药学英语

名词缩写

NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振

M S: mass spectrometry 质谱法

USP: the United State Pharmacopoeia 美国药典

N F: National Formulary 国家处方集

GC: gas chromatography 气相色谱法

HTS high-throughput screening 高通量筛选

NCE Novel chemical entities新化学试体

RNA ： ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸

DNA： deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸

OTC: over-the-counter-drugs非处方药

SFDA: the state food and drug administration 国家药品食品监督管理局

NDAs: new drug applications 新药申请

词素分析：

microbiology 微生物学micro- 微，小；- biology 生物学

virology 病毒学viro-病毒,毒；-ology…学…论

bacteriology细菌学bacteri-细菌; -ology …学…论

biopolymers 生物聚合物bio-生...，生物...; -polymers 聚合物

streptomyces 链霉菌属strepto-链,链霉；- myces 真菌学,霉菌学

polysaccharide 多糖,聚糖poly- 聚合物,聚合体; -saccharide 糖,糖类

cytotoxic 细胞毒的,细胞毒性的cyto-细胞；-toxic中毒的,毒物的,毒素的phagocyte吞噬细胞phago-(吞)噬,食；-cyte细胞

macrophage巨噬细胞macro- 巨,大,长,宏观; -phage噬,食,食…者,噬…者hydrochloric acid 盐酸hydro 氢chloric 氯

pro-drug前药pro-前-drug药

ADME药物体内吸收过程

Absorption吸收distribution分布metabolism代谢elimination排泄

动态的平衡：dynamic equilibrium 血浆：blood plasma

浆水：plasma water 不含蛋白质的血浆：protein-free plasma

内皮细胞：endothelium 简化：simplification

给药：administered 排除：elimination

递送：delivery 静脉：vein

动脉：arterial 体循环systemic circulation

渗透：permeation 配方：formulations

生物膜：biological membranes 肝门循环：hepatic portal circulation 溶解：solution

体液：biological fluids 生物药剂学：biopharmaceutics

生物利用度bioavailability

胃肠道屏障gastrointestinal barrier 分解dissolution

合成：synthesized 多巴胺：dopamine

拮抗剂：antagonists 抑制剂：inhibitors

噻嗪类：thiazide 灌注的器官：perfused organs

分子轮盘赌：molecular roulette 生化学：biochemical

血液学：hematological 生育能力：effects on fertility 诱变：mutagenicity 致癌：carcinogenicity

离体组织：isolated tissues 尽可能：as possible

急性：acute

慢性：chronic 亚细胞的：subcellular

药效：efficacy 提纯：purified

levodopa左旋多巴angina心绞痛

peptic ulcer消化性溃疡

teratogenic致畸

mutagenicity诱变

converting enzyme inhibitor hypertension转换酶抑制剂

the endocrine and nervous system 内分泌和神经系统

the endocrine and nervous systems神经系统和内分泌系统immune system 免疫系统

coordinating systems调节系统

the cardiovascular system 心血管系统

the respiratory system 呼吸系统

the digestive system 消化系统

the reproductive system 生殖系统

organ 器官liver 肝脏intestine 肠component 成分enzymes 酶

titrant 滴定剂Acetic acid 乙酸

sodium hydroxide solution NaOH溶液quenching 抑制

quinine 奎宁stoichiometry 化学计量学manipulation 操作步骤volume analysis 容量分析法hydroxide .羟基equilibrium constant 平衡常数equivalence point 平衡点the titration end point 滴定终点gas chromatography 气相色谱法copper 铜

gas-solid chromatography 气固色谱法solute 溶质

gas-liquid chromatography 气液色谱法volatility 挥发性

decomposition 分解column 色谱柱

determination 测定assay 分析

desired component 待测组分alkali 碱

stearic acid 硬脂酸magnesium 镁

potassium biphthalate 领苯二甲酸氢钾insert gas 惰性气体

column 色谱柱gas cylinder气缸

compendium 提纲；摘要specification 规格

specimen 样品attribute 特质；属性

solubility 溶解度melting point 熔点

boiling point 沸点refractive index 折射率

spectral properties 光谱性质density .密度

interfering substance 干扰组分sensitivity 灵敏度

inert .惰性的

refractive index折射率nonaqueous .非水的

quantitatively 定量的complexometric络合滴定的

standardize 标定

处方药 Prescription drugs 脉冲释放 pulse delivery one

交叉感染 cross infection

缓释 sustained-release 定量分析 quantitatively analytical

副作用 side effects 不良反应 adverse reaction

分析技术 analytical technique 体循环 systemic circulation

滴定分析 titrimetric analysis

分离技术 separation technique 新药研发 development of new drugs

OTC:over-the-counter-drugs非处方药

SFDA: the state food and drug administration 国家药品食品监督管理局

NDAS: new drug application 新药申请

Physiology

心血管系统的组成：1、heart心 2、blood血液 3、blood vessels血管

心血管系统的作用（the cardiovascular system）:

Transport oxygen and nutrients from the external environment to

the cells and blood vessels.

右心室的功能：the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air

左心室的功能：the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues

呼吸系统的作用（the respiratory system）:

⑴ The energy required for performing the various activities of the

body is ultimately derived from respiration.

⑵ the oxidation of foodstuffs to release the energy they contain

⑶ excrete carbon dioxide

Firstly they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller

ones to liberate energy for their activities. Thirdly,at some point in their life history, they possess a nucleus which contains genetic information in

the from of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA).

首先他们有界膜，即细胞膜。其次,他们能将大分子降解成较小的分子并释放放能量。第三,他们拥有核包含遗传信息的从脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)。

The activities of the different organ systems need to be coordinated and regulated so that they act together to meet the needs of the body.

所有器官系统的活动都需要协调和监管,使他们共同活动来满足身体的需要.

Two coordinating systems have evolved: the nervous system and the endocrine system. 两个调节系统进化:神经系统和内分泌系统。

The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly to specific cells.神经系统迅速使用电信号传输信息到特定的细胞.

Thus the nerves pass electrical signals to the skeletal muscles to control their contraction.因此,神经电信号传递以控制他们的骨骼肌收缩.

The endocrine system secretes chemical agents , hormones, which travel in the bloodstream to the cells upon, which they exert a regulatory effect.

内分泌系统分泌化学物质，激素，其细胞通过血液递送至细胞发挥起调节作用。

The immune system provides the body’s defenses against infection both by killing invading organisms and by eliminating diseased or damaged cells.

免疫系统使身体通过杀死入侵微生物,消除病变或受损的细胞来抵御感染。

The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemisty.

生命有机体是符合物理化学规律的复杂的、精细的机器（机制）。

Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix.结缔组织中没有很多细胞，多由基质组成。

It has been pretty well established that the increase in strains of resistant to an antibiotic correlates direction with the duration and extent of use of that antibiotic in a given location .In one hospital a survey showed that ,before erythromycin had been widely used there ,all strains ,of staphylococci taken from patients and personnel were sensitive to its action .When the hospital stared extensive use of erythromycin, however,resistant staphylococcus strains began to appear.

现在我们已经很好的证实了细菌株对于抗生素的抗药性增加与该抗生素在该地区的使用的

持续时间和程度是直接相关的。某医院的调查显示，在红霉素广泛的运用之前，所有的病人身上取出的葡萄球菌株对红霉素敏感，然而，当医院开始广泛运用红霉素以来，耐药的葡萄球菌菌株开始出现了。

Unit Three Microbiology

Text A The History of Microbiology

掌握单词：

Polyamides 聚酰胺类

Biopolymers生物聚合物

Polyesters多酯类

Carrier proteins载体蛋白

Secondary metabolites 二级代谢产物

Vaccines疫苗

A single-lens microscope单透镜显微镜

课文重点内容：

1、Pasteur is most famous for his series of experiments designed to disprove the then widely held theory of spontaneous generation, thereby solidifying microbiology’s identity as a biological science. Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation and vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies.

2、Koch is best known for his contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms.He developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Koch’s postulates.

3、It was Martinus Beijierinck’s development of enrichment culturing that had the most immediate impact on microbiology by allowing for the cultivation of a wide range of microbes with wildly different physiologies.

4、Probiotics have been proven to help relieve symptoms of lactose intolerance, boost the immune system, and prevent diarrhea and colon cancer. Prebiotics have been shown to relieve constipation and diarrhea, and reduce the chance of osteoporosis and Type 2 diabetes.

Unit Four Pharmacology

Text B Adverse Drug Reactions

掌握单词：

Side-effects=adverse-effects副作用

Symptom 征状

Complication并发症

Syndrome 综合病征

constitute 构成pharmacological effect 药理学作用therapeutic index 治疗指数

dosage 剂量disordered 紊乱的analgesic 镇痛的carcinogenesis 致癌的源头

insufficiency 不足sterol 固醇；steroid 类固醇

antagonist 拮抗剂; agonist 激动剂prescription 处方

课文翻译段落：

Type A reactions, which constitute the great majority of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug’s main pharmacological effect (e.g. bleeding from warfarin ) or a low therapeutic index (e.g. nausea from digoxin ),and they are therefore predictable. They are dose-relate and usually mild, although they may be serious or even fatal (e.g. Intracranial bleeding from warfarin) . Such reactions are usually due to incorrect dosage (too much or too long), for the individual patient or to disordered pharmacokinetics, usually impaired drug elimination. The term “side-effects” is often applied to minor type A reactions.

翻译如下：

A型不良反应，大多数药品不良反应属于此类，通常是药物的主要药理作用（如华法林引起的出血）或低治疗指数下（如地高辛导致恶心）引起的结果，因此是可预测的。这些不良反应与药物剂量相关，虽然有时也可能是严重的甚至致命的（如华法林导致颅内出血），通常症状都比较轻缓。这些反应一般是由对患者个体而言的不适量给药（太多或太少），或者药物代谢紊乱，通常是药物消除不正常引起。所谓的“副作用”一般就属于A型不良反应。

1.Type A reactions,which constitute the great majority of adverse drug reactions,are usually a consequence of the drug’s main pharmacological effect or a low therapeutic index,and they are therefore predictable.

A型不良反应：大多数药品不良反应属于此类，通常是药物的主要药理作用或低治疗指数下引起的结果，因此是可预期的。

2.Type B reactions are not predictable from the drug’s main pharmacological action,are not dose-related and are severe,with a considerable mortality.

B型不良反应：无法从药物的主要药理作用预期到，与药物剂量无关，且较严重，死亡率高。

3.Such reactions are usually due to incorrect dosage (too much or too long),for the individual patient or to disordered pharmacokinetics,usually impaired drug elimination.

这些反应一般是由对患者个体而言的不适量给药（太多或太少），或者药物代谢紊乱，通常是药物消除不正常引起的。

4.Such reactions are usually due to incorrect dosage (too much or too long),for the individual patient or to disordered pharmacokinetics,usually impaired drug elimination.

这些反应一般是由对患者个体而言的不适量给药（太多或太少），或者药物代谢紊乱，通常是药物消除不正常引起的。

Unit5 Text B Lead Compounds

1.重要词汇：

Lead compounds 先导化合物histamine 组胺cimetidine 西咪替丁Prontosil 百浪多西nitroglycerol硝酸甘油me-too compounds 仿制药antagonist 激动剂

重要知识点：第二节最后两句话关于西咪替丁的例子这里要明白组胺是H2受体激动剂，可激活胃壁上的组胺受体而刺激胃酸的释放。西咪替丁作为这类受体的拮抗剂可降低胃酸的释放水平而达到治疗溃疡的作用。

第四节最后一句百浪多息的例子这里要明白百浪多息是作为染料生产的，但是作为磺胺类药开发的先导化合物。磺胺类药起抑菌作用。

第七节最后第二句这里要明白这些信息是直接通过观察临床患者得来的，而不是来自动物的实验信息，因而，对药物副作用的临床观察是药物新的活性研究的有效方式。

第八节开头这里要明白新活性化合物的发现途径是基于疾病发生的病理学机制

①Prontosil 百浪多息was manufactured as a dye,but was the lead compound for the development of the sulfonamides(磺胺类药物)。百浪多息是一个抑菌药但不是杀菌药。

②．如何寻找新的先导化合物

(1)high-throughput screening(HTS)

(2) me-too drug

(3) e.g vasodilating activity of nitroglycerol 三硝基甘油血管扩张作用

(4)route to new active compounds is a rational design based on the knowledge of the molecular cause of the pathological dysfunction第四路线新活性化合物是一种基于的病理功能障碍的分子原因的知识的合理设计

第三节For example,the chemical........to hear the ulcer关于西咪替丁的例子这里要明白组胺是H2受体激动剂，可激活胃壁上的组胺受体而增加胃酸的释放。西咪替丁作为这类受体的拮抗剂可降低胃酸的释放水平而达到治疗溃疡的作用。histamine 组胺agonist at these receptors 受体激动剂cimetidine 西咪替丁antagonist at these receptors 受体拮抗剂

第五节最后一句百浪多息的例子这里要明白百浪多息是作为染料生产的，但是作为磺胺类药开发的先导化合物。磺胺类药起抑菌作用。Prontosil 百浪多西

第八节research programs.........not in animal 这里要明白这些信息是直接通过观察临床患者得来的，而不是来自动物的实验信息，因而，对药物副作用的临床观察是药物新的活性研究的有效方式。Are of in great interest in 对.....有用

第九节开头这里要明白新活性化合物的发现途径是基于疾病发生的病理学分子机制this approach .......in a speific disease 这得看今后的进展和研究，并在....方面

Unit seven textA

Page94 第二段“Bioavailability”

3个浓度2个平衡

a dynamic equilibrium exists between the concentration of drug at it site(s) of action and the concentration of drug in blood plasma 在其作用部位的药物浓度和药物的血浆浓度

the concentration of drug in plasma water 药物在浆水中的浓度

Bioavailability is thus concerned with the quantity and the rate at which the intact from of a particular drug appears in the systemic circulation following administration of that drug.

因此，在给药后，该药以完整的形式出现在体循环的速度和量与生物利用度有关。

This definition of bioavailability would not be valid in the case of a pro-drug , whose therapeutic action normally depends on it being converted into its therapeutically active form prior to or on reaching the systemic circulation.

生物利用度这一定义不适用于前体药物，一般来说，前体药物在到达体循环时或之前转化为具有治疗活性的形式才能有治疗作用。

Thus any factor which adversely affects either the release of the drug from the dosage form , its dissolution in the gastrointestinal fluids , its stability in the gastrointestinal fluids , its permeation through and stability in the gastrointestinal barrier or its stability in the hepatic portal circulation will influence the bioavailability exhibited by that drug from the dosage form in was administered. 因此，任何不利因素都可以影响药物的给药剂型所展示的生物利用度，包括影响药物从剂型的释放、在肠溶液中的溶解、在肠溶液中的稳定性、对胃肠道屏障的穿透性和穿过时的稳定性、以及在肝门循环中的稳定性等不利因素

Unit 7 Text B New Drugs and Drugs Delivery Systems

1 词汇

Sustained-release preparation 缓释制剂

Controlled-release preparation 控释制剂

Biodegradable polymers 可进行生物降解的聚合物

Osmotic Devices

渗透压装置

2知识点：

(1)Iontophoresis:离子电泳法的原理：

Iontophoresis a drug is literally propelled across the skin by a positive electric charge 离子电渗药物实际上是推动整个皮肤的正电荷。

Maze Escape（迷宫逃离）ethylene 乙烯ethyl 乙基

Transmucosal Delivery(透过粘膜的药物递送系统)

Patch贴剂diffuse扩散angina心绞痛hypertension高血压

degradation降解iontophore离子电泳法

透粘膜吸收protect that drug form degradation in the digestive tract防止药物在消化道降解iontophoresis 用离子电泳法

Osmotic Devices（渗透性装置）特点：the rate of drug delivery is said to be independent of PH and other environmental variable 给药速度与酸碱性以及其他环境变量都无关

water-soluble drug 水溶性药物matrix骨架

pill pump渗透泵片be bound to与…..结合core核心的，不同寻常的

semipermeable半透膜osmotic pressure核内渗透压variable变量

翻译：“欧乐斯”给药系统是由奥尔滋公司开发的，这是一种独一无二的口腔渗透性装置，被称为“渗透泵片”。药物与一个中心物质结合，这种物质又被一种半透明的薄膜

包围，用激光在薄膜上钻一个小孔，在这个水溶液环境下，水通过薄膜进入气孔中，

在气孔中产生越来越大的渗透压，通过激光小孔把一些药物挤出来。据说药物给药

速度与酸碱度以及其他环境变量都无关。

Magnetic Systems(磁性系统)

magnetic field磁场porous polymer多孔聚合物implant植入体pulse-released脉冲释放性immunosuppressant免疫释放剂Biocompatible Microspheres(可生物相溶的微球体)

翻译：另一种方法是像生物降解性聚合物一样，把药物置于聚合物中，以便它可以逐渐释放到体内。但不同的是，该方法中同时含有磁性分子（Fe3O4），在磁场集中地地方磁性分子可以使小珠及药物在人体内某个部位聚集，小球在这个作用部位聚集药物释放，局部抗癌药获得了更好的释放。另外，如果一个病人局部感染，比如膝部酸痛，靶向递送抗炎药。Unit Eight Pharmaceutical Analysis Text B Ananlytical Techniques titrant 滴定剂Acetic acid 乙酸

sodium hydroxide solution NaOH溶液stoichiometry 化学计量学

volume analysis 容量分析法hydroxide .羟基

equilibrium constant 平衡常数

equivalence point 平衡点the titration end point 滴定终点

gas chromatography 气相色谱法copper 铜

gas-solid chromatography 气固色谱法solute 溶质

gas-liquid chromatography 气液色谱法volatility 挥发性

decomposition 分解column 色谱柱

determination 测定complexometric络合滴定的

desired component 待测组分alkali 碱

potassium钾quantitatively 定量的

column 色谱柱titrimetric 滴定分析的

solubility 溶解度melting point 熔点

boiling point 沸点refractive index 折射率

density .密度magnesium 镁

interfering substance 干扰组分

翻译

Separation Techniqoes

The interfering substance can respond quantitatively to the analytical method for the desired component. The sum of the amounts of the desired component and the interfering component.

干扰有多种表现形式，有时干扰组分对被测组分的分析方法有定量的响应。被测组分和干扰组分的总量。

Another common example is the interfering observed in absorption spectroscopy when two solutes have overlapping absorption bands. Sometimes the interference is a partial , non-quantitative response to the assay.另一种常见的干扰情况是在吸收光谱中，两个物质的吸收带有重叠。有时含量测定中的干扰是部分的，非定量的。

Another commonly encountered form of interference is an impairment of the analytical method for the desired component , leading to non-quantitative results even for this component.

另一种经常遇到的干扰情形是对待测组分分析方法的影响，使得该组分的测定结果非定量。Titrimetric Analysis

The basic experimental operation in titrimetric analysis is called titration. In titration，a

solution of one reactant of accurately known concentration（the titrant,or standard solution）is added to a second solution of sample whose amount or concentration is to be determined.

滴定分析中最基本的实验操作就是滴定。在滴定过程中，将已知准确浓度的反应物溶液（滴定剂或标准溶液）加入到另一种反应物溶液中，也就是样品量或浓度待测定的样品溶液中。

Titrant is added to the sample until the amount of titrant added is chemically equivalent to the amount of sample.The stage at which this equivalence occurs is called the equivalence point of the titration,and its experimental estimate is called the titration end point.

滴定剂不断地加入到样品溶液中，直到加入滴定剂的量与样品中待测物的量达到化学平衡。平衡出现的这个时刻就被称为滴定平衡点，而它在实验中得到的测量值就被称为滴定终点。

From the amount of titrant used to reach the end point,from its concentration,and from the known stoichiometry of the substance,the concentration of the solution can be https://www.360docs.net/doc/735537183.html,ually the volume of titrant is measured,and then titrimetric analysis is also volumetric analysis.

通过到达终点时加入滴定剂的体积和浓度，以及已知的滴定反应化学计量关系，就可以计算出被测样品量。因为通常测量的是滴定剂的体积，所以滴定分析也被称为容量分析。

. titration is feasible when一个滴定反应要满足以下条件才可行

A.the titrantion reaction is rapid compared with the speed of titration

滴定反应的速度要与滴定速度相匹配

B.its equilibrum constant is large enough to give a sharp”break”at the end point

平衡常数要足够大，能够在终点时有突跃.

C.a methed of end point detection is available

有合适的可用以检测滴定终点的方法.

Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography is a separation technique whereby a vaporized sample is carried by a flowing stream of (usually) be inert gas through a tube which is either hilled with fine particles or wall-coated with a low-volathity liquid .

气相色谱法（GC）是一种分离技术：挥发性组分被载气（惰性气体）携带通过填充细小颗粒或涂布/键合难以挥发性液体的管道的过程。

The tube is termed the column.

在这里，管道被称为色谱柱。

If the column is filled with dry particles ,the technique is called gas-solid chromatography.

如果色谱柱填充的是干燥颗粒，此方法称为气—固色谱法。

In gas-liquid chromatography，the particles or the inside walls are coated with a low-volatility liquid

如果是涂布或键合难挥发性液体，此方法称为气—液色谱法。

Gas chromatography can be used for the analysis of gas ,liquid,and solid samples ,providing that the latter two can be thermally vaproized without significant decomposition.

气相色谱法可用于分析气体，液体和固体样品，但后两者因其有热稳定性，加热后不被分解。

The size of the peaks (height or area) is a measure of the amount of component present in the mixture.

峰的大小（峰高或峰面积）是衡量各组分在混合体系中含量的指标。

处方药 Prescription drugs

交叉感染 cross infection

缓释 sustained-release 定量分析 quantitatively analytical

分析技术 analytical technique 体循环 systemic circulation

滴定分析 titrimetric analysis

分离技术 separation technique 新药研发 development of new drugs

Unit twelve

Text A

Page 177 第一段“Programmed basic research with sythesis of specific chemical”

针对特定化学物质合成而制定的有计划的基础研究

例子与名称：levodopa 左旋多巴dopamine 多巴胺—— Parkinsonism帕金森神经功能障碍Beta-receptor blockersβ－肾上腺素受体阻滞剂———— angina心绞痛

Histamine(H2) antagonists组胺拮抗剂———— peptic ulcer disease 消化性溃疡Converting enzyme inhibitors 转换酶抑制剂————高血压

Thiazide diuretics 噻嗪类利尿剂————高血压

Page 177”3、Experimental Pharmacology”实验药理学

这些研究在模型中确定是否具有预期的效果。模型的选择应尽可能使其提供可信的人体功效指标。以下是几种常用模型，简单型和复杂型都有：

（1）Cell cultures or bacteria 细胞培养或细菌培养

（2）Patially purified enzymes or subcellular 部分提纯的酶或亚细胞粒子

（3）Isolated tissues 离体组织

（4）Perfused organs 灌注器官

（5）Intact animals from mice to primates 从小鼠到灵长类的正常无损伤动物

The object is to identify therapeutically useful pharmacological activity and to characterize these actions using established models and drugs of known action.

4“Toxicological Assessment”毒理学

(4) Depending on the proposed patient group and disease indication,attention must be paid to:

(a) Effects on fertility in both males and females对于男性和女性的生育力影响

(b) Teratongentic effects on development of the embryo.The vulnerable period is very early in development,during organogenesis 对胚胎发育的畸形影响。其敏感期处于发育早期——器官形成期

(c) Mutagenicity or an increased rate of mutation in germ cell lines or non-reproduction cells,e.g.bone marrow 生殖细胞内膜或非生殖细胞发生诱变或加速突变，如：骨髓

(d) Carcinogenicity or the induction or promotion of malignant tumors 致癌性或恶性肿瘤的诱发或促进