秦荻辉,科技英语语法-非谓语动词 分词

秦荻辉,科技英语语法-非谓语动词 分词
秦荻辉,科技英语语法-非谓语动词 分词

2015/11/18 Wednesday
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
注:① 为了强调分词的动作性,单个分 词(特别是单个过去分词)也可作后置定语。
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
注:② 有时不能按定语译,而要采用 “顺译法”。
Some technical problems remaining are outlined here. the current flowing the force acting the energy resources existing
A lamp connected to a voltage source forms a simple circuit. An increased bandwidth(带宽) will also contain additional noise(噪声).
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
注:① 为了强调分词的动作性,单个分 词(特别是单个过去分词)也可作后置定语。
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
注:③ 一种特殊的定语:逻辑上的方式状 语。
The voltage applied is 220 V. Hydrogen is the lightest element known.
This chapter deals with the implementation( 实 现 ) of Boolean functions(布尔函数)using these types of gates(门电路). A second example is the integration
(积分)of a square wave(方波)using a
simple RC circuit.
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
注:② 有时不能按定语译,而要采用 “顺译法”。
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
(2)状语:其逻辑主语一般应该是句子的主 语(有时是整个主句或暗指“我们;读者”)。 ① 在句首:可表示 条件:“如果;若”★ 时间:“当 …… 时候”★;“在 …… 以 后” (一般为完成式的分词) 原因:“由于;因为”▲ 对主语的附加说明:译成一个并列的分句
Voltage is equal to current multiplied
(乘)by resistance.
Speed is equal to distance divided(除) by time.
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2015/11/18 Wednesday
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能 Expressed in a formula(公式), the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance can be written as V = IR. Having studied this chapter, the reader will understand the principles of a radio receiver.
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
(2)状语 ② 在句中(主要插在主谓之间):与在 句首时类同(但要从逻辑概念上与非限制性 性定语区分开来)
This battery, properly used, may last for a long time.
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能 Air, being elastic(有弹性的), may be compressed(压) into a small container The maximum efficiency, neglecting the loss in Re, is only 42%. * * * Potential difference, sometimes called electromotive force(电动势) , is measured in volts.
Having a large number of free electrons, metals are good conductors. Originally standing 147m high, the pyramid(金字塔)was made of 23 million large stone blocks(块).
(容器).
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能 Being a current operated instrument, the voltmeter is not suitable for purely electrostatic(静电的)measurements. Often called a chain hoist(链式起重 机), this device is used to lift heavy objects in factories.
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
(2)状语 ③ 在句尾:要通过其逻辑主语来把它与 非限制性定语区分开来。 这时它可表示: 进一步说明(顺译下去) 结果:“从而;这样就”(在分词前往往 可有副词“thus, thereby”) 条件、方式、原因等
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2015/11/18 Wednesday
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
(2)状语 ③ 在句尾:要通过其逻辑主语来把它与 非限制性定语区分开来。
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能 If you walk along a horizontal(水平 的) floor carrying a weight(重物) , no work will be done. This flowchart( 流 图 ) illustrates the steps necessary for the expression(表达式) ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, given numerical values for a, b, c, d, and x. ***Let us consider a more general case, illustrated in Fig. 1 – 8.
using … following … assuming … depending on … based on …
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能 Σ is the Greek letter sigma, meaning “the sum of.” Silver( 银 ) is the best conductor, followed by copper(铜). The light liberates( 释 放 出 ) photoelectrons(光电子)within the metal, rendering(使成为)it a better conductor.
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
(3)表语(已看成是形容词了)
The iron bar( 棒 ) has become magnetized(磁化).
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能 This reduction( 减 化 ) of Boolean expressions( 布 尔 表 达 式 ) eliminates( 去 掉)unnecessary gates(门电路), thereby saving cost, space and weight. In this case, the transition matrix(转 换 矩 阵 ) can be determined within prescribed(规定的) accuracy using only a finite(有限的)number of terms(项).
§4 .2 分词 ~ 1、普通分词的功能
(4)补足语
The driver’s object(目标)is to keep the automobile( 汽 车 ) traveling in the center of a chosen lane( 车 道 ) on the road. This machine has its program(程序) stored in the computer’s memory( 存 储
器).
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2015/11/18 Wednesday
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 2、分词独立结构
(1)构成 名词[个别情况为代词] + 分词(短语) (逻辑主语) (这种结构来自于作状语的分词,由于 该分词的逻辑主语并不是句子的主语,所以 它带了自己的逻辑主语而与主句没有关系了, 因而是“独立的了”。)
§4 .2 分词 ~ 2、分词独立结构
(2)功能(位置和判别法与普通分词作状 语时类同,不过它一般不出现在句中) ② 在句尾
The transistor consists of three parts, emitter( 发 射 极 ) , base( 基 极 ) , and collector(集电极) , the base region(基 区)being very thin.
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 2、分词独立结构
(2)功能(位置和判别法与普通分词作状 语时类同,不过它一般不出现在句中) ① 在句首
§4 .2 分词 ~ 2、分词独立结构
(2)功能(位置和判别法与普通分词作状 语时类同,不过它一般不出现在句中) ② 在句尾
There being a change in the current, the magnetic field will change as well. This done, the function becomes much simpler.
The purpose and general guidelines
(原则)of each experiment are given, the details being left to the instructor(教员).
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 2、分词独立结构
(2)功能(位置和判别法与普通分词作状 语时类同,不过它一般不出现在句中) ① 在句首
§4 .2 分词 ~ 2、分词独立结构
(2)功能(位置和判别法与普通分词作状 语时类同,不过它一般不出现在句中) ② 在句尾
Miniature(微型的)devices(器件) being used, electronic equipment has been made small in size.
Whenever there is a change of current in a conductor, an emf(电动势)is induced(感应)in the conductor, thus this kind of emf being called a self-induced (自感的)emf.
4

2015/11/18 Wednesday
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 2、分词独立结构
(2)功能(位置和判别法与普通分词作状 语时类同,不过它一般不出现在句中) ② 在句尾
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
先做几个句子:
Now let us determine the path of a projectile(抛物体), the resistance of the air being neglected(忽略).
You may answer my questions with your books open.
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 2、分词独立结构
注:在分词独立结构中由连系动词变来的 “being”可以省去。
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
先做几个句子:
This force can be resolved(分解)into two components( 分 量 ) , one of them vertical(垂直的)and the other horizontal
(水平的).
让我们以原点(origin)为圆心(center), 作一个半径(radius)为R的圆(circle)。
Here are five bottles(瓶子), each of a weight of 400 grams(克).
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
先做几个句子:
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
先做几个句子:
你们可以打开着书回答我的问题。
Let us construct [draw] a circle of radius R, with the origin as its center.
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2015/11/18 Wednesday
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
先做几个句子:
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
先做几个句子:
带眼镜的那个人是谁?
We must follow closely the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the general secretary.
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
先做几个句子:
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
(1)构成 分词 介词短语 形容词 副词 不定式 名词
Who is the person with glasses on [ = … the person wearing glasses] ?
with (without)
+ 名词(代词)+
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
先做几个句子:
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
注: ① “with”无词义。 ② 该“名词”与其后面的“介词短语、 形容词、副词、名词”之间存在“主表关 系”;而与“分词、不定式”之间存在“主 谓关系”。 ③ 该名词后的东西有可能是作后置定 语而并不是构成“with结构”的,这只能根 据全句的含义来判断。
我们必须紧跟以习近平同志为总书记的党 中央。
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2015/11/18 Wednesday
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
(2)功能:绝大多数在句中作状语和定语。 ① 作状语 A、在句首:可表示 时间★:“当…..时候;在……以后” 条件★:“如果;在……情况下” 原因:“由于,因为” ◎让步:“即使;虽然” ◎对主语的附加说明:(译成一个并列的分句)
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
With topics ranging from “atom smashers(粉碎器)” to the most distant star systems, this part of the course(教程) is usually called modern physics.
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构 With the battery terminals reversed, the result will be quite different. With the amplifier off, Pout/Pin = 0.001. With friction present, a part of power has been lost as heat.
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
B、在句中(不多见):(与在句首时类同)
Gate A, with at least one of its inputs 0, must have a 1 out. The operating lifetime of the transistor, with no hot filament(灯丝)to burn out (烧毁), is indefinitely(无限地)long.
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构 Without the air to hold(保存)some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold, too cold for us to live. Without the temperature or pressure changed, matter can never change from one state into another.
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
C、在句尾: 可表示 进一步说明:(顺译下去)★ 结果:“因此;从而” 条件:“在……情况下;如果” 方式:“以……”
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2015/11/18 Wednesday
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构 Each planet revolves(旋转)around the sun in an elliptical(椭圆的)orbit, with the sun at one focus(焦点)of the ellipse
(椭圆).
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
The Internet Protocol(协议)was not designed with security in mind. ***With circles of radii(半径) approaching zero, Cauchy’s theorem(定理) can be applied.
Its Fourier transform can be obtained from Eq. (2 – 4), with the lower limit(下限) replaced by zero.
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构 The United States has the fourth highest percentage of Internet users in the world with 35% of its population connected to the Internet. Silver has the smallest resistivity(电阻 率)of any metal, with that of copper not much greater.
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
(2)功能:绝大多数在句中作状语和定语。 ② 作定语
The earth is perhaps the only planet with life on it. The equation to the circle with its center at the origin and of radius a is x2 + y2 = a2. This is an equality(等式)with zero on the right.
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构 In this case, a violent(剧烈的) explosion(爆炸)occurs with water as the product(产品). This current gain(增益)shall be measured with Ep grounded(接地).
§4 .2 分词 ~ 3、with-结构
(2)功能:绝大多数在句中作状语和定语。 ② 作定语
Equations with radicals(根式)in them are normally solved by squaring both sides of the equation. The device with bottons(按键)on it is called a keyboard.
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非谓语动词专项练习题及答案详解

非谓语动词专项练习题及答案详解 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1. Students surf the internet _____ more information about the university they are dreamt of. A . found B . finding C . having found D . to find 【答案】 D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:学生们上网是为了找到他们理想大学的更多的信息。此 处表示目的用不定式,指上网的目的。故选 D 。 2. ____ in pai nting, John didn 't notice evening approaching. A . To absorb B .To be absorbed C . Absorbed D . Absorbing 【答案】 C 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意:全神贯注于绘画中,约翰没有注意到晚上到了。短语 be absorbed in 全神贯注于,在句中作状语,省略 be 动词,故选 C 。 【点睛】 本题考查的非谓语动词为高中重点语法之一。在分析题目的时候,首先要抓住非谓语动词 所对应的逻辑主语,确定逻辑主语之后,再分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主 动还是被动关系,最后根据句意选择正确的答案。 考查非谓语动词。句意:如果有很多工作要做,我很乐意一直把它做完。分析句子可知, 用不定式做定语表示未发生的动作,放在被修饰词的名词、代词后,此处 to do 在句中做 定语修饰 work ,主动形式表示被动含义,故选 A 。 4.— Did Peter fix the computer himself? — He ______ ,because he doesn ' t know much about computers. A . has it fixed B .had fixed it C . had it fixed D . fixed it 【答案】 C 3.If there is a lot of work ________ . I A . to do C . done 【答案】 A 【解析】 【分析】 【详解】 m happy to just keep on until it is finished . B . to be doing D .doing

读书笔记-李笑来-人人都能用英语

人人都能用英语读书笔记 关键在于“用”,以“熟悉”代替“钻研”。开场白 1、大脑是可塑的,成年人是可以学习第二语言的理论基础。 Taub 教授CI 疗法的成功首先证明区域论是错误的(至少不是完全正确的)——大脑可以重新组织自己;其次证明大脑自始至终都是可塑的,甚至可以重组——即,用一个新的脑图完成原本由受损的脑图完成的功能;最后证明的也是最重要的:脑图之间存在着相互竞争——所以,为了治好受损的右臂,要先把未受损的左臂给限制住。如果不把未受损的左臂给限制住的话,那么左臂的脑图将永远处于优势,进而,使得大脑对已经受损的右臂产生“习得之弃用”(Learned Nonuse) 这最后一条可以用来清楚地解释原本用“关键期论”错误地解释的现象:为什么成年后学习第二语言显得更为困难? 成年之后,第二语言学习显得更为困难的原因并不在于关键期论所说的“此后大脑不再可塑”,而实际上在于这是第二语言所使用的脑图要与已经形成强大势力的母语脑图竞争——当然越来越难。然而,恰恰是这样的认识给了人们希望。目前,有很多教育学家开始提倡“浸泡式学习”,有一定的依据,也有相当的效果。所谓“浸泡式学习”,就是在特定的时间、特 定的环境里,强迫学生只使用第二语言,禁止使用母语,进而刺激大脑加速构建新的脑图。风靡全球的罗赛塔石碑语言学习软体(Rosetta Stone9)就是基于这个原理开发出来的。 对于第二语言习得者来说,最直观、最有意义的好消息是:1) 什么时候开始学都不晚;2) 只要方法得当,并加以时日,一定能学好。在学习这件事儿是,相信自己一定能学好,并不一定保证真的能够学好;但是,反过来,如果相信自己不可能学好,那最终真的就不可能学好。所谓“自证预言”(Self-fulfilling prophecy10)就是这样,总是在负面起作用。事实上,“语言习得关键期”之说四十多年来在全球造成了难以估计的恶果,不计其数的人在不经意之间把“假说”当成了“定论”,相信自己不可能学好,进而成为“自证预言”注定的受害者。“我没天分”、“我就学不好”、“英语太难了”之类的话,甚至这类的念头,其实都是强大的诅咒。 2、短期内学好英语对一个正常的人来说是一个可行的目标。 我们衡量一个目标是否现实,有一个特别简单而又朴实的判断标准——“有没有人成功过?”如果答案为真,为了确定那不是小概率事件,还可以进一步问“是不是有很多人成功?”如果这次的答案还为真,那么这就是个现实可行的目标。习得第二语言就是这样一个现实而又可行的目标。 进而,习得第二语言本质上来看,相对于其他任何领域都更多依赖积累,更少依赖天分的学科。对大多数人来说,语言只是工具;学习语言几乎无需创意,因为它只是最终用来表达创意的东西而已。学一门外语理论上来讲应该比学计算机容易多了:计算机技术总是日新月异,每个领域都有更高更陡峭的学习曲线;而学外语则不同,它是越学越简单的东西,语法知识总有一天可以学完,单词总有一天不用再背,而不停地读书,实际上已经不是在学习英语了,而是在享用工具。

英语语法归纳之非谓语动词(过去分词)

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