机械电子专业英语翻译
Quality Control Fundamentals质量控制基本原理
Quality质量
Quality has become one of the most important consumer decision factors in the selection among competing products and services. The phenomenon is widespread, regardless of whether the consumer is an individual, an industrial organization, a retail store, a bank or financial institution, or a military defense program. Consequently, understanding and improving quality are key factors leading to business success, growth, and enhanced competitiveness. There is a substantial return on investment from improved quality and from successfully employing quality as an integral part of overall business strategy.
质量是消费者在激烈的产品和服务竞争中进行选择的一个重要因素.不管这个消费者是个人、产业组织、零售店或防务工程,这个想象是普遍存在的.因此,关注并提升质量是取得成功、发展并强化竞争力的关键因素.投资质量的提升并把质量作为经营策略的主要部分将会得到极大地回报.
We may define quality in many ways. Most people have a conceptual understanding of quality as relating to one or more desirable characteristics that a product or service should possess. Although this conceptual understanding is certainly a useful starting point, we will give a more precise and useful definition.
我们对质量有很多种定义.许多人在观念上把质量理解为产品或服务拥有一个或更多满意的性能.尽管这种概念性理解是有效地,我们将给出更精确、有效地定义.
Quality---- characteristic or property consisting of several well-defined technical and aesthetic, hence subjective, considerations; conformance to design (customer) requirement.
质量-特性或性能中包含几种明确定义的技术的美学的,因此主观考虑；满足设计（顾客）需求.
Quality control------detecting poor quality (nonconformance) in manufactured products and taking corrective action to eliminate i t.
质量控制-检测在工业产品中检测不合格的质量（不合格品）并采取纠正措施去避免.
The traditional definition of quality is based on the viewpoint that products and services must meet the requirement of those who use them. Therefore, Quality means fitness for use.
传统的质量定义是产品或服务必须满足使用者的需求.因此,质量就是适用度
There are two general aspects of fitness for use: quality of design and quality of conformance.
适用度一般有两个方面:设计质量和一致性的质量。
Quality by design intent refers to the various grades or levels of quality that are intentionally determined by design. All goods and services are produced in various
grades or levels of quality. These variations in grades or levels of quality are intentional, and, consequently, the appropriate technical term is quality of design.
设计意图的质量指的是设计中故意设计的各种等级或质量等级。所有的商品和服务都是在不同的等级或质量等级中产生的。这些变化的等级或质量水平是故意的，因此，适当的技术术语称之为设计质量。
Quality of conformance refers to how well the product conforms to specifications required by design.
产品质量的一致性是指如何符合规范设计的要求。
Quality of conformance is influenced by a number of factors, including
the choice of manufacturing processes, the training and supervision of the workforce, the types of process controls, tests, and inspection activities that
are employed, the extent to which these procedures are followed, and the motivation of the workforce to achieve quality.
一致性质量受到很多因素的影响,包括生产流程的选择、员工的培训
和监督，所采用的过程控制,测试,和检查活动的类型,这些程序被遵循的
程度 ,激励员工来实现质量。
Unfortunately, this definition has become associated more with the conformance aspect of quality than with design. This is in part due to the lack
of formal education most designers and engineers receive in quality
engineering methodology. This also leads to much less focus on the customer
and more of a ―conformance-to-specifications‖ approach to quality, regardless
of whether the product, even when produced to standards, was actually
―fit-foruse‖ by the customer. Also, there is still a widespread belief that quality
is a problem that can be dealt with solely in manufacturing, or that the only
way quality can be improved is by ―gold-plating‖ the product.
不幸的是,相对于设计，这个定义更多的关于质量的一致性。这部分
是由于大多数设计师和工程师缺乏质量工程方法的正规教育。这也导致更
少地关注客户和更多关注质量与规格一致,无论产品，即使生产标准，实
际上是“适合使用”的客户。同时,普遍仍认为,在生产制造中质量问题完
全可以解决,或者唯一的可以提高质的方式是给产品“镀金”。
We prefer a modern definition of quality:Quality is inversely
proportional to variability. Note that this definition implies that if variability in
the important characteristics of a product decreases, the quality of the product increases. As an example of the operational effectiveness of this definition, a
few years ago, one of the automobile companies in the United States
performed a comparative study of a transmission that was manufactured in a domestic plant and by a Japanese supplier.
我们倾向于质量的现代定义:质量与变化成反比。请注意,这个定义意味
着如果产品的重要特征的变化减少,产品的质量就会提高。举一个这个定义
的操作效益的例子,几年前, 美国的一个汽车公司进行了一个在国内工厂制
造过程的传输和由日本供应商制造过程的传输的比较研究。
An analysis of warranty claims and repair costs indicated that there was a
striking difference between the two sources of production, with the
Japanese-produced transmission having much lower costs, as shown in Fig.
5.1. As part of the study to discover the cause of this difference in cost and performance, the company selected random samples of transmissions from
each plant, disassembled them, and measured several critical quality characteristics.
保修索赔和维修费用的分析表明，两者的生产有着显着的区别，如图
5.1所示，日本制造的运输成本很低。这项研究的一部分是发现成本和表
现中这种差异的原因，公司从每个工厂随机选择抽样，拆卸样本，并测量
了几个关键的质量特性。
Figure 5.2 is generally representative of the results of this study. Note that
the distribution of the critical characteristics for the transmissions
manufactured in the United States takes up about 75% of the width of the specifications, implying that very few nonconforming units would be
produced. In fact, the plant was producing at a quality level that was quite
good, based on the generally accepted view of quality within the company. However, the Japanese plant produced transmissions for which the same
critical characteristics take up only about 25% of the specification band. As a result, there is considerably less variability in the critical quality
characteristics of the Japanese-built transmissions in comparison to those built
in the United States.
图5.2通常是这项研究的结果的代表。注意的是美国生产传输的临界
特征的分布占宽度规格的75%左右,这意味着不相容的产品很少。事实上,
根据公司内部的质量标准，工厂生产的质量水平很好,然而,日本工厂的
生产传输的相同的临界特征规范只占用约25%的规格带。因此,日本建立
的生产传输中的关键质量特征的变化要比美国的少很多。
There are two obvious questions here: Why did the Japanese do this? How did they do this? The answer to the ―why‖ question is obvious from examination of Fig.
5.1. Reduced variability has directly translated into lower costs。Furthermore, the Japanese-built transmissions shifted gears more smoothly, ran more quietly, and were generally perceived by the customer as superior to those built domestically. Fewer repairs and warranty claims means less rework and the reduction of wasted time, effort, and money. Thus, quality truly is inversely proportional to variability.
How did the Japanese do this? The answer lies in the systematic and effective use of the methods described in this text.
这里有两个明显的问题:为什么日本人这样做呢?他们是如何做到这一点呢? 再看图5.1，“为什么”的问题的答案是显而易见的。减少的变化直接转化为低成本。此外,日本造的变速齿轮更顺畅,更安静，客户通常认为日本的变速齿轮要比国内的好。更少的维修和保修索赔意味着很少的返工,节约时间 ,精力,和金钱。因此,质量真的是与变化成反比。日本人是怎么做的呢?答案就在于系统和有效地使用本文中描述的方法。
Dimensions of Quality质量维度
The quality of a product can be described and evaluated in several ways. It is often very important to differentiate these different dimensions of quality.Garvin provides an excellent discussion of eight components or dimensions of quality. We summarize his key points concerning these dimensions of quality as follows: 一个产品的质量可以用几种方法来描述和评价。区分这些不同维度的质量往往是很重要的。加文对于质量的八种要素做了一个很好的讨论。我们总结了他的关键点，这些尺寸的质量如下：
Performance –product does intended job
表现—产品满足特定功能
Reliability—product is available
可靠性----产品是可用的
Durability—product lasts for a reasonable time
持久性---产品能使用一个合理的时间
Serviceability—product is easy to repair/service
维护性---产品维修维护方便
Aesthetics—product has acceptable/appealing appearance
美观---产品具有可接受或吸引人的外观
Features—product has capabilities beyond basic performance
功能性---产品具有超越基本功能的功能
Perceived Quality—product & company have good reputation; measured by customer loyalty
感知质量—产品和公司在消费者中具有良好的声誉。
Conformance to Standards—product made consistent with designer intent (and consistent with industry & national standards)
标准一致---制造的产品符合设计师的意图（并符合行业和国家标准）。
Quality Improvement质量的提升
Quality improvement is the reduction of variability in processes and products. Excessive variability in process performance often results in waste. For example, consider the wasted money, time, and effort that is associated with the repairs represented in Figure 5.1. Therefore, an alternate and frequently very useful definition is that quality improvement is the reduction of waste.
质量改进是减少过程和产品中的变化。过程性能的过度变化往往导致浪费。例如，图5.1所反映的维修中浪费的金钱，时间和精力。因此，一个替代的，通常是非常有用的定义是，质量改进是减少浪费。
Implementing quality improvement: management must
实施质量改进：管理
Evaluate dimensions of quality as they pertain to their business objectives (assuming the objectives are defined);
评估质量维度与他们的业务目标（假设定义了目标）；
Think strategically about quality;战略性地考虑质量；
Recognize critical role of suppliers in quality management strategies;认识到供应商在质量管理战略中的重要作用；
Recognize that everyone in the organization is responsible for quality;认识到组
织中的每个人都对质量富有责任；
Recognize that statistical quality control techniques communicate both problems & solution;
认识到统计质量控制技术，沟通问题和解决方案；
Implement effective quality improvement programs tailored to their business;针对他们的业务实施有效的质量改进方案；
Total quality management;全面质量管理；
Quality improvement benefits—business growth; enhanced competition; cost reduction; reduced product liability; improved productivity.
质量改进的效益----业务增长；增强竞争；降低成本；减少产品债务；提高生产率。
Quality Engineering Terminology质量工程术语
Every product possesses a number of elements that jointly describe what the user or consumer thinks of as quality. These parameters are often called quality characteristics.
Quality characteristics –- Physical; Sensory;Time Orientation; can be attributes or variable.
每个产品都有许多描述用户或消费者心目中的质量的要素。这些参数通常被称为质量特性。
品质特性–身体；感官；时间方向；可以是属性或变量。
Quality engineering—the set of operational, managerial and engineering activities used to ensure that quality characteristics of a product are at nominal or the required levels.质量工程---一套确保产品的质量特性是在名义或所需的水平操
作，管理和工程活动。
Statistical methods—applied to measurements for product’s quality characteristics, they are usually the result of the engineering design process for the product.
统计方法---用于测量产品的质量特性,通常是产品的工程设计过程的结果。
Quality measurement---compare measured value to nominal or target value for characteristic; values bounded by allowable limits, namely, upper specification limit (USL) and low specification limit (LSL) (determined by design engineer); values outside limits are considered to be nonconforming, hence, product is defective.
质量测量——将质量的测量值与真值相比较，特征值被范围所限制，即规范上限(USL)和规范下极限(LSL)(由设计工程师决定);特征值外部限制被认为是不一致的,因此,产品是有缺陷的。
Concurrent engineering ---multi-disciplinary, team-based approach to design
(early in design process).并行工程---多学科，以团队为基础的设计方法（多在早期的设计过程）。
History of Quality Methodology质量方法学史
Quality always has been an integral part of virtually all products and services. However, our awareness of its importance and the introduction of formal methods for quality control and improvement have been an evolutionary development. Table 5.1 presents a timeline of some the important milestones in this evolutionary process.
质量几乎一直是所有产品和服务的一个组成部分。然而，我们意识到它的重要性，并介绍了正式的质量控制和改进的方法，一直是一个进化的发展。表5.1
给出了一些在这个进化过程中的重要里程碑的时间线。
A Timeline of Quality Methods质量测量方法的时间线
1700—1900Quality was largely determined by the efforts of an individual craftsman. Eli Whitney introduces standardized, interchangeable parts to simplify assembly.
质量在很大程度上取决于个人的努力。伊莱·惠特尼介绍标准化，可互换的零件以简化装配。1875 Frederick W. Taylor introduces principles of
Scientific Management；division of labor &work standards; improved
productivity.
1875年弗雷德里克·W·泰勒介绍了科学管理的原则；劳动分工和劳动标准；提高生产率。
1900–1930 Henry Ford—the assembly line—further refinement of work methods to improve productivity and quality; Ford developed mistake-proof assembly concepts, self-checking, and in-process inspection.
亨利福特的装配线进一步细化工作方法以提高生产率和质量；福特开发的防误装配的概念，自我检查和中间验收，
1924 Walter. A. Shewhart introduces the control chart concept in a Bell Laboratories technical memorandum.
沃尔特在贝尔实验室的技术备忘录介绍了控制图的概念。
1928 Acceptance sampling methodology is developed and refined by H. F. Dodge and H. G. Roming at Bell Labs.
H. F.道奇和H. G.漫游在贝尔实验室开发和总结了验收抽样方法。
1940 The U.S. War Department publishes a guide for using control charts to analyze process data.美国战争部出版了一份使用控制图来分析处理数据指南。
1946 ASQC formed to promote use of quality improvement methods for products & service.
建立美国质量控制协会以促进使用产品与服务质量改进方法。
1946–1949 Deming is invited to japan by the Economic and Scientific Services Section of the U.S. War Department to help occupation forces in rebuilding Japanese industry. He was invited to give statistical quality control seminars to Japanese industry.
戴明被美国国防部的经济和科学服务部邀请到日本帮助占领军重建日本工业。他被邀请给日本工业的统计质量控制开研讨会。
1951 Dr.A. V. Feigenbaum publishes the first edition of his book, Total
Quality Control. G.E.P.Box & Wilson published work on designed experiments & process optimization methods.
在1951年，费根鲍姆博士出版了他的第一本书---全面质量控制。威尔
逊发明了工作流程优化设计和在线实验的方法。
1960s Courses in statistical quality control become widespread in industrial engineering academic programs. Zero defects (ZD) programs are introduced in certain U.S.industries.
在20世纪60年代的统计质量控制的广泛的课程成为工业工程学术课
程。零缺陷（ZD）计划被美国工业产业引进。
1989 Motorola’s six-sigma initiative began.
摩托罗拉开始倡议六西格玛。
1990s ISO 9000 certification activities increase in U.S. industry; applicants for the Baldrige award grow steadily; many states sponsor quality awards based on the Baldrige criteria.
上世纪90年代，在美国工业行业，ISO 9000认证活动增加；对波多里奇奖的申请稳步增长；许多国家赞助基于波多里奇标准的质量奖。
1995 Many undergraduate engineering programs require formal courses in statistical techniques, focusing on basic methods for process characterization and improvement.
许多本科工程项目需要专注于过程特性和改进的基本方法
统计技术的正式课程。
1997 Motorola’s six-sigma approach spreads to other industries.
1997年，摩托罗拉的六西格玛方法扩展到其他行业。
1998 The American Societies for Quality Control becomes the American Society for quality, attempting to indicate the broader aspects of the quality improvement field.
1998年，美国质量控制协会成为美国质量学会，其试图表明更广泛的质量
改善领域。
Statistical Methods统计方法
Statistical process control (SPC):use control charts to reduce variability & maintain measure of process quality within acceptable limits, namely, upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL).
统计过程控制（SPC）：使用控制图来减少变化及维持质量测量在可接受的范围内，即控制上限（UCL）和控制下限（LCL）。
Statistically designed experiment: used to discover key variables that influence quality characteristics of interest; systematically vary process controllable input factors to determine their effects on output product parameters.
统计学设计的实验：用于发现影响质量特性的关键变量，系统变化的过程可控的输入因素，以确定其对输出产品参数的影响。
Process modeling:captures the relationship between input and output variable of process; statistical such as regression or time-series analyses, also, neural network techniques, used to determine the nature &magnitude of adjustments required to bring process back into control.
过程建模：捕捉过程中的输入和输出变量之间的关系；统计，如回归或时间序列分析，神经网络技术，用于确定控制过程中所需调整的性质和幅度。
Acceptance sampling: inspection & classification of sampled units, selected at random, from larger batch of product (lot) for the purpose of determining disposition of lot; decision may be to accept, reject, or rework lot; emphasizes conformance to requirements approach to quality control.
验收抽样: 从大批产品(很多)检查和分类抽样单位,随机选择以确定处置方式, 决定可能是接受,拒绝,或返工;强调符合要求的质量控制方法。
Manufacturing Process Characteristics制造工艺特点
Random variations----caused by variability among operators, Raw materials, machine vibrations, and environmental changes; usually uncontrollable; regarded as process noise; no particular pattern or trend.
随机变化--由操作者，原材料，机器振动，和环境改变中的变化造成;通常无法控制的;被视为过程噪声;没有特定的模式或趋势。
Assignable variations--- exception from normal operating conditions, e.g, operator mistakes; defective raw materials; tool failures; machine malfunctions, can be traced to specific causes.
可分配的变化---从正常工作条件下，例如，操作者错误的异常;有缺陷的原料;工具失效;机器故障，都可以追溯到具体原因。
Machining processes are capable of tolerances of +_0.002 in (+_0.05), e.g, sand castings generally have tolerances of 10 to 20 times those used for machined parts.
加工过程能够在（+_0.05）公差允许+-0.002，比如沙铸件的公差通常是用于加工零件的公差的10至20倍。
Total Quality Management (TQM)全面质量管理
Total quality management (TQM) is a strategy for implementing and managing quality improvement activities on an organization wide basis. TQM began in the early 1980s, with the philosophies of Deming and Juran as the focal point. It evolved into a broader spectrum of concepts and ideas, involving participative organizations and work culture, customer focus, supplier quality improvement, integration of the quality system with business goals, and many other activities to focus all elements of the organization around the quality improvement goal. Typically, organizations that have implemented a TQM approach to quality improvement have quality councils or
high-level teams that deal with strategic quality initiatives, workforce-level teams that focus on routine production or business activities, and cross-functional teams that address specific quality improvement issues.
全面质量管理（TQM）在组织基础中是一种实现和管理质量改进活动的战略。全面质量管理始于上世纪80年代初，随着戴明和朱兰的理念为焦点。它演变成一个涉及参与组织和工作文化，关注客户，供应商的质量改进，质量体系与业务目标的整合，以及许多其他的围绕质量改进目标的组织的所有元素的活动的概念。通常情况下，已经实施了全面质量管理方法以提升质量的组织具有处理质量的战略举措的质量委员会或者高层团队，聚焦日常生产、经营活动的劳动力水平的队伍，解决具体的质量改进问题的跨职能团队。
机械专业词汇
Manufacturing process 制造工艺
Serviceability 维护性
Conformance to standards 标准一致
Quality engineering 质量工程
Measured value 测量值
Nominal value 真值
Multi-disciplinary 多学科的
Concurrent engineering 并行工程
Standardized parts 标准件
Six-sigma 六西格玛
LSL 下限
USL 上限
ISO9000 质量保证体系9000
Process modeling 过程建模
Process control 过程控制
TQM全面质量管理
Sand casting 沙铸件
Acceptance sampling 进料抽样实验
Assignable variation 系统变差
Critical dimension 临界大小
科技特殊句式
1.动名词做主语
Understanding and improving quality are key factors leading to business success, growth, and enhanced competitiveness.
2.非谓语动词做定语
Quality---- characteristic or property consisting of several well-defined technical and aesthetic, hence subjective, considerations; conformance to design (customer) requirement.
3. 复杂长句
This also leads to much less focus on the customer and more of a
―conformance-to-specifications‖ approach to quality, regardless of whether the product, even when produced to standards, was actually ―fit-for use‖ by the customer.
4. 名词短语
There are two general aspects of fitness for use: quality of design and quality of conformance.
5.复杂长句
Organizations that have implemented a TQM approach to quality improvement have quality councils or high-level teams that deal with strategic quality initiatives, workforce-level teams that focus on routine production or business activities, and cross-functional teams that address specific quality improvement issues.
典型句式
1.定义句式
Quality by design intent refers to the various grades or levels of quality that are intentionally determined by design.
Paradigm refers to models of inquiry that guides scientific work
2.满足标准
The traditional definition of quality is based on the viewpoint that products and services must meet the requirement of those who use them.
All structural steel, plate and sheet meet the requirements of certain specifications.
3.比例关系
Quality is inversely proportional to variability.
Al Most objects are big in proportion to the size of an atom but small in proportion to the size of the sun.
4.图表所占比例
The Japanese plant produced transmissions for which the same critical characteristics take up only about 25% of the specification band.
Girl students accounted for 47.3 percent of total primary school enrollment.
Figure 4.2 gives the results of the experiment.
5.研究表明
An analysis of warranty claims and repair costs indicated that there was a striking difference between the two sources of production.
A study indicated that the successful language learners are same at many aspects.
6.结论
Therefore, an alternate and frequently very useful definition is that quality improvement is the reduction of waste.
It can be concluded that baud rate is very important to the telephone engineer.
7.举例
For example, consider the wasted money, time, and effort that is associated with the repairs represented in Figure 5.1.
For example, consultants and freelancers interviewed for this article set targets from$ 50 to$ 300 per hour.
8.相关性
This definition has become associated more with the conformance aspect of quality than with design.
The density of a soil is directly associated to its bearing capability.
9.图表引用
Figure 5.2 is generally representative of the results of this study.
Figure 4.2 gives the results of the experiment.
10.It---that语句
It is often very important to differentiate these different dimensions of quality.
It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.
各专业的英文翻译
中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务，为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence
(完整版)机电专业英语
一．单词翻译(英译汉，汉译英共20分） compound pulley 组合滑轮 screw 螺丝 worm gear 涡轮 clearance fit 间隙配合 transition fit 过渡配合 interference fit 过盈配合 ground teeth 精密齿 gear reductions 齿轮减速比aluminum 铝 brass 黄铜 bronze 青铜 cast iron 铸铁 carbon 碳钢 alloy steel 合金钢 hardened steel 硬化钢 stainless steel 不锈钢 plastic materials 塑料材料 gear teeth 齿轮 straight-toothed 直齿轮 rack and pinion 齿条和齿轮 straight bevel gears 直齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gears 弧齿锥齿轮friction 摩擦 lubrication 润滑 lubricant 润滑剂 full fluid film lubrication 全液态薄膜润滑 boundary lubrication 边界润滑elastrohydrodynamic lubrication 流体弹性动力润滑 proton 质子 neutron 中子 parallel circuit 并联电路 series circuit 串联电路 electron 电子 inductor 电感 capacitor 电容 conductor 导体 semiconductor 半导体 metal-oxide-semiconductor 金属氧化物半导体 integrated circuit 集成电路integrated circuit chip 集成电路芯片 dopant 掺杂剂 mask 掩膜 doping 掺杂 photoresist 感光胶 etch 蚀刻法 dielectric 非传导性（电介质）rung 梯级 branch 分支 instructions 指令 power rails 母线 quantity 数量 parameter 参数 ladder diagram 梯形逻辑图 ON-delay timer 通电延时定时器OFF-delay timer 断电延时定时器retentive timer 保持定时器proximity timer 接近开关electromechanical control 机电控制mobile robots 可移动机器人manipulator robots 操作机器人 self reconfigurable robots 自变形（重装）机器人 Analog-to-Digital Converter A/D模数转换器 Digital-to-Analog Converter D/A模数转换器 ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit)专用采集电路 Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换 Z-transform Z变换 valve 阀 pump 泵 motor 发动机 cavitation 气穴 hydraulic 液压的 equilibrium position 平衡位置vibration(oscillation) 振动transducer 饱和电抗器,传感器，变频器 reservoir 油箱 pump with electric motor 电力马达泵unloader and safety relief valve 减荷
第九讲高中英语翻译技巧与能力训练(上)[讲义]
高考英语翻译技巧与能力训练 高考英语中的翻译（中译英）题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想，是一种要求相当高的考查形式。要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达习惯的英语句子，并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一个信息。该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力，它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力，还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例，而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。 高考评分标准: 1．每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分；2．语法错误（包括时态错误）每处扣一分；3．译文没用所给的单词扣一分。 如何才能提高中译英水准，在高考中获得理想的分数呢？考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外，关键还在于学会总结规律，找准中译英的切入点。 一、分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型 中文必须仔细读，一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组，也就是我们常说的key words。尤其是最后两句翻译句子，它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。读什么？读出句子结构：对于简单句，辨别出主谓宾，分清定语、同位语和状语；对于并列句，记住两个语法意义上独立的分句，须由连词连接起来；对于复合句，须区分定语从句，名词性从句以及状语从句。一般来说，中译英的句型可分为三大类：1.简单句；2.并列句；3.复合句；同时我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特殊结构。回顾近几年的高考试题时，也不难发现试题中考了一些特殊句式。如：It句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with结构。 例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 解析：本题考查：1)简单句There be结构；2)wrong的用法；3)中英文表达的差异。 译句：There was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候，我们需要的不是彼此埋怨，而是互相帮助。(not…but) 解析：本题考查：1)复合句：when引导的状语从句；what引导的主语从句；2)not…but结构；3)“彼此埋怨”的英文翻译。 译句：When(we are)in difficulty/When we meet with difficulties/When we have difficulties ,what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other. 例3：我们能做什么来阻止这种疾病蔓延呢？（prevent） 分析：如果有学生没有读全中文原句的话，就很有可能看成是以前所做的“我们要做些什么来阻止这种疾病的蔓延”，而译为We should do something to prevent the spread of this disease.因为这个原因而造成扣分，就太不应该了。 译句：What can we do to prevent the spread of this disease? 例4：他很有可能通过自己的努力得到驾驶执照。（likely） 译句：He is likely to get the driving license with his own efforts. 分析：有些学生一看到有可能，就会想到自己比较熟悉的possible，想当然地翻译成It is possible that…的结构。其实，学生对likely这个key word的使用也是会的，完全能够使用be likely to do或It’s likely th at…的结构。 例5：上海近几年经历了许多变化，如今已成为世界闻名的经济中心。（go through） 分析：乍一看，学生很容易轻易下笔，Shanghai has gone through…,it has become…，这已成为很多学生的一个习惯，句子和句子中随便用逗号隔开，英语不像中文，必须要考虑到句子的结构，逗号也不能随意使用。而此句中，就要想到用并列句中的连接词and来连接两个成分。
电子电气类专业英语单词汇总
课一A Communications 通讯 1. equation n.相等, 平衡, 综合体, 2. communication n. 通信, 通讯, 交通communicate v.沟通, 通信, 3. triode n.三极管 4. storage n. 存储 5.transmission n. 传输, 传送, transmit v. 传输, 转送, 传达, 传导 6. amplifier n.放大器，扩音器 amplify v. 扩大，放大，增强amplification n. 扩大，放大 7. oscillator n.振荡器 8. correlate v. 是相互关联 correlation n.相互关系, 相关(性) 9. transmitter n.发射机 transmit receive transmission reception (发射) （接收） 10.subsequent adj.随后的 课一B Capacitors 电容 1.capacitor n. 电容器 2.capacitance n. 电容量（值） Resistor resistance capacitor capacitance inductor inductance 3. fixed adj. 固定的 variable adj. 可变的 4. dielectric n. 电介质，绝缘材料 adj. 绝缘的 5. relatively adv. 相对地 absolutely adv.绝对地 6. maximum adj. 最大的 n. 最大值 minimum adj. 最小的 n. 最小值 7. farad n. 法（拉） F ohm n. 欧姆Ω Henry n. 亨（利）H 8. trimmer n. 调整者, 整理者, 9. screwdriver n. 螺丝起子，改锥课二A Radio T ransmitter无线电发射机 1. radio transmitter 无线电发射机 radio n. 无线电，无线 2. telecommunication n.电信，电信学， 无线电通信 telephone n.电话，电话机 telegraph n.电报, 电报机, 电讯报 3. transmit v. 传输, 转送, 传达, 传导, 发射, 发报 transmit receive transmission reception transmitter receiv er (发射) （接收） 4. intelligence n.信息、情报、智能 information/message n.信息 5. potential adj.潜在的, 可能的, 势 的, n.潜能, 潜力, 电位 6. generate v.产生，发生 generation n.产生, 发生, 一代,7. frequency n.频 low frequency 几个Hz到几十kHz high frequency 几个MHz到几十 MHz radio frequency 几百MHz到几 个GHz 8. pulse signal 脉冲信号 9. wavelength n.波长用λ表示 10. output n.输出，产量 input n.输入 11. band n. 带，波段，频带 课二B Electromotive Force 电动势 1. electromotive adj.电动的，电动 势的 electromotive force 电动势 2.driving adj.驱动的 driving force n. 驱动力 driving unit 传动装置 3. volt n. 伏特 4. distinguish v.区分 5. potential difference 电位差 课三A Time Constant 时常数 1.nuclear adj.原子能的， n.核武器, 有核国 nuclear arms 核武 nuclear energy 核能 2.constant n.常数 adj.不断, 不断的, time constant 时间常数 3. instantaneously adv.瞬间地，即刻 instant n.瞬息, 一会儿, 时刻 4. dependent adj. 依赖的，依赖于，取决于 5. capacitiv e adj.电容的，容性的 capacitor n.电容器 capacitance n.电容值 6.discharge n.放电v.放电 charge n.电荷，充电v.充电 7.universal 普遍的, 全体的, 通用的, 课三B RL Time Constant RL时序常数 1.inductor n.电感器 inductance n.电感值（量） inductive adj.感应的; 电感的 2. function n.功能, 函数,作用, 3. Decay n.衰减v. 衰减 decay constant 衰减常数 decay factor 衰减因子 4. reverse adj.反向的, 相反, 逆转的 5. peak value 峰值
电子信息工程专业英语作业3
Lesson eight 第八课 Ⅱ.翻译句子，并注意remain和above的词类和词义 2. In this case the voltage applied must remain unchanged. 在这种情况下，那个应用电压必须保持不变 4. If you take 3 from 8, 5 remain. 如果从8中拿走3，剩5. 6. The above property was discovered by Faraday. 法拉第发现以上性质。 8. Lenz states that the self-induced emf impedes any change of current and tends to support the former current value. The above is known as Lenz’s law. 楞茨陈述自感电动势阻止电流的变化而保持先前电流的值。上面就是我们所知的楞 次定律。 Ⅲ.翻译句子，注意some的词义 2. That radio receiver weighs some five kilograms. 那个无线接收器重五公斤。 4. Some element in the substance is not known. 物质中的一些元素是人们不知道的。 Ⅳ.翻译句子，注意句中one 的不同用法和词义。 2. This concept was discussed in Chapter One. 这个概念在第一张讨论过。 4. No one can lift this equipment. 没人能举起这件设备。 6. This chapter will deal with one of the three functions of a turning circuit. 这章我们将介绍螺旋电路三个功能中的一个。 8. Before one studies a system, it is necessary to define and discuss some important terms. 在研究一个系统之前，确定且讨论一些重要的术语是有必要的。 Ⅴ.画出句中的名词从句，说明其种类，并将句子译成汉语。 2. These experiments do not show which particles. 这些实验不能显示他们的粒子结构。 4. The operating point is determined by how much bias is used. 操作要点是被用多少偏压决定的。 6. It is not important how this voltage is produced. 这个电压是怎么产生的并不重要。 8. It may be questioned whether this approach is the best for the physicist. 这种方式最适合于医生可能会被质疑。 10. This ball may be used to determine whether that body is charged. 这个球可能用于检测是否身体是带电的。 12. It is known that charged particles emit electromagnetic waves whenever they are accelerated. 众所周知的当电子被加速他们就会发射电磁波。 14. The value of this factor determines how fast the amplitude of the current
选矿专业英语
1 总论 采矿mining 地下采矿underground mining 露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining 采矿工程mining engineering 选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral processing 矿物工程mineral engineering 冶金（学）metallurgy 过程冶金（学）process metallurgy 提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy 化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy 物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy 金属学Metallkunde 冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy 冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engineering 冶金工程metallurgical engineering 钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel 有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy 真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy 等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy 微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy 喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy 钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy 二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy 机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy 焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy 粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy 铸造学foundry 火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy 湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy 电冶金(学)electrometallurgy 氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy 矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources 中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals 中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2 采矿 采矿工艺mining technology 有用矿物valuable mineral 冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw materials 矿床mineral deposit 特殊采矿specialized mining 海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining 矿田mine field
(完整版)《机电工程专业英语》A卷.doc
四川理工学院成人高等教育 《机电工程专业英语》试卷（ A 卷） 年级三年级 专业机电一体化 ZK931101 层次专科 号 题号一二三四五六七八总分评阅(统分)人 学 题分20 30 20 30 得 分 注意事项： 线 名 1.满分 100 分。要求卷面整洁、字迹工整、无错别字。 姓 订 生 2.考生必须将“学生姓名”和“学号”完整、准确、清楚地填写在试卷规定的地方，否则视为 学 装 此 废卷。 过 3.考生必须在签到表上签到，否则若出现遗漏，后果自负。 要 得分 评阅教师 级 不 一、选择题： 班 题 业 专 答 选择括号中提供的单词或短语，并以正确的形式填空。 （每空 2 分，共 20 分） ( send out, focus on, deny, prove, make sure, equip with, shock, accomplish, vary from, call ) （ 1） A week ago he received a notice stating his application was . （ 2） Effective teaching is the learning needs of each student in the class. （ 3） His mother when she heard about the accident. ) （ 4） He a number of e-mail messages to his friends. 班 （ 5） Position measurement in NC machines 属 can through direct or indirect methods. 直 ( （ 6） The actual programming commands needed will 点 also builder to builder. 学 （ 7） This method to be very successful. 教 （8） that the instructions for the use of this high pre are strictly observed. （9） The majority of NC/CNCmachine tools automatic too such as magazines on machining center and turrets on turning centers. （10） The movements are detected and counted by a feedback device a transducer. 得分 评阅教师 二、名词解释： 写出下列英文缩写的全称 ,并翻译成中文。 （每题 3 分，共 30 分） （ 1） PLC （ 2） CIM （ 3） AGV （ 4） FMS （ 5） ROM （ 6） CPU （ 7） CNC （ 8） CAD （ 9） GUI （ 10） JIT 得分 评阅教师 三、汉译英： 将下列术语翻译成英文。 （每题 2 分，共 20 分） （ 1） 在线编程 （ 2） 装配有（某设备） （ 3） 钻床 （ 4） 齿轮加工 （ 5） 穿孔纸带 （ 6） 切削中心 （ 7） 加工中心 （ 8） 光电开关 （ 9） 显示面板 （ 10） 超声波加工 得分 评阅教师 四、英译汉
论文：浅析英语翻译能力提升的障碍和策略
论文：浅析英语翻译能力提升的障碍和策略摘要：翻译能力是英语综合能力的重要组成部分，也是英语专业学生必需具备的基本能力。要全面提升英语翻译能力，需要了解英汉两种文化的差异性，具备深厚的语言功底，掌握熟练的翻译技巧。 关键字：英语翻译能力；提升；障碍；策略 中西文化差异是影响英语翻译能力提升的重要因素，除了文化因素外，英语翻译能力的提升还受到其他因素的影响，本文将进一步的展开叙述影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍及其相应的策略。 一、影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍 1．中西文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译误会 英语翻译就是汉语和英语相互转换的过程，这个过程不仅仅是一种语言现象，也体现了跨文化现象。具体来说，中西方的文化差异体现在文化传统、生活习惯、价值观念和思维方式等方面，而这些层面的差异性往往会造成人们对同一事物有着不同的理解和解释，因此不同文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译的误会。比如，生活中最常见的信封的写法，在中国，习惯的书写顺序是国名，省、市、县、街道，最后才是收信人姓名。而在西方国家信封的书写顺序恰好相反。因此在学习英语知识的同时，需要更加注意对英语文化知识的了解和掌握。
2．语言基础知识掌握不扎实，影响了翻译的准确性 英语翻译就是英汉两种语言之间的相互转换，在转换的过程中主要涉及两个方面，首先翻译者要正确地领悟原文的意思，其次要通过译文将原文确切的表达出来，达到“信达雅”的标准。因此翻译者需要牢固地掌握英汉两种语言。但是由于多方面的因素，翻译者的语言基础知识掌握不扎实，很多翻译者的词汇量太少，经常背了忘，而又不重视巩固复习，或者死记硬背不会灵活运用，此外，语法掌握也不扎实，对一些基本的句型模棱两可，不能正确理解更不会运用。 二、提升英语翻译能力的具体策略 1．通过词汇、语法和阅读，了解中西文化之间的差异性 在英语的学习中，提高英语翻译能力，不仅要加强英语语言知识的学习，还要注重对英语文化知识的了解。具体来说，可以通过词汇、语法以及阅读等的学习获取英语文化知识。 首先，通过词汇的学习了解中西文化知识。词汇是英语语言的基本元素，掌握词汇的过程中，仅仅注重词汇正确的拼写和准确的发音是远远不够的，更主要的是学会如何恰当的运用词汇和组织词汇。因此，在背诵英语词汇意思的基础之上还需要进一步了解词汇产生的文化背景知识，尤其是了解习语、谚语和成语这一类词语的文化内涵、感情色彩以及
外语英语英文专业词汇术语翻译(电器)
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电子信息工程专业英语B篇译文
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机械工程专业英语翻译
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浅议英语翻译能力的培养-文档资料
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通信与信息工程英语教程翻译
A business survives and thrives on information: information within the organization and information changed with suppliers, customers,and regulators. Moreover, the information needs to be consistent, accessible, and at the right location. We consider information in four forms-voice, data, image, and video-and the implications of distributed requirements. The term voice communications refers primarily to telephone related communications. By far the most common form of communication in any organization and for most personnel is direct telephone conversation. The telephone has been a basic tool of business for decades. Telephone communications has recently been enhanced by a variety of computer-based services, including voice mail and computerized telephone exchange systems. V oice mail provides the ability to send, forward , and reply to voice messages nonsimultaneously , and it has become a cost-efficient tool even for many midsize organizations. It provides saving on answering machines and services as well as more responsive service to customers and suppliers. Advances have also been made in computerized telephone exchange systems, including in-house digital private branch exchanges(PBX) and Centrex systems provided by the local telephone company. These new systems provide a host of features, including call forwarding, call waiting, least-cost routing of long-distance calls, and a variety of accounting and auditing features. The term data communications is sometimes used to refer to virtually any form of information transfer other than voice. It is sometimes convenient to limit this term to information in the form of text(such as reports, memos, and other documents) and numerical data(such as accounting files). The rapid changes in technology have created fresh challenges for management in making effective use of data communications. We will briefly outline the changes in technology in transmission, networks, and communications software that present the manager with new powerful business tools but also the necessity of making choices among complex alternatives. 一个企业生存和蓬勃发展的信息：在改变与供应商，客户和监管机构的组织和信息的信息。此外，对信息的需求是一致的，访问，并在合适的位置。我们认为，在四种形式的语音，数据，图像，视频和分布式需求的影响的信息。 长期的语音通信，主要是指以电话相关的通讯。迄今为止最常见的沟通形式中的任何组织和大多数工作人员是直接的电话交谈。电话已几十年来的基本的业务工具。电话通讯最近已加强各种以计算机为基础的服务，包括语音邮件和程控电话交换系统。语音信箱提供的能力，发送，转发和回复语音邮件nonsimultaneously，它已成为一个成本效益的工具，甚至许多中小型组织。提供节省答录机和服务，以及更快捷的服务客户和供应商。程控电话交换系统，包括内部数字专用分支交换机（PBX）和本地电话公司提供的Centrex系统也取得了进展。这些新系统提供主机的功能，包括呼叫转接，呼叫等待，长途电话的最低成本路由，各种会计和审计功能。 长期的数据通信有时被用来指几乎任何其他信息传输比语音形式。有时可以很方便限制这个术语在文本形式的信息（如报告，备忘录和其他文件）和数字数据（如会计档案）。已创建管理新的挑战，在有效地利用数据通信技术的迅速变化。我们将简要概述在传输技术的变化，网络和通信软件，经理提出新的强大的商业工具，但也使复杂的替代品之间的选择的必要性。