2012年考研英语阅读模拟试题及答案
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
[A] Ten volunteers responded to the placebo much better than the rest. By the end of the experiment, their anxiety scores had halved, whereas the others' stayed the same. Brain scans also showed that activity in the amygdala, the brain's "fear" centre, had dropped by 3 per cent。
[B] He and his colleagues recruited 25 people with an exaggerated fear of public humiliation, otherwise known as social anxiety disorder. Participants had to give a speech at the start and end of an eight-week treatment - which unbeknownst to them and their doctors, was actually a placebo。
[C] To see if there were genetic differences between responders and non-responders, Furmark screened them for a variant of the gene for tryptophan hydroxylase-2, which makes the brain chemical, serotonin. Previous studies suggested that people with two copies of a particular "G" variant are less anxious in standard "fear" tests. Sure enough 8 of the 10 responders had two copies, while none of the non-responders did (Journal of Neuroscience (DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2534-
08.2008)。
[D] The gene might not play a role in our response to treatment for all conditions, and the experiment involved only a small number of people. Nonetheless, the discovery is a milestone in the quest to understand this phenomenon, which often blurs the results of clinical trials "To our knowledge, it's the first time anyone has linked a gene to the placebo effect," says Tomas Furmark of Uppsala University in Sweden。
[E] Furmark believes the effect of the gene may extend to other conditions where the amygdala is involved, such as phobias, pain disorders and even depression. However, he cautions that only further studies will reveal whether the gene influences the placebo effect more generally。
[F] Echoing Furmark's caution is Fabrizio Benedetti of the University of Turin, Italy. "We know that there's not a single placebo effect but many." Some may work through genetics, he adds, others through the expectation of a reward。
[G] FOR the first time, a gene is being linked to increased susceptibility to the placebo effect, the mysterious capacity some people have to benefit from sham treatments。
Order:
G → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → 45. → F
参考答案
Part B(10 points)
41. D 42. B 43. A 44. C 45. E
全文翻译
G 研究人员首次将基因与更容易产生安慰剂效应联系起来。安慰剂效应是指有些人所具有的从伪治疗中获益的神奇能力。
D 这类基因也许并不能在治疗任何疾病时都影响到我们的反应，并且只有少数人参加了这次试验。尽管如此，今天的发现对于人们理解这种通常干扰临床试验结果的现象来说，仍然具有里程碑式的意义。瑞典乌普萨拉大学的托马斯·富尔马克说：“据我们所知，这是人类第一次将基因与安慰剂效应联系起来。”
B 富尔马克和同事征集了25名患者社交恐惧症的志愿者。参与者必须在为期8周的治疗开始和结束时各做一次演讲——他们自己和他们的医生都不知道这实际上是一种安慰剂疗法。
A 10名志愿者对这种安慰剂疗法所产生的反应比其余的人要好得多。试验结束时，他们的焦虑分值已经减半，而其他人则维持不变。大脑扫描结果显示，大脑“恐惧”中枢扁桃核的活动已减少30%。
C 为了查看反应者与无反映者是否存在基因差别，富尔马克为他们检查了色氨酸羟化酶2基因的一种变体，这种基因变体能生成一种大脑化学物质血清素。此前的研究表明，具有两组“G”基因变体的人在标准“恐惧”测试中焦虑程度较低。完全可以肯定的是10位反映者中8位都具有这两组变体，而无反应者中则没有一个人具有这两组变体。
E富尔马克认为，这类基因的作用也适用于其他与扁桃核有关的疾病，如恐惧症、疼痛障碍、忧郁症等。但他警告说，只有进一步研究之后才能发现这类基因是否在更广泛的意义上影响安慰剂效应。
F意大利都灵大学的法布里齐奥·贝内代蒂说：“我们知道安慰剂效应不止一种，而是很多种。”他还说，有些是通过基因起作用，其他一些则是通过奖励期待起作用。
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
What has science learned about what makes people happy? More than one might imagine—along with some surprising things about what doesn’t ring our inner chimes. Take wealth, for instance, and all the delightful things that money can buy. (46) Research by scientists has shown that once your basic needs are met, additional income does little to raise your sense of satisfaction with life. A good education? Sorry, neither education nor, for that matter, a high IQ paves the road to happiness. Youth? No, again. In fact, older people are more consistently satisfied with their lives that the young. And they’re less prone to dark moods. Marriage? A complicated picture: married people are generally happier than singles, but that may be because they were happier to begin with。
On the positive side, friendship seems to genuinely lift the spirit. (47) A study found that the most salient characteristics shared by the 10% of students with the highest levels of happiness and the fewest signs of depression were their strong ties to friends and family and commitment to
spending time with them。
Of course, happiness is not a static state. Even the happiest of people—the cheeriest 10%—feel blue at times. And even the bluest have their moments of joy. That has presented a challenge to social scientists trying to measure happiness. Researchers have devised several methods of assessment. One of the most basic and widely used tools is the Satisfaction with Life Scale. (48) Though some scholars have questioned the validity of this simple, five-question survey, it squares well with other measures of happiness, such as impressions from friends and family, expression of positive emotion and low incidence of depression。
(49) Adrian White from the University of Leicester has complied a map of global happiness, using responses to the Satisfaction with Life Scale questionnaire. (50) If you ask those questions of people in 180 nations and normalize the data so that your unhappiest country (Burundi) equals 100 and your happiest (Denmark) equals 273 and color code all countries by their happiness (darker equals happier)， you get this lovely map。
参考答案
Part C(10 points)
46.科学家的研究表明，一旦你的基本需求得到满足，额外的收入对提高你生活满意度的作用便微乎其微。
47.一项研究发现，在快乐程度最高并且最没有沮丧表现的学生群体中，有10%的人最显著的特点就是和朋友、家庭成员联系紧密，并且致力于花时间和他们呆在一起。
48.尽管一些学者对这种仅有五个问题的简单问卷调查的有效性提出疑问，但它与其他对快乐的测评方法表现出了一致性，例如来自朋友和家庭成员的印象、积极情绪的表达，以及沮丧情绪的低发生率。
49.莱斯特大学的艾德里安·怀特运用人们对“生活满意程度问卷调查”的回答，编制了一张反应全球快乐状况的地图。
50.如果你用上述问题提问180个国家的人民并且统一量化这些数据
——最不快乐的国家布隆迪数值为100，最快乐的国家丹麦数值为273，然后安快乐水平用颜色深浅标示(颜色越深，表示越快乐)，你就回得到这张有趣的地图了。
全文翻译
什么东西使人感到快乐？科学对此有何了解？比人们所想想的要多。此外，对于并不能使人内心震撼的事情，科学也有一些惊人发现。比如财富，以及一切可以用金钱买来的令人愉快的东西。科学家的研究表明，一旦你的基本需求得到满足，额外的收入对提高你生活满意度的作用便微乎其微。
良好的教育？抱歉，无论是教育还是智商，都不是通向快乐的途径。年轻？又错了。事实上，年长者比起年轻人对他们的生活更能感觉到持久的满足，而且较少倾向于情绪失落。婚姻？这是一个复杂的情况：已婚人士大体比单身时要快了些，但可能因为他们正处于婚姻生活开始的时候。
从积极的方面来讲，友谊似乎会真正提高人的精神状态。一项研究发现，在快乐程度最高并且最没有沮丧表现的学生群体中，有10%的人最显著的特点就是和朋友、家庭成员联系紧密，并且致力于花时间和他们呆在一起。
当然，快乐并非一个静止状态。即使最快乐的人——最兴高采烈的10%——也会有感到忧郁的时候；而最忧郁的人也会有高兴的片刻。这为社会科学家们带来了一个挑战：如何来测量快乐。研究者们已经设计了几种估算方法。其中最基本、运用最广泛的一种就是“生活满意程度”。尽管一些学者对这种仅有五个问题的简单问卷调查的有效性提出疑问，但它与其他对快乐的测评方法表现出了一致性，例如来自朋友和家庭成员的印象、积极情绪的表达，以及沮丧情绪的低发生率。
莱斯特大学的艾德里安·怀特运用人们对“生活满意程度问卷调查”的回答，编制了一张反应全球快乐状况的地图。如果你用上述问题提问180个国家的人民并且统一量化这些数据——最不快乐的国家布隆迪数值为100，最快乐的国家丹麦数值为273，然后安快乐水平用颜色深浅标示(颜色越深，表示越快乐)，你就回得到这张有趣的地图了。
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2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—工学 类 Passage 18 Tennis hopeful Jamie Hunt, 16, felt he could not become a world-class junior player while attending a regular school. The international circuit has players on the road 50% of the time--and it's hard to focus on your backhand when you're worrying about being on time for homeroom. So last year Hunt, who hones his ground strokes at Elite TNT Tennis Academy in April Sound, Texas, enrolled for academics in the $9,750-a-year University of Miami Online High School (UMOHS), a virtual school that caters to athletes. "The online school gives me the flexibility I need," says Hunt. "The workload is the same, but I can do it anywhere. It's nicer to ask a question face-to-face with a teacher, but in some ways it prepares me better for college because I have to be more independent." A year ago, Hunt's world junior ranking was 886; now it's 108. Virtual high schools, which allow students to take classes via PC, have emerged as an increasingly popular education alternative, particularly for on-the-go athletes. UMOHS has more than 400 students enrolled, 65% of whom are athletes. Accredited by the 100-year-old Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, UMOHS offers honors and advanced-placement classes. All course material is online, along with assignments and due dates. For help, says principal Howard Liebman, "a student may e-mail, instant message or call the teacher." Dallas mom Lori Bannon turned to another online school, Laurel Springs in Ojai, Calif. Bannon, who has a medical degree from Harvard, didn't want to compromise the education of her daughter Lindsay, 13, an élite gymnast who spends eight hours a day in the gym. "Regular school was not an option," says Bannon, "but I wanted to make sure she could go back at grade level if she quit gymnastics." Laurel Springs' enrollment has increased 35% a year for the past four years, to 1,800 students. At least 25% are either athletes or child entertainers. Educators are split on the merits of such schools. Paul Orehovec, an enrollment officer for the University of Miami, admits, "I was somewhat of a skeptic. But when I looked into their programs and accreditation, I was excited. UMOHS is the first online school to be granted membership in the National Honor Society." Kevin Roy, Elite's director of education, sees pitfalls and potential in virtual schools. "You will never have that wonderful teacher who inspires you for life," says Roy. "But the virtual school offers endless possibilities. I don't know where education's imagination will take this." 注(1)：本文选自Time;11/29/2004, p149-149, 1/2p, 1c; 注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 4第1、2题(1、2)，text 1 第2 题(3)，text 3第5 题(5)和2000年真题text 4第4题(4); 1. What does Jamie Hunt get from the virtual school? [A] the ability to perfect his tennis skills [B] the time to do his school work
2014考研英语阅读冲刺练习 模拟测试及答案(3)
2014考研英语阅读冲刺练习模拟测试 及答案(3) Passage Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep. The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑