文翻译
译文：
脉搏传感器及电路设计
脉诊具有2600多年临床实践,是我国传统中医四诊中的精髓。脉搏信息在中医、西医中都有着十分重要意义。在传统中医脉诊中,切脉技巧复杂难以掌握和运用,医生主观因素影响也较大, 随着科学技术的发展, PVdF (聚偏二氟乙烯)压电薄膜的研制确定了不同的脉象仪用于脉诊的客观化，本设计的脉象仪传感器的敏感部分是人手指。
本文将从模拟中医脉诊的角度,研制了PVdF压电位体积能获得大的输出功率。因为换能器单位体薄膜传感器,并应用于脉象仪研究。积最大输出功率正比于机电耦合系数和能承受的定量化已成为中医诊断的必然趋势。几十年来,国家选择PVdF压电薄膜,因为它有如下几个的优点：
首先，膜轻且柔韧,易于制备,与人体组织的阻抗耦合性好,能紧贴皮肤,使得脉搏信号通过薄膜而不失真。另外由于薄膜类似于人类皮肤,可以制作仿生触觉传感器。压电常数大( d33 = 20 pC/ N) ,变力易于研究,但从研制情况看,大部分传感器不能模拟中敏度。比石英晶体高10倍,压电电压输出常数切脉时所取三部,按、浮、寸三种诊法，g = 174是所有压电体中最高的。检测脉搏信号,主要靠压力定标,适用性不够好。
其次，机械品质因素低,阻尼小,密度低,具有宽带特性,能满足脉搏信号的频率特性。在非常高的交变电场中不至于去极化。
由于PVdF膜的柔性及其厚度方向伸缩振动的谐振频率很高,使得在很宽范围内有平坦的频率。基于PVdF膜的以上优点,根据中医切脉模式,我们研制出了三点式的传感器,三个换能器分别由PVdF薄膜作成正方形片状,面积相当于切脉时指腹的受力面积，在压电薄膜电荷生成的两极分别蒸镀铝电极并引出导线,用柔性有机塑料薄膜封装并做成圆形基片，装在一根表带上。考虑到患者体征、老幼等因素,三个换能器独立地对应于按、浮、寸三个部位,且能在表带上纵横调节。测量时表带束在腕部，医生手指对应的放大三个换能器即可。医生可以透过薄片感觉到脉搏的波动。根据浮、中、沉模式把脉过程中可以人为地控制力度，做到因人而异克服以往缸体换能器压力定标所取浮不足。当周期性脉搏压力作用在换能器上时，将机械能转换为电能。脉象频谱分析表明脉象能谱中99 %的能量集中在10 Hz以下,最高频率不超过40 Hz。调实现与微机的通信。PVdF压电薄膜换能器是本设计中的敏感部件,也是设计的关键环节之一,作用是能模拟其中人的压觉,将微弱低频的脉搏压力信号转换成电信号。设置前置电荷放大器作用有二:一是与换能器阻抗匹配,把高阻抗输入变为低阻抗输出；二是将微弱电荷转换成电压信号并放大。为了提高测量的精度和灵敏度,前置放大电路采用了线性修正的电荷放大电路,以获得较低的下限频率,消除电缆的分布馈电容。
电容对灵敏度的影响,使设计的传感器体积小型化。第一个低通滤波电路由R1和C1组成，截止频率约为1000Hz ,以使脉搏信号的高次谐波能通过,让脉搏信号反映的病理性特征信息得到完整的保留。同时该上限截止频率和时间常数电路(由C2和R2组成)还会决定性地影响脉搏波形的失真度。如果电路的时间常数选得过小,会造成信号的低频分量严重衰减和移相。实验表明,当时间足以保证脉搏波的低频分量不会失真。电压放大器主要是对电荷放大器输出的电压信号放大。并提供不同的增益。根据我们的经验,设置上限截止频率为100Hz比较理想。工频陷波器环节是为了滤除市电50HZ干扰。
电容应选钽电容作补偿电容，对市电噪声采取了硬件工频陷波和软件滤波并用的措施,实验证明,利用数字滤波技术,对工频干扰信号的抑制效果较好，对电磁信号抑制主要采取了两种方法,一是对信号线进行屏蔽,二是设计四阶巴特沃斯低通滤波器,截止频率为100 Hz。对于人体的抖动噪声主要是通过软件滤波加以滤除,主要是采用了防脉冲干扰平均值滤波法。该算法在凌阳单片机内实现,其基本思想是把测量得到的256个数据看成一队列,每进行一次新的测量,就把测量结果放入队尾,而剔除原来队首的一次数据,这样在队列中
始终有256个“最新”数据,对256个数据逐个比较大小, 去掉其中的最大值和最小值,然后计算254个数据的平均值。这种滤波方法对周期性干扰有良好的抑制作用,还能对滤除脉诊过程中人体偶尔的抖动产生的干扰。实验中发现,尽管人的体温基本保持恒定,但手腕部位皮肤表面的温度受外界温度变化的影响仍很大,而且手腕部位皮肤与传感器表面的温差也会给测量带来很大影响,需要消除温度效应利用人体脉搏(1 Hz左右)热电噪声信号。
数字滤波和抽取均通过软件来实现，配置灵活。传感器主要由红外线发射二极管和接收二极管组成，测量的原理如下：将手指放在红外线发射二极管和接收二极管中间，随着心脏的跳动，由于手指放在光的传递路径中，血管中血液饱和程度的变化将引起光的强度发生变化，因此和心跳的节拍相对应，红外接收二极管的电流也跟着改变，这就导致红外接收二极管输出脉冲信号。脉冲信号由F1~F3、R3~R5、C1、C2等组成的低通放大器进行放大，再经由F4、R6、R7、C3组成的放大器进一步放大，其输出信号送给由F5、F6、RP1、R8等组成的施密特触发器进行整形后输出，输出的脉冲信号作为单片机的外部中断信号。可变电阻RP1用来调整施密特触发器的阀值电压，从而调整电路的灵敏度。
原文：
Pulse transducer and circuit design
Pulse has 2600 years of clinical practice, is the essence of the four diagnostic methods of traditional Chinese medicine. Pulse in traditional Chinese medicine, Western medicine has a very important significance. The Qiemo skills in traditional Chinese pulse diagnosis is difficult to grasp and apply the doctors subjective factors, along with the development of science and technology, PVdF (polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric film developed to determine the different pulse instrument the objective of the pulse, the sensitive part of the design of the pulse instrument sensor finger.
This article from the perspective of the analog pulse diagnosis, the development of PVdF piezoelectric volume to obtain a large output power. Because of the change of unit-body thin film sensors, and applied to the pulse instrument. Plot the maximum output power is proportional to the electromechanical coupling coefficient and able to withstand the quantitative has become the inevitable trend of Chinese medicine diagnosis. Decades, the state selected PVdF piezoelectric film, because it follows several advantages:
First,film light and flexible, easy preparation and human tissue impedance coupling can be closeto the skin, without distortion of the pulse signal through the film. In addition, the film is similar to human skin, you can create a biomimetic tactile sensor. The piezoelectric constant (d33 = 20 pC / N), the inotropic easy to study, but the development of the situation, most of the sensor can not be simulated in the sensitivity.10 times higher than the quartz crystal, the piezoelectric voltage output constant Qiemo take three, floating,"three diagnostic methods, g = 174 is the highest of all the piezoelectric. Detection pulse signal depends mainly on the pressure calibration, the applicability is not good enough.
Then,mechanical quality factor low, damping, low density, with broadband features to address the frequency characteristics of the pulse signal. If not depolarization in the very high alternating electric field.
PVdF membrane flexibility and its thickness direction of the stretchingvibration of the resonant frequency is high, making a wide range of flat frequency. PVdF membrane above advantages, according to Chinese medicine Qiemo model, we developed a three-sensor, three square sheet made by the PVdF film transducer, an area equivalent to the force the Qiemo when
pulp area in the piezoelectric film bipolar charge generated steam the aluminum electrode and leads to the wire, flexible organic plastic film packaging made of a circular substrate, mounted on a table to bring. Taking into account the patient's signs, young and old, and other factors, the three transducer independently corresponds to the vertical and horizontal adjustment by floating an inch three parts, and can bring in the table. Strap-beam measurements in the wrist, and the doctor finger corresponding to enlarge three transducers can. The doctor can feel through the thin slices pulse fluctuations. Floating, mode pulse process can artificially control the intensity, do vary from person to person to overcome the pressure of the past cylinder transducer calibration taken floating inadequate. When a periodic pulse pressure transducer, mechanical energy converted to electricity.
The pulse spectrum analysis shows that 99% of the energy in the pulse spectrum is concentrated below 10 Hz, the highest frequency of no more than 40 Hz. Tune to achieve communication with the computer. PVdF piezoelectric film transducer is sensitive components in this design, is also designed one of the key links of the role of simulation in which the pressure sensation can, will the pulse pressure of the weak low-frequency signal conversion into electrical signals. Set of pre-charge amplifier role there are two: First, with the transducer impedance matching, high-impedance input into a low impedance output; second is the weak charge into a voltage signal and zoom. In order to improve the measurement accuracy and sensitivity, pre-amplifier circuit using a linear correction of the charge amplifier to lower the lower limit frequency, eliminating the cable distribution of feed-forward capacitor.
Capacitance on the sensitivity of the impact of the design of the small sensor size. The first low-pass filter circuit formed by R1 and C1, the cutoff frequency of about 1000 Hz, so that the higher harmonic of the pulse signal through the pulse signal reflected pathological feature information to get the full reservation. While theupper limit cut-off frequency and the time constant circuit (formed by C2 and R2) will decisively influence the distortion of the pulse waveform. If the circuit time constant is selected too small, will cause a serious low-frequency component of the signal attenuation and phase shift. The experiments show that when the time sufficient to ensure that the pulse wave of low frequency components without distortion. Voltage amplifier, the charge amplifier output voltage signal amplification. And provide different gain. According to our experience, set the upper cut-off frequency of 100Hz. Power frequency notch filter link in order to filter out the mains 50HZ interference.
Capacitor tantalum capacitor should be selected for the compensation capacitor, hardware power frequency notch and software filtering and measures taken to the city electrical noise, experimental results show that the use of digital filtering techniques, the inhibitory effect of frequency interference signals better electromagnetic signal suppression has mainly taken two ways, one signal line shield is designed for fourth-order Butterworth low-pass filter cutoff frequency of 100 Hz. Jitter noise for the human body mainly through the software filter to filter out, mainly using the anti-pulse interference average filtering method. Sunplus, the algorithm implementation, the basic idea is that the 256 data measured as a queue, each time a new measurement, put the measurements into the tail, and remove the original team the first time data, such there is always 256, "the latest data in the queue size, 256-by-comparison data to remove the maximum and minimum, and then calculate the average of 254 data. This filtering method for periodic interference of inhibition, but also occasionally filter out the pulse of human jitter generated interference. Found that, despite the person's body temperature is kept constant,
but the wrist skin surface temperature of the outside temperature changes still, and the skin of the wrist with the sensor surface, the temperature difference will have a great impact to the measurement requires the elimination of The temperature effect of the use of human pulse (1Hz) Thermal noise signal.
Digital filtering and decimation software, flexible configuration. The sensors are infrared emitting diode and the receiving diode measurement principle is as follows: finger on the infrared emitting diode and receiver diodes middle, with the heart beating, finger on the light transmission path, vascular blood saturation level The change will cause the light intensity changes, so the beat of the heart beat corresponds to the infrared receiver diode current change too, which leads to the infrared receiver diode output pulse signal. Pulse signal amplification by F1 ~ the F3 and R3 ~ R5, C1, C2 composed of low-pass amplifier, the amplifier further amplification through F4, R6, R7 and C3, the output signal is sent to F5, the F6, the RP1 After shaping, the R8 and the composition of the Schmitt trigger output, pulse output signal as the MCU external interrupt signal. The variable resistor RP1 is used to adjust the threshold voltage of the Schmitt trigger, thereby adjusting the sensitivity of the circuit.
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外文翻译
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外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.360docs.net/doc/68586475.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
工业设计外文翻译
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
外文翻译
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.360docs.net/doc/68586475.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.360docs.net/doc/68586475.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.360docs.net/doc/68586475.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.360docs.net/doc/68586475.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.360docs.net/doc/68586475.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.360docs.net/doc/68586475.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.360docs.net/doc/68586475.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.360docs.net/doc/68586475.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
国际贸易英文文献
Strategic transformations in Danish and Swedish big business in an era of globalisation, 1973-2008 The Danish and Swedish context In the difficult inter-war period, a state-supported, protected home market orientation had helped stabilise both Denmark’s and Sweden’s economies, but after WorldWar II priorities changed. Gradually and in accordance with the international economic development, restrictions on foreign trade were removed, and Danish and Swedish industry was exposed to international competition. As a consequence, several home market oriented industries –such as the textile and the shoe industry –were more or less outperformed, while in Sweden the engineering industry soon became the dominant leader of Swedish industry, with companies such as V olvo, Ericsson, Electrolux, ASEA and SKF. In the Danish case, the SMEs continued to be dominant but in combination with expanding export oriented industrial manufacturers such as Lego, Danfoss, Carlsberg and the shipping conglomerates ok and A.P. moller-Marsk. In Sweden and Denmark stable economic growth continued into the 1970s, but due to the problems during the oil crises, the economies came into fundamental structural troubles for the first time since World War II. In the beginning this was counteracted by traditional Keynesian policy measures. However, because of large budget deficits, inflation and increasing wages, both the Danish economy from 1974 and the Swedish economy from 1976 encountered severe problems. Towards the late 1970s Denmark’s and Sweden’s economic policies were thus increasingly questioned. It was clear that Keynesian policy could not solve all economic problems. Expansive fiscal policies in terms of continued deficits on the state budget could not compensate for the loss of both national and international markets and step by step the Keynesian economic policy was abandoned. The increased budget deficit also made it difficult for the state to support employment and regional development. These kinds of heavy governmental activities were also hardly acceptable under the more market oriented policy that developed first in Great Britain and the USA, but in the 1980s also in Denmark and Sweden (Iversen & Andersen, 2008, pp. 313–315; Sjo¨ gren, 2008, pp. 46–54). These changes in political priorities were especially noticeable in the financial market. After being the most state regulated and coordinated sector of the economy since the 1950s, then between 1980 and 1985 the Danish and Swedish financial markets underwent an extensive deregulation resulting in increased competition. Lending from banks and other credit institutes was no longer regulated, and neither were interest rates. The bond market was also opened as the issuance of new bond loans was deregulated in Sweden in 1983. When the control of foreign capital flows was liberalised in the late 1980s the last extraordinary restriction was now gone. Together with the establishment of the new money market with options and derivates, this opened up to a much larger credit market and the possibility for companies to finance investments and increase business domestically as well as abroad (Larsson, 1998, pp. 205–207). Another important part of the regulatory changes in the early 1980s were new rules for the Copenhagen and Stockholm stock exchanges. Introduction on the stock exchange was made much
市场类中英文对照翻译
原文来源：李海宏《Marketing Customer Satisfaction》[A].2012中国旅游分销高峰论坛.[C].上海 Marketing Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 Since the 20th century, since the late eighties, the customer satisfaction strategy is increasingly becoming business has more customers share the overall business competitive advantage means. 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 First, customer satisfaction strategy is to get a modern enterprise customers, "money votes" magic weapon 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 With the changing times, the great abundance of material wealth of society, customers in the main --- consumer demand across the material has a lack of time, the number of times the pursuit, the pursuit of quality time to the eighties of the 20th century entered the era of the end consumer sentiment. In China, with rapid economic development, we have rapidly beyond the physical absence of the times, the pursuit of the number of times and even the pursuit of quality and age of emotions today gradually into the consumer era. Spending time in the emotion, the company's similar products have already reached the same time, homogeneous, with the energy, the same price, consumers are no longer pursue the quality, functionality and price, but the comfort, convenience, safety, comfort, speed, jump action, environmental protection, clean, happy,
工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
外文翻译中文版(完整版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721