赖世雄美语从头学-初级篇(上)

赖世雄美语从头学-初级篇(上)

1. people表示“人们”时,只做复数用。我们可以说two people , three people , many people等,却不可以说one people。

若欲表示“一个人”时,应说one person或a person

2. 不完全及物动词:即接复合宾语动词,其后不仅跟一个宾语,同时需要一个宾语补足语,用来说明宾语的特点。

Call作为不完全及物动词they (主语)call(谓语) the girl(宾语) marry(宾语补足语)

3. 在以下例句中old可以用of age代替:He is twenty years old = He is twenty years of age

4. looks young for one’s age = look younger than one really is

You look young for your age = you look younger than you really are你看起来比实际年龄要轻

5. See:看见,和…见面:I see my friends on the weekends我在周末和朋友见面

6. During the day在白天,at night在晚上,以上两个短语做对称用法时,亦可以用by day和by night取代:

John sleeps during the day and works at night = John sleeps by day and works by night

7. Each other表示两者的“彼此”的意思,在句中只作宾语,句中的主语必须限定为两者;one other表示三者或三者

以上的“彼此”,在句中只作宾语,句中的主语必须为三者或三者以上的人物。

8. The wangs = the wang family王氏一家人

9. Same相同的,在使用本单词时,之前一定要置定冠词the

10. Have做及物动词表示“有”的意思,使用have时,主语一定要是表示“人或者动物”的名词或代词:

John has a dog they have many friends

There be 也表示“有”的意思,但用法与have不同:

In the room has a boy(in the room是表示场所的短语,不能做主语,使用时应于句首置there be,然后置名词,在将表示场所的短语置于句尾),改成there is a boy in the room

11. Also与too均为副词,表示“也”的意思。但使用时,too至于句尾,其前要有逗号;而also则置于一般动词之前,

若与be动词或助动词并用时,则also该置于be动词或助动词之后:

Tony also has a dog = Tony has a dog , too He is a student , I am also a student = He is a student , I am , too 12. Alike相同的,相似的。使用本单词时,不可置于名词前:

John and Peter are alike brothers(brothers是名词,该句错误) John and Peter are alike in many ways(正确)

13. 省略句的功能就是省略两句重复的部分,使句子结构简单又不失清楚的涵义,省略句形成的先决条件是:

1. 两句的结构必须相同(亦即两句有相同的时态及动词,第二句方可形成省略句)

2. 第一句若为肯定句,第二句则为否定句;第一句若为否定句,第二句则为肯定句(形态有三:be动词,助动词,

一般动词)

14. They are brother and sister上句中brother和sister是可数名词,照理本句应为they are a brother and a sister,

但两个名词代表的是相对的关系,如父子、兄妹、母子等,这些名词的不定冠词a/an就应省略,故我们应该说they are brother and sister

15. The cat is running for its life猫在逃命

16. 专有名词(如John)或表示“人”的普通名词(如my father)形成所有格时,要在这些专有名词或普通名词之后加“’s”,

之后再接名词,即John’s book my father’s book

但专有名词或普通名词之后有“s”形成复数时,则表示所有格的符号“’”要置于“s”之后,即the boys’ father

17. 现在进行时语句格式:主语+be+现在分词,现在分词的形成方式如下:动词原形+ing = 现在分词

1. 绝大部分的动词原形可直接加ing形成现在分词:do+ing = doing

2. 但若动词以不发音的e结尾时,要先删除e,再加ing:write+ing = writing

3. 若动词原形为单音短音节,且以一个短音字母结尾时,应将该字母双写,再加ing:run+ing = running

18. the United States美国,美国的全称为the United States of America,一般均以the United States、the States、the

U.S.称呼

19. American的复数是Americans,Chinese的复数是Chinese

20. All表示“全部的,所有的”,修饰三个或三个以上的人或东西。与代词并用时,置于该代词之后(they all);与普通名

词并用时,置于普通名词之前(all the boys);与专有名词并用时,置于专有名词之后(Peter , Mary and Paul all) Both表示“两者都”,用来修饰两个人或东西

21. As a matter of fact = in fact事实上Overseas Chinese华侨

22. Shop是不及物动词,不能接宾语;shop需接介词for,才可以接宾语:she is shopping for a new dress

23. Either 与Too均为副词,二者皆表示“也”,但用法有别:

1. too用于肯定句中,置于句尾,too之前置逗号

2. either用于含有not的否定句中,置于句尾,either之前置逗号

24. sit作为不及物动词,接介词on(表示坐在无扶手的椅子上面)/in(表示坐在有扶手的椅子上面),再接宾语

25. in和at作为介词,之后均可用以表示建筑物的名词做宾语,但in强调“在…里面”,at则笼统指“在…地方”

26. make+人+动词原形:叫某人… my father makes me clean his bike我父亲叫我清洗他的自行车

27. shake like a leaf(因恐惧、害怕而)抖得很厉害

28. 特殊疑问句是由why、where、when、what、who、which等词起首的问句,疑问词要置于句首;

1. 原句有be动词时,该be动词要与主语倒装:why is he crying?

2. 原句有助动词can、will、may时,该助动词要与主语倒装:when will you come?

3. 原句有一般动词时,一般动词与主语无法倒装,须按主语的人称在疑问词之后置do或者does,再将动词改成

动词原形:where does he live?

29. Near 在…的附近next to 紧邻…,在…的旁边across from 在…的对面in the center of 在…的中央点

1)这些介词或短语介词加了宾语之后,形成表示场所位置的介词短语,与there is/are(有…)并用时,可置于句尾或句首。Near my school there is a swimming pool = there is a swimming pool near my school 2)若介词短语置于句首时,there可省略。Near my school there is a swimming pool = near my school is a swimming pool

30. 一般而言,like有两种用法:作为及物动词,表示“喜欢”;作为介词,表示“像”

1)做及物动词时,句子结构如下:主语+like+宾语(名词或代词)。The boy likes the dog

2)做介词时,之后亦须接宾语,形成介词短语。这个短语使用时,要置于be动词之后(My teacher is like my father)或名词之后(there is no place like my hometown),或主语之前(Like John , I enjoy music)。

31. Fire station消防局block 街区

32. Dreamin’ = dreaming,在口语或歌词中,常将ing形成的现在分词说成或写成in’,以求发音方便。Singing = singin’。

33. Dream作不及物动词时,通常有两种用法:

1) dream of/about+动名词梦想要… Stan dreams of being a millionaire

2) dream of/about+名词(或代词) 梦到… I dreamed of you last night

Dream作及物动词时,常用同系名词dream作宾语,此时动词dream可用have取代。此外也可以用that引导的名词性从句作宾语。

She dreamed a bad dream last night = She had a bad dream last night

I dreamed that we were swimming together

Dream作名词当主语时,可使用动词短语come true,表示“梦想实现”的意思。

His dream came true when he became a doctor

34. search作不及物动词时,常与介词for并用(The police are searching for the criminal);search作名词时,有一个

固定用法be in search of,即等于search for(Pat is still in search of a better job)

35. hope作及物动词时,通常有两种用法:以that引导的名词性从句作宾语(Betty hopes that her son will return home

this year),以不定时短语(to+动词原形)作宾语(I hope to meet you again when I visit Tokyo next week);hope作不及物动词时,通常和介词for并用,hope for+名词希望得到…(I always hope for the best and prepare for the worst)

36. keep right on:keep on + 现在分词= keep + 现在分词继续做某事(right在这个短语中的意思是“一直”)

37. 两者one…the other…(I have two friends , one is short , and the other is tall);三者one… another…the

other(Her three sisters are busy now , one is cooking in the kitchen , another is fixing her bike in the yard , and the other is studying in the living room)

38. And连接两个平行单词时,and之前不得置逗号(my friend is handsome and intelligent);and连接三个平行单词时,

第一个单词与第二个单词之间置逗号,and则置于第二个单词与第三个单词之间,and之前则可置逗号,但通常予以省略(my friend is handsome , intelligent , and strong = my friend is handsome , intelligent and strong);and连

接平行的句子时,and之前通常置一个逗号,but亦为并列连词,表示“但是”、“不过”的意思,,用来连接平行的句子时,but之前通常也置一个逗号(He loves Jane , and he is planning to marry her this year He likes music , but his girlfriend hates it )

39. Glass可作“玻璃”或“玻璃杯”,作“玻璃”时,是不可数名词;作“玻璃杯”时,是可数名词。

a piece of glass 一片玻璃two pieces of glass两片玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯two glasses两只玻璃杯

glasses也可作“眼镜”,作“眼镜”时,由于眼镜的镜片有两片,故用来指“眼镜”时,glasses用复数

a pair of glasses 一副眼镜two pairs of glasses两幅眼镜

40. Fair skin白皙的皮肤white skin特指白种人的白皮肤Ma’am = madam Bathing suit泳装

41. Anybody/anyone用于否定句或疑问句中,somebody/someone用于肯定句中,不过anybody/anyone若作主语时,

仍可用于肯定句中,作强调的用法(Anybody can answer the question任何人都能回答这个问题)

42. This、that、these、those在文章中第一次出现之后,第二次使用时为避免重复,this及that应用it代替,these

及those则用they代替

43. There、here皆为表示场所的副词,使用时,通常置于句尾。但在口语中,常在there及here之前另加一副词over,

强调there或here。

44. Same之前始终要置定冠词the,常用于下列巨型:A is same as B。the same之前可置副词exactly、much、about

表示相同的程度的深浅之别exactly the same完全相同much the same很相同about the same大致相同

45. Clothes是衣服的总称,是不可数名词。以下名词则是可数名词:

1) 上衣:shirt 衬衫one shirt two shirts blouse女人的圆领衬衫one blouse two blouses

Coat 西装的上装one coat two coats

2) 裤子:trousers长裤(由于裤管有两个,故始终是复数) a pair of trousers two pairs of trousers

Shorts短裤a pair of shorts two pairs of trousers

3) 裙子:skirt裙子a skirt two skirts

4) 套装:suit男西装(上装及裤子),女西装(上装及裙子) a suit two suits

dress女用服装(一件式) one dress two dresses

46. Listen与to并用,方可接宾语。I am listening to music

47. News新闻(不可数名词),a piece of news一则新闻That’s good news = That is a good piece of news

48. Wear与put on均表示“穿”的意思,但wear强调“穿着了…”(已穿好的状态),而put on则强调“穿上…”(穿的动作)

49. On Sunday这个星期天on Sundays每逢星期天take a shower淋浴

50. Seldom、usually、often、sometimes、never、always等频率副词与一般现在时的关系,出现在句中的位置规格

如下:

1) 句中有be动词时,频率副词置于该be动词之后John is always busy

2) 句中有一般动词时,频率副词置于该动词之前He usually goes to bed late

51. Although/though表示“虽然”,作副词连词,引导状语从句,修饰主句。我们因受中文语法“虽然…但是…”的影响,

而可能在英文中亦说“although/though…but…”,但是这是错误的用法。因为英文的语法规定两句间的连词只能有一个。“although/though…but…”之中,although/though与but均为连词,形成错误的双重连接句子结构。故若采用although/though,则but应予省略;若采用but,则although/though就应省略。

Though he is nice , I don’t like him = He is nice , but I don’t like him

“because…so…”(因为…所以…)亦是错误的双重连接句子结构。故若采用because时,则不可再用so;若采用so 时,则不可再用because

Because he is nice , I like him = He is nice , so I like him

52. No和not的区别:

1) No是形容词,表示“没有一个”,而not是副词,表示“不”的意思。

2) No就等于not any(没有任何一个),换言之,no之后可直接名词,而not则需先接形容词any,才可接名词。I

have no money = I have not any money

53. Buy something for somebody = buy somebody something买东西给某人

54. Some为形容词,表示“一些”。此外,亦可表示“某个”的意思,用法如下:

1) 作“一些”解时,之后可接可数名词复数(如friends、books)或不可数名词(money、help)

Peter has some very interesting books I have some money

2) 作“某个”解时,之后接可数名词单数,此时的some相当于不定冠词a或an

Some guy is looking for you = A guy is looking for you

None可用来代替人或物,指三个或三个以上的人或东西中“没有一个”,用法如下:

None of the(these、those、my、your、his…) +复数名词+复数(或单数)动词

None of my friends like(likes) music none of those books are(is) interesting

55. Casual clothes休闲装,便服

56. Something、anything、nothing以上三字均为代词,可代替物或者事情;代替物时,可指衣服、桌子、手表等任

何具体的东西。使用时应注意下列事项:

1) 形容词修饰一般名词时,通常置于该名词前。但形容词修饰something、anything、nothing等代词时,该形容

词应置于这些代词之后,这种结构成为后位修饰。He is a good boy I have something good for you

2) Something、anything、nothing无复数形式I have something to do

3) Something使用于肯定句中;anything使用于否定句及疑问句中;nothing本身具有否定意味,不可再与否定

句连用形成双重否定

57. Except是介词,表示“除…之外”,使用时要置于有all、no、any、every等含有完全意义的形容词所修饰的名词之

后All the boys like music except John(对的) Many boys like music except John(错的,many不含有完全的意义)

58. Quite a few = many 不少的,相当多的only a few = few 只有几个,没几个

59. Quilt a little = much不少的,相当多的a great deal of接不可数名词

60. All I have to do is (to)dream 凡是以all one has to do、all one does、what one has to do、what one does等做主

语,其后接be动词,再接不定式短语做补足语时,不定式中的to通常予以省略。

61. In one’s arms在某人的怀抱里in the night = at night晚上,夜里hold + 人+ tight紧紧地抱着某人

62. Dream one’s life away某人在梦想中虚度一生part from+人与某人分手homesickness乡愁

63. Further one’s studies深造,进修at first起初(一般用于过去式) first第一(用来陈述观点)

64. I was frustrated and depressed我感到泄气和沮丧。Frustrated和depressed均为过去分词,在句中作形容词用,

分别表示“感到泄气的”和“感到沮丧的”。英语中有一些现在分词或过去分词均可作形容词用。现在分词多翻译为“令人…的”,过去分词则翻译为“感到…的”

The question is confused(这个问题感到迷惑,错误的) The question is confusing(这个问题令人迷惑,正确的) The baby is tiring(这个婴儿真累人,是令别人累,这种是正确的)

The baby is tired(这个婴儿感到累的,这种说法也可以,所以是正确的)

65. Frankly speaking 坦白说,老实说put up a/the tent架设帐篷fishing rod钓竿take turns (at) + doing轮流…

66. After a while一会儿之后,没多久for a while有一会儿trout鳟鱼(单复数同形) fish鱼(单复数同形)

67. 主语若有代词“I”及其他人时,应与and连接,并将其他人置于“I”之前,以示尊重:

my father and I went fishing last weekend

但除“I”以外,he、she、they、you、we等代词与其他人共同作主语时,这些代词应置于第一个位置:

He and his father went swimming last Friday We and Mary sang songs at the party

代词并存时,注意下列次序:

You , he and I are good friends We, you and they are good friends

68. Have fun = have a good time 玩的愉快have fun (in) doing something

69. Killing two birds with one stone一石二鸟两全其美take a day off请一天假take two days off请两天假

70. Get angry with somebody 和be angry with somebody的区别:get强调动作霎那间发生,be强调持续的状态

71. Must和have to的区别:

1) 表示道德或义务(如爱国,孝顺父母)的“必须”时,只能使用must。Have to 则表示勉强意味(不得不去做)的“必

须”,此时亦可使用must

You must love your country you have to finish your homework = you must finish your homework

2) Must通常只能用来表示现在或未来的状况,不能用于过去式中。而have to除可表示现在或未来的状况外,亦

可改为过去式had to,使用于过去式中

He had to stay here yesterday

72. Should 与ought to均表示“应该”,两词可互换What should Dan do = What ought Dan to do ?

73. Might和may均表示“可能”,might表示较低的可能性,may表示较高的可能性

74. 由于home是副词,相当于表示场所的副词there、here等,置于句尾修饰动词时,这些副词之前不能置介词to

Let’s go home now He went there with Mary

但home之前若置所有格代词(my、your、his等),则home是名词,在上列句子结构中,之前应置介词to,以作宾语

Let’s go to my home

Home亦可与介词at并用,形成固定用法:be at home在家中He is at home most of time

75. This way = in this way 以这种方式,这样的话。是作副词用的短语,但way之前有this或that时,介词in常省略

76. To make matters worse更糟的是…

77. 以how引导的感叹句,由于how是副词,可以修饰形容词、副词或动词,因此:

1) 陈述句有形容词,之后又无名词时,该形容词移至how之后即可完成

陈述句:He is nice 感叹句:how nice he is

2) 陈述句有副词时,该副词移至how之后即可完成

陈述句:He worked hard 感叹句:how hard he worked

3) How亦可修饰陈述句中的动词,此时将how置于原陈述句句首即可完成

陈述句:I love the picture 感叹句:How I love the picture

以what引导的感叹句,此时what是形容词,之后需接名词或含有形容词修饰的名词,因此:

1) 陈述句有名词时,该名词移至what之后即可完成

陈述句:It was a nightmare 感叹句:what a nightmare it was

陈述句:They are nice boys 感叹句:what nice boys they are

陈述句:He did a stupid thing 感叹句:what a stupid thing he did

2) What引导的感叹句中,what之后接名词,再接”主语+be动词”时,主语及be动词可省略

感叹句:what a nightmare it was 省略后:what a nightmare

感叹句:what nice boys they are 省略后:what nice boys

感叹句:what a stupid thing he did 省略后:what a stupid thing

78. Go see a doctor = go and see a doctor英文中come或go以圆形出现,其后接and再接另一动词圆形时,and

可予以省略,而形成come或go直接加动词原形的情况。

79. Manners风度,礼貌。manner表示做事的“方式”或“方法”,而其复数形式manners则表示“风度”或“礼貌”。表示“方

式”或“方法”时,多与介词in并用

in a(n)…manner 以…的方式She spoke to us in an impolite manner

80. be popular with + somebody 受到…的欢迎

81. look down upon + somebody轻视某人look up to + somebody瞧得起,尊敬某人

82. 被动语态的形成及用法:

1) “被动语态”均由及物动词形成,句型如下:

They respect him 被动句:He is respected by them

2) 及物动词变成被动语态时,除非绝对必要,否则“by+宾语”往往省略。故上面例句可写成:

He is respected

3) 及物动词多是一个单词(如上例中的respect),但有时亦由两个或三个单词组成,此时就成为短语动词,它们共

同的特征就是最后一个单词一定是介词。如下短语动词:look at,point at,rely on等

I can’t rely on him 被动句:He can’t be relied on Lily looks down upon him 被动句:He is looked down

upon

83. Why或者why not之后可直接用动词原形,形成简略的问句

1) Why + 动词原形= why should I/we + 动词原形我/我们为何要…?

Why stay here? = Why should I/we stay here?

2) Why not + 动词原形= why can’t you/we + 动词原形你/你们/我们为何不能…?

Why not stay here = Why c an’t you/we stay here

84. 反问句的句型及用法:反问句形成的基本原则是:肯定句应以否定反问,否定句则以肯定反问,句型通常有下列五

种:

1) 句中有be动词时,以该be动词形成反问:He is polite , isn’t he ? You aren’t happy , are you ?

2) 句中有助动词时,以该助动词形成反问:He can do it , can’t he ? He won’t come , will he ?

3) 肯定句中有一般动词时,应按时态及人称,以do、does或did形成反问;否定句中因已有do、does或did,

反问部分则仍可使用do、does或did:He studies hard , doesn’t he ? They didn’t like it , did they ?

4) 以Let’s(Let us)引导的祈使句,其反问部分固定为shall we:Let’s go , shall we ?

5) 以动词原形起首的命令句,其反问部分固定为will you:Come here , will you ?

使用反问句时,注意下列事项:

1) 反问部分的主语始终为人称代词:

John is angry with me , isn’t John(错的) John is angry with me , isn’t he ?(对的)

2) 句中主语若为指示代词this、that、these、those时,反问部分则一律使用it或they

That is good , isn’t that(错的) That is good , isn’t it ?(对的)

These are beautiful , aren’t these(错的) These are beautiful , aren’t they(对的)

3) 句子以there is/there are引导时,反问部分仍使用isn’t there/aren’t there

There is a man there , isn’t there ?

85. In a way就某方面而言after all毕竟try one’s best尽全力Money talks有钱能使鬼推磨

86. 形容词的比较级变化有下列原则:

1) 原级是双音节或三音节以上的形容词

比较级:more+原级more beautiful 最高级:most+原级most beautiful

2) 原级是单音节的形容词

比较级:原级+er taller 最高级:原级+est tallest

3) 原级是以辅音结尾同事亦是闭音节的单音节形容词

比较级:重复该辅音字母+er hotter 最高级:重复该辅音字母+est hottest

4) 原级是以e结尾的单音节形容词,或以ie结尾的双音节形容词

比较级:原级+r wiser 最高级:原级+st wisest

5) 形容词结尾为“辅音+y”时

比较级:将y改成i+er easier 最高级:将y改成i+est easiest

6) 还有一些呈现不规则的变化,只能碰到了就记住

在原级的形容词之前冠以副词less或least,则分别表示“较不…”或“最不…”之意

最高级使用时,要注意以下问题:

1) 形容词的最高级应与定冠词the并用:She is the most beautiful girl in her class

2) 含有比较等级的句子结构中,有三个或三个以上的比较对象时,方可使用最高级;若只有两个对象相互比较时,

只能使用比较级Of the two teachers ,John is kinder Of the three books , the one is the best

3) 在上面例句中,均含有”of the + 数字+ 名词”的介词短语,句中的形容词不论是最高级或比较级,其前均冠以

定冠词the。且由于介词短语已有名词出现,形容词的最高级或比较级之后相同的名词就应省略

4) Of引导的介词短语中,数字为three或以上时,of可由among取代,但若为two时,只能使用of,而不可使

用among Among the five cars , the red one is the best Of the two cars , the red one is the better

5) 形容词的最高级与the之间可置数字,与复数名词并用John and Mary are the two best students in our class

87. Be friendly with + somebody 对某人友善above all = most important of all最重要的是… saying格言

88. Prefer的用法:

1) Prefer to + 动词原形比较喜欢… I prefer to listen to music

2) Prefer to + 动词原形+ rather than + 动词原形喜欢…胜于… 此处rather than视为并列连词,表示“并非”之

意,连接两个动词圆形I prefer to listen to music rather than watch TV

3) Prefer + 名词+ to + 名词喜欢…胜于… 此处to是介词,有“针对”的意味,”prefer A to B”表示就A和B而言,

比较喜欢A I prefer music to movies

89. Besides , it is busier and noiser in the city,此处的It是代词,泛指某地的环境。使用这个it时,句尾一定有一个

表示场所的介词短语

中文:待在房间里很闷英文:In the room is stuffy(错的) 理由:in the room是介词短语,不能作主语,只有名词或代词方可作主语改正:it is stuffy in the room(对的) 说明:It指房间里的环境

It is safer to live in the country(对的) live in the country is safer(错的) 动词不可以直接做主语,动词应变成不定式(即to + 动词原形)或动名词(动词结尾+ ing)方可作主语。To live(Living) in the country is safer(对的)

但这种不定式或者动名词所形成的主语往往过大,故写作的人经常用it代替这些过大的主语,不定式或动名词短语则移至句尾,此时动名词亦常改成不定式:

To live in the country is safer(对的)

It is safer to live in the country(佳)

Living in the country is safer(对的)

It is safer living in the country = It is safer to live in the country(佳)

90. Believe + 宾语相信某人/相信某人的话believe in + 宾语鉴定某格言/信仰某宗教(强调信仰或信念)

91. Be beyond one’s recall某人不能记起,某人不记得The name of that guy I liked in junior school is beyond my

recall

92. As poor as church mouse(与单数主语并用) as poor as church mice(与复数主语并用) 比喻穷得要命

93. Some people have more money than others:此处的than为从属连词,引导状语从句,修饰之前的比较级形容词

或副词。将than引导的状语从句中动词省略的法则陈述如下(As…as…的用法同more…than…):

1) 主句有be动词时,从句亦应使用be动词,该be动词通常予以省略

She is more beautiful than you are = She is more beautiful than you

2) 主句有一般动词时,从句理应使用相同的动词,但为了避免重复,该动词应按时态及人称改为do、does或did;

而do、does或did通常亦予以省略

He studies harder than I do = He studies harder than I

94. the Pacific Ocean太平洋表示河川、山脉、海洋等专有名词,在英文中均与定冠词the并用,如the Yellow River

95. challenge +人+ to a race向某人挑战Bob challenged Peter to a bicycle race and lost

96. take a nap小睡片刻every now and then偶尔

97. one day有一天(可指过去或将来的某一天,换言之,one day可使用于过去式或将来时) someday 将来有一天(用

于将来时) the other day前几天(用于过去式)

98. in the end = at last 到最后in the beginning = at first起初Lay a strong foundation奠定坚实的基础

99. 一般而言,副词有下列几个主要功能:

1) 修饰形容词,此时置于该形容词之前:She is very beautiful(very是副词,beautiful是形容词)

2) 修饰副词,此时置于该副词之前:He worked quite hard(quite和hard是副词,quite修饰hard)

3) 修饰动词,此时多置于该动词之后:He walked slowly(walked是动词,slowly是副词)

注意:very虽是副词,却无法修饰动词,只能修饰形容词或副词;但very much却可修饰动词,使用时置于句尾He is very polite(polite形容词) He speaks English very well(well副词) I like him very much(like动词)

100. 过去进行时:

1) 形态:主语+ was/were +现在分词They were watching TV when I called

2) 功能:表示过去某个时刻正在发生的动作When I walked in , he was eating

3) Leave、come、go等表示”来”或”去”的动词可用于过去进行时的句中,表示过去即将发生的事情

He said that he was coming this afternoon他说他今天下午要过来

101. 英语中表示”看”、”听”、”感觉”等三类及物动词,接了宾语之后,可用动词原形、现在分词或过去分词作宾补:

1) 以动词圆形作宾语补足语,旨在强调有事情发生:I saw him steal my money 我看到他偷了我的钱

2) 以现在分词作宾语补足语,旨在强调事情正在发生:I saw him stealing my money 我看到他正在偷我的钱

3) 以过去分词作宾语补足语,旨在强调被动语态:I saw him punished我看到他被罚了

102. 将来时:

1) 结构:主语+ will/shall +动词原形He will come this afternoon

主语若为第一人称代词(I、we)时,之后使用shall,其余第二人称或第三人称的主语一律使用will,但美式用法则为不论第几人称的主语一律使用will

2) 功能:一般将来时表示未来会发生的动作或状态。这个动作或状态可能会在最近或很久以后才发生,均须借助

动词will来表现。这个will就相当于中文的”将要”或”会”之意I will marry you ten years later

3) 注意事项:I will缩写成I’ll will not缩写成won’t

103. I n +一段时间= 一段时间+later I will be there in five minutes = I will be there five minutes later

104. I will be there in five minutes 与I will be there after five minutes的区别:after five minutes表示过了五分钟之后再说,因此I will be there after five minutes暗示五分钟过了之后,我才会考虑到那里,至于何时会去,我尚未决定。而I will be there in five minutes则暗示五分钟一过我就会出现在那里

105. 主语+ will + 动词原形= 主语+ be going to +动词原形will与be going to虽然意思相同,可相互取代,不过be going to多指短期内会发生的动作或状态,而will则可指短期内或长期以后会发生的动作或状态

He is going to marry the girl ten years later(劣) He will marry the girl ten years later(佳)

句中若有表示某种条件下会产生某种现象时,宜使用will,而非be going to

He is going to lose everything without your help(劣) He will lose everything without your help(佳)

106. 将来进行时:

1) 结构:主语+will be+现在分词He will be leaving tomorrow 他很快就会离开

2) 使用时机:

表示短期内即将发生的动作,此时will be译成”将要”或”将会”。将来进行时亦可用一般将来时(will+动词原形或be going to+动词原形)来取代;只不过是将来进行时更强调短期内即将发生的动作

He will be visiting us tomorrow = He is going to visit us tomorrow = He will visit us tomorrow

表示在将来某一时刻将会进行的动作,此时宜使用将来进行时,will be译成”会在”

I’ll be watching TV this time tomorrow He’ll be studying in the library this afternoon

107. 动词不定式:动词不定式乃由虚词to加动词原形组成,具有名词、形容词、副词的功能。

1) 名词:

作主语:To work with him is pleasant = It pleasant to work with him

作宾语:此时所使用的动词均有”愿望”、”决心”等含义,如decide、wish、want、desire、promise、plan等

I decided to visit him tomorrow He is planning to study abroad

置于be动词之后,作表语:此时主语亦多为表示”愿望”、”决心”等名词

My only wish before I leave is to see her one more time

Think表示”想”,”认为”,应使用that引导的名词性从句作宾语,不可使用动词不定式作宾语

2) 形容词:此时动词不定式置于被修饰的名词之后,修饰该名词I have some work to do

3) 副词:此时动词不定式置于完整的句子之前或之后,表示目的To pass the exam , he worked hard

108. N ever fail to + 动词原形一定会… fail to + 动词原形未能…

109. R emember/forge to + 动词原形记得/忘了要…. Remember/forget + 动名词记得/忘了曾经…

110. R ather than为并列连词,表示”而非”的意思,用以连接彼此为并列关系的单词、短语或从句等He is a student rather than a teacher

Rather than亦可连接两个有并列关系的东西,句型如下:rather than +动词原形,主语+动词…

Rather than work hard , he plays around all the time

Rather than亦可连接两个有并列关系的主语,之后的动词则应按第一个主语变化

He rather than I is wrong

111. 动名词与现在分词:

1) 现在分词:

与be动词并用,形成进行时,表示”正在…”的意思He is swimming now

作形容词,表示”令人…的”的意思The question is confusing

2) 动名词:动名词可视为名词,功能与名词一样:

作主语:the boy is his son Swimming is my hobby

作及物动词或介词的宾语:No one enjoyed that movie I enjoyed listening to music

作表语(置于be动词之后,作主语补足语):He is my teacher My hobby is swimming

作定语(置于名词之前作形容词,修饰该名词):Can I borrow your book? I lost my walking stick

112. 动名词与现在分词的分辨:

1) “be动词+词尾为ing的单词”若可译为”正在…”时,则该单词为现在分词,形成进行时的句子结构

He is swimming他正在游泳swimming为现在分词

2) “be动词+词尾为ing的单词”若可译为”令人…的”时,则该单词为现在分词,作形容词,在句中作主语补足语

The question is confusing这个问题令人困惑confusing是现在分词

3) “be动词+词尾为ing的单词”若译成”是…”时,则该单词是动名词,且该单词可与主语互换位置

His hobby is swimming他的爱好是游泳swimming is his hobby

4) 在”词尾为-ing的单词+名词”中,若该单词译成””令人…的”时,或”主动会…的”时,则该单词是现在分词作形容

词,修饰之后的名词He asked a confusing question 他问了个令人困惑的问题

5) 在”词尾为-ing的单词+名词”中,若该单词译成””供…之用的”时,则该单词是动名词,仍作形容词,修饰之后的

名词I lost my walking stick 我把我那供用来走路用的棍子弄丢了

及物动词变成动名词时,之后仍应接宾语,该动名词作主语时,不论其宾语是单数、复数或不可数名词之后应接单数动词Writing English is easy for him Climbing mountains is my hobby

113. S how off炫耀be fond of 喜欢… insist on + doing 坚持要… foot the bill付账be oneself做真实的自我

114.

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