农村中小学音乐教育现状和思考

农村中小学音乐教育现状和思考新中国建立、特别是改革开放以来,我国的音乐教育事业有了长足的发展,音乐院校不断增多,接受系统音乐教育的人数呈急剧上升之势,为整个社会培养了许多专业人才。遗憾的是这种大好景况只局限于大中型城市,而占全国学校总数的85%的农村中小学,音乐教育几近空白,绝大多数高中生还都是乐盲,这与党的“十六”以来提出的全面建设小康生活,构建和谐社会,科教兴国战略,普及素质教育等要求相去甚远。

And, especially, the founding of new China since the reform and opening, China's music education cause has made considerable development, the growing music colleges, accept system music education showed the trend of rising sharply, the number of train many professional talents for the society as a whole. Unfortunately this good situation only limited to large and medium-sized cities, and 85% of the national school of rural primary and secondary schools, music education is almost blank, the vast majority of high school to survive is blind, it has to do with "16" of the party put forward the comprehensive construction well-off life, since the construction of a harmonious society, the strategy of developing the country by relying on science and education, the popularization of quality education and so on are different.

一、农村中小学音乐教育现状

A, the countryside elementary and middle schools music education present situation

近年来,笔者作为一名在农村中小学工作二十年的音乐教师,对农村的音乐教育有深切体味,通过同行之间的交流、本专业调研、学情走访,农村中小学音乐教育堪忧的现状主要有以下几个方面。

In recent years, the author as a work 20 years of music teachers in rural primary and secondary schools, for rural music education have deep taste, through the communication between peers, this professional research and learning tour, the countryside elementary and middle schools music education is the present situation of basically has the following several aspects.

(一)教育管理部门重智育、重升学率、轻美育的现象相当严重

(a) education administrative department of the intellectual education, graduation rates, aesthetic phenomenon is quite serious

我国长期受计划经济的影响,城乡差距明显。在农村的中小学,由于经济、社会文化发展的极不平衡,导致国家的音乐教育政策方针不能很好地在农村中小学

实施。各级农村教育管理部门的轻美育的观念较为严重。

Influenced by planned economy for a long time in China, the disparity between urban and rural areas. In rural primary and secondary schools, due to the uneven economic, social and cultural development, causes the national music education policies cannot be well implemented in rural primary and secondary schools. Rural education management departments at all levels of aesthetic education concept is more serious.

导致农村各级教育管理部门轻美育的原因主要是中考和高考两个“指挥棒”。同时在全国统一的高考录取中,各地的录取分数也是不一样的。升学录取中存在着学校的等级之分——重点与普通,这样就“造成了全国不同地域考生之间受教育权的不平等”。只有考试升学的科目才是“主课”,音乐、体育、美术等科目都是“副科”、“小三门”,对这些科目视作可有可无。

The cause of rural education management departments at all levels light aesthetic education mainly two "baton" exam and the college entrance examination. At the same time in the unified national college entrance examination admission, around the admit a mark is not the same. Entrance admission exist in hierarchical key and ordinary schools, thus caused the national educational inequality between different regions the examinee ". Only entrance exam's subject is "core classes",

music, sports, art, etc are "less important", "small three", for these subjects as a dispensable.

(二)音乐教学师资严重缺失,兼职教师是音乐教学一线的主体

(2) music teaching the teachers lack, part-time teacher is the main body of a line of music teaching

农村中小学音乐教师严重缺失,教师队伍的建设也是提高教学质量的基本保障。据调查,我国现有农村中小学90多万所,其中音乐教师才10万人即便是按每校配备1位音乐教师计算,以我国现有音乐院校的培养速度,60年后才能满足这一需求。

Deficiency in rural primary and secondary school music teacher, the teacher team construction is also a basic guarantee to improve the quality of teaching. According to the survey, in China there are more than 90 rural primary and secondary schools, including 100000 people in the music teacher didn't even calculated at every school is equipped with a music teacher, to train speed of existing music colleges and universities in our country, 60 years later to meet this demand.

那么现行农村中小学缺额的80多万又是如何完成课表上的音乐课的呢?兼代便成为首选方式。兼代音乐课的老师首先是本校之内其他科目的任课老师,他

们大都懂一点音乐理论的师范类老师,我国恢复高考后的人才断层期,国家招收“初师生”、“中师生”,在他们学习中,“小三门”变“大三门”,重视音体美教学技能的培训。这部分毕业生现在仍然有在教学一线兼代艺术课的。其次,兼带音乐课的教师是音乐爱好者,他们至多会一门乐器,能大致拼凑出不太复杂的简谱,看着音乐课本和参考书,就给学生“唱”音乐课了。还有一种音乐老师,他们没有丝毫的音乐基本知识和技能,甚至连对音乐感兴趣都谈不上,只是充当了素质教育、音乐课堂的牺牲品。上级来检查,课程表上、音乐课堂上有个音乐教师了,至于学生受教育与否姑且不论。音乐课表的音乐课其实是上的其他科目,音乐课名存实亡。据调查,全国农村中小学现有音乐教师的学历合格率仅仅只是30%。

So the current funding gap of more than 80 rural primary and secondary schools and how to accomplish what's on the schedule of music? And has become the preferred way. And generation of music teacher first is the teacher of other subjects within the school, most of them know something about music theory of normal universities, teacher talent fault period after restore the university entrance exam in China, the country recruited "at the beginning of the teachers and students", "teachers", in their study, "small three" change "big three", attaches great importance to the music, the training of teaching skills. This part of the graduates now is still in the teaching line and generation of art classes. Second, and the music teacher is a music lover, they will as much as a musical instrument, can generally pieced together not too

complex chords, watching music textbooks and reference books, will give students "sing" the music class. There is a music teacher, they don't have any music basic knowledge and skills, even not interested in music, just as the victim of quality education, music class. Superior to check, on schedule, there is a music teacher, music class, as for the students by education or whatever. Music music schedule is actually on the other subjects, music in name only. According to investigation, the existing music of rural middle and primary school teachers' qualifications the percent of pass is only 30%.

(三)音乐教师的待遇差

(3) the music teachers' treatment is poor

在应试教育为主的农村中小学,一切都围着“主科”转,对待“新课标”教育管理者们依旧是置若罔闻。在一份调查材料中有一组数字显示“70.4%的教师对于实施素质教育感到迷茫;69%的学校依旧把学生的考分作为衡量教育的唯一尺度;55.3%的农村小学课程未开齐全(含课表上有但实际没上的)音乐课和美术课”等。

In the exam-oriented education to give priority to rural primary and secondary schools, all around "major", treat education the new standard of the managers is ignored. In a survey material has a set of digital

display "70.4% of the teachers can be confused for the implementation of quality education; 69% of schools are still the student's test scores as the only measure of education; 55.3% of rural primary school curriculum has been is complete (including the schedule) on but not on music and art", etc.

音乐教师的待遇低下主要表现在以下几个方面:1. 教育机构的管理者不重视。2. 同行们的轻视。3. 社会环境中音乐教师没有受到应有的尊重。农村特有的人文环境导致“台上的音乐家是天才,隔壁的音乐家是疯子”的意识普遍存在,音乐教师也自然成了“下里巴人”。

Music teachers' low treatment is mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1. The managers do not take the education institutions. (2) counterparts of contempt. 3. Social environment music teacher hadn't been the respect they deserve. The special rural cultural environment lead to "stage musician is genius, next to the musician is nuts" consciousness is widespread, music teachers naturally became the "item".

(四)教师音乐素质低,科研意识淡薄

(4) teachers' music quality is low, the scientific research consciousness

由于农村学校的音乐授课教师多是兼代老师、音乐爱好者,所以就很难有较高的专业素质。

Because of music teaching in rural school teachers are teachers, music lovers and generation, so it is difficult to have higher professional quality.

一方面,一部分专业的音乐教师因为教学环境、所受待遇等问题,根本就无法安心、钻心从事音乐一线的教学工作。另一方面,也许是平衡一下音乐教师的“低贱”身份;15%的专业音乐教师改行教授了其他学科;只有10%的专业音乐教师还坚守在原来的音乐教学岗位。

On the one hand, part of professional music teachers for the teaching environment, the problem such as treatment, can't secure, linger-sometimes constantly engaged in a line of music teaching. Perhaps, on the other hand, balance "beneath" identity of teacher of music; 15% of professional music teachers, a professor at the other subjects; Only 10% of professional music teachers still stick to the original music teaching jobs.

(五)教学设备极其贫乏,教学效果严重受到影响

(5) teaching equipment is very poor, the teaching effect is seriously affected

按照2002年国家教育部印发的《九年义务教育阶段学校音乐教学器材配备目录》标准,直至2007年的现在,经调查,农村中小学97%的学校没有专门的音乐教室,上课只能在上文化课教室里。由于教学班集中,一个班级上音乐课,整个学校都知道唱了、欣赏了什么歌曲!钢琴的普及率在农村的高级中学里只占5%!绝

大多数的中小学上音乐课还是只用一个破旧的、不断维修的脚踏风琴。至于说音乐教室、钢琴、功放音箱、多媒体……都只能是农村音乐教师的梦想。

According to the 2002 national ministry of education issued by the "nine year compulsory education phase catalogue of school music teaching equipment is equipped with standard, in 2007 until now, after investigation, 97% of the schools have no special music of rural middle and primary school classroom, the class can only in the math teaching in the classroom. Due to focus on classes, music lessons in a class, the whole school knew about sang, appreciate what songs! Piano penetration in the rural areas accounts for only 5% of senior high school! The vast majority of primary and secondary school music lessons or just a shabby, continuously maintenance of solid organ. As for music, pa speakers, multimedia classrooms, piano... Can only is the dream of the music teachers.

“巧妇难为无米之炊”,纵使专业音乐教师使尽浑身解数,也难以收到预想的教学效果。

"One", even if professional music teachers to exert all one's skill, also hard to receive expected teaching effect.

(六)不开音乐课的中小学仍然大量存在

(6) don't open music lessons in the elementary and middle schools still exist in large quantities

教育部制定的“全国学校艺术教育10年发展规划”中明确指出,艺术课程的开课率“至2005年,农村学校达到90%,处境不利地区的学校达到70%”。由于农村中小学教学条件的限制、师资的匮乏、教管部门行政职能上的不作为、农村特有的文化氛围等等因素导致了具体而实际的开课率只能达到30%。换言之,中国80%以上人口数的农家学子里只有三分之一的孩子可以享受到音乐课。

Formulated by ministry of education "national school art education 10 year development plan" explicitly pointed out that art classes rate "to 2005, the rural schools reached 90%, 70% disadvantaged areas of the school". As a result of the limitation of rural primary and secondary school teaching conditions, the lack of teachers, teaching department in administrative functions as a unique cultural atmosphere in the rural,

and so on factors led to the specific and practical classes rate can reach 30%. In other words, China more than 80% of the population in peasant students only one-third of the children can enjoy the music.

二、由农村音乐教育现状而引发的思考与对策

Second, by rural music education present situation of thinking and countermeasures

(一)加强各级教育机构的领导与管理

(a) strengthen education institutions at all levels of leadership and management

各级农村教育机构的相当一部分领导根本不重视音乐教学,他们对音乐教育缺乏应有的认识,“音乐说起来重要,干起来次要,忙起来不要”的现象很多。绝大多数的校长在教学管理上依旧是智育为主,根本不是“德智体全面发展”,更不是全面发展学生的整体素质。

A considerable part of rural education institutions at all levels leadership don't attach importance to music teaching, to music education lack of proper understanding, "the music is important, dry up and the secondary, busy don't" phenomenon. The vast majority of the

principal in the teaching management of intellectual education is given priority to, is not "all-round development of morality, intelligence and physique," more is not all-round development of students' overall quality.

“真正的课程改革必定是观念与体制的同步变革,人们不可能做的事,往往不是由于缺乏力量和金钱,而是缺乏先进的理念。”各级领导特别是一校之长应该加强自身的业务学习,强化先进的教学理念,既要是先进理念的倡导者,也要是教育的行家里手、是一位优秀的教师。新课程改革中,校级领导须身体力行、率先垂范,勇敢地当一个教育实践的领头羊。既是素质教育的参与者也是素质教育的体验者。

"The real curriculum reform must be synchronous change of concept and system, it is impossible to do, is not always due to a lack of power and money, but the lack of advanced philosophy." Leaders at all levels, especially in a school of learning should strengthen their own business, strengthen the advanced teaching idea, advocate if both advanced ideas, if education expert, is also a very good teacher. In the new curriculum reform, school leaders must physically, governs incorruptibly, bravely as a leader in education practice. Quality education of the participants as part of quality education experience.

作为当地的教育行政主管部门、政府部门必须为推行素质教育创造一个良好

的环境。

As the local administrative departments of education, government must create a good environment for implementation of quality education.

(二)改善音乐教师的待遇,稳定音乐教师队伍

(2) to improve the music teachers' treatment, stable music teachers

农村广大的音乐教师在职称、晋级、专业教学、社会环境等方面都受到了许多不公正的待遇,这使得许多农村音乐教师工作倦怠,防渗膜价格近93%的音乐教师对自己的职业不满意;由于农村学校教学环境对音乐教育的轻视,76.9%的教师改弦易辙,脱离了音乐教学的课堂。

Rural of music teachers in title, promotion, professional teaching and social environment are subject to a lot of unfair treatment, which makes many rural music teachers' job burnout, nearly 93% of the music teachers are not satisfied with their professional; Due to the rural school teaching environment for music education of contempt, 76.9% of the teachers change tack, away from the music classroom teaching.

各级领导要提高对农村音乐教育的认识,统一思想,真正从内心重视音乐教

育,给音乐教师以足够的重视,这样才能从根本上稳定教师的音乐教学工作。

Leaders at all levels to improve the rural music education understanding, unified thought, true from heart importance to music education, to the music teachers to seriously enough, in this way can we fundamentally stable teachers of music teaching.

(三)加大对改善音乐教学条件的投资

(3) invest to improve the music teaching conditions

音乐教学的辅助手段尤为重要,课堂中的“唱”起码需要乐器的辅助定调;欣赏中的“创造表现”需要乐器;器乐专业学习中门类繁多的乐器更是奇缺。

Auxiliary method in the teaching of music is particularly important in the classroom "sing" at the very least need instruments auxiliary tone; Appreciation of "creating" need the instruments; Instrumental music in the professional study various instruments are scarce.

(四)广大农村音乐教师应加强自身专业素质的修养

(4) the rural music teachers should strengthen their own

professional quality cultivation

农村荒漠的音乐文化生活、尴尬的学校教学资料设备、绝多是乐盲的中小学生……这些都给专业的音乐教师出了难题,他们既是一门普通学科的教学者,也是音乐的普及、扫盲者。锅炉配件随着新课改的实施,音乐教师也是新课标的倡导者、实践者。同时新的教学理念在音乐课标中特性彰显突出,音乐教师也是其他学科进行新课程改革的示范者。

Rural desert the music culture of life, embarrassment of school teaching materials equipment, absolutely is tone deaf students more... These are for professional music teachers out of the problem, they are a common subject of teaching, also is the popularity of music, the literacy. With the implement of new curriculum reform, is also advocates and practitioners of new music teacher. At the same time the new teaching idea in music label features reveal prominent, the music teacher is also a demonstation of other disciplines to the new curriculum reform.

由上述可见,农村音乐教师的教学任务之艰巨。但鉴于工作环境不够理想,许多教师采取了“绥靖”政策——拖拉教学任务。钢塑土工格栅这是非常要不得的,正确的做法是:1. 转变消极等待的观念,立足现有教学条件,最大限度地利用现有条件。2. 从自身找突破。音乐教学氛围的浓厚与否,相当一部分在于音乐教师本身的着力营造。

By the above can be seen, arduous rural music teachers' teaching

task. But given the working environment is not ideal, many teachers adopted the policy of "appeasement" - drag the teaching task. This is very bad, the correct way is: 1. Changing the concept of passive waiting, based on the current teaching conditions, the maximum use of existing conditions. 2. From their own to find breakthrough. Music teaching atmosphere is thick or not, is a considerable part of music teachers strive to build itself.

农村中小学音乐教育的改观,新课改能否取得实质性的进展,离不开教育者的辛勤劳动和每个社会成员的支持,起重机配件各级教育行政主管部门若能从战略的高度对待艺术教育,把它看作是关系到提高民族素质和建设有中国特色的社会主义文化的大事来抓,那么我国农村中小学音乐教育的现状将会有一个质的飞跃。

New curriculum reform in rural primary and secondary school music education of change, can make substantive progress, cannot leave the educators of the hard work and support for each social member, the competent administrative department for education at all levels, if can treat art education from the strategic height, put it as relations to improve national quality and the construction of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics of the event to grasp, so our country countryside elementary and middle schools music education present situation there will be a qualitative leap.