Unit1只有翻译

Unit1

III. Translation

Section A

Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1.Although the DNA in the nucleus of each cell contains all of the genetic

information for all human traits, only a small number of genes are actually active in a particular cell. These active genes are the codes for the proteins necessary for the specific cell type.

尽管每一个细胞核中的DNA都包含有人类特性的所有遗传信息，但实际上只有小数基因在特定细胞中有活性，这些活性基因是特有的细胞类型所必须的蛋白密码。

2.In facilitated diffusion, molecules move through a membrane from an

area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, but they need some help to do this.

在易化扩散中，大分子经一层膜从高浓度区域向低浓度区域移动，但分子要完成这一工作需要某些帮助。

3.The cell membrane is selectively permeable, that is, certain

substances are permitted to pass through and others are not.

细胞膜的渗透性是有选择性的，即某些物质允许通过，而其它物质则不行。

4.Filtration means that water and dissolved materials are forced through

a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

过滤是指水和已溶解物质经一层膜从高压区压送到低压区。

5. Active transport requires the energy of ATP to move molecules from an

area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration.

主动转运需要ATP这种能使分子从低浓度区向高浓度区移动。

Section B

Directions: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1.体内平衡取决于所有不同类型的细胞正常的发挥其功能。(depend upon)

Homeostasis depends upon the normal functions of all of the different kinds of cells.

2.就人口和地域而言，这两个国家差异很大。(with respect to)

With respect to population and geographical area, these two countries vary greatly.

3.染色体由脱氧核糖核酸和蛋白构成，而脱氧核糖核酸又是细胞特征和活性的

遗传密码。(genetic code)

Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein, and the DNA is the genetic code for the characteristics and activities of the cell.

4. 氧气从空气中扩散到血液以便在全身循环，而二氧化碳从血液散播到空气中

以便排出体外。(diffuse )

Oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood to be circulated throughout the body, but carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air to be exhaled from the body.

5.科学不断地提供新的发现，从而进一步支持了他的假设。(back up)

Science continued to throw up discoveries which further backed up his hypothesis.

Unit2

III. Translation

Section A

Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1. At either end of the age spectrum, however, temperature regulation may not be as precise as it is in older children or younger adults.

然而，在年龄段两端的人群，其体温调节精确程度都不如青少年或青年人。

2. The pathways of heat loss from the body are the skin, respiratory tract, and to a lesser extent, the urinary and digestive tracts.

人体散热途径是经皮肤、呼吸道，少量经尿道和消化道散热。

3. Changes in body temperature also have an effect on metabolic rate and heat production. This becomes clinically important when a person has a fever, an abnormally high body temperature.

人体体温的变化也会影响代谢率和产热。当一个人发热、体温异常升高时，从临床上讲，体温变化就显得重要了。

4. Anabolism means synthesis or “formation” reactions, the bonding together of smaller molecules to form larger ones.

合成代谢是指综合或“形成”性反应，即把小的分子结合在一起形成更大的分子。

5. Catabolism means decomposition, the breaking of bonds of larger

molecules to form smaller molecules. Cell respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that break down food molecules to carbon dioxide and water.

分解代谢是指分解，即将较大的分子链分解形成小分子。细胞呼吸过程就是一连串的分解代谢反应---将食物分子分解成二氧化碳和水。

Section B

Directions: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. 1. 新陈代谢是指发生在生物体内的化学过程，可分为合成代谢和分解代谢两大类。(metabolism)

Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in the living organisms. It may be divided into two major categories: anabolism and catabolism.

2. 正常人的体温为37度。随个体、年龄、活动量和每日早晚略有差异，但波动幅度不超过l℃。(fluctuation)

The normal body temperature is 37oC, and varies by person, age, activity, and time of day, but the fluctuations are usually no more than 1.0oC.

3. 在正常情况下，人体通过体温调节系统使体温保持相对稳定。(constant) Under normal conditions, human body is able to maintain a relatively constant body temperature through the system of temperature regulation.

4. 与生活在热带地区的人相比，在寒冷气候下生活的人，新陈代谢率要高

10-20%。(metabolic rate)

People who live in cold climates may have metabolic rates 10% to 20% higher than those who live in tropical regions.

5. 人体体温的调节主要是通过汗腺的分泌及皮肤血管的收缩与舒张。(excretion)

Human body temperature is mainly regulated through the excretion of sweat gland and vasodilation and constriction of blood vessels in the skin.

Unit3

III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1. Ventricular contraction forces blood against the flaps of the right and left AV valves and closes them; the force of blood also opens the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.

心室收缩使血液施压于左右房室瓣并使其关闭；血液的压力也使主动脉半月瓣和肺动脉半月瓣打开。

2. Palpations are usually not serious, and may be the result of too much

caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol. Much more serious is ventricular fibrillation, a very rapid and uncoordinated ventricular beat that is totally ineffective for pumping blood.

心悸通常不很严重，可能因摄入的咖啡因，尼古丁或酒精过量引起。更为严重的是室颤，室颤是一种快速而无节律的心室跳动，可以导致心脏泵血无力。

3. Although the heart generates and maintains its own beat, the rate

of contraction can be changed to adapt to different situations. The nervous system can and does bring about necessary changes in heart rate as well as in force of contraction

尽管心脏自身产生跳动并得以维持跳动，但为了适应不同情况还可以改变收缩率。神经系统可以，并的确能使心率和收缩的强度进行必要的改变。

4. The heart will also be the effector in a reflex stimulated by a decrease

in the oxygen content of the blood. The aortic receptors are strategically located so as to detect such an important change as soon as blood leaves the heart.

心脏在受到血氧量下降激起的反射中起到效应器的作用。主动脉感受器的位置非常关键，所以在血液离心时，感受器能探查出其重要的变化。

5. The cardiac cycle is a sequence of mechanical events that is regulated

by the electrical activity of the myocardium. Cardiac muscle cells have the ability to contract spontaneously, that is, nerve impulses are not required to cause contraction.

心循环是一系列受到心肌电活性调节的机械性活动。心肌细胞能自主收缩，即不需要神经冲动引起收缩。

IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. 房颤是一种常见的不规律的心脏节律，房颤能引起心房，即心脏上腔室不正

常收缩。（atrial fibrillation）

Atrial fibrillation is a very common irregular heart rhythm that causes the atria, the upper chambers of the heart, to contract abnormally.

2. 心电图是用电来记录心脏的活动，其作用是协助诊断动脉疾病、心肌梗塞及

一些先天性心脏病。（electrocardiogram）

The electrocardiogram(ECG) is an electrical recording of heart action and aids in the diagnosis of artery disease, myocardial infarction, and some congenital heart diseases.

3. 强烈要求高等教育改革的呼声遍及全国，人大代表对此也做了提案。( permeate )

A strong desire for higher education reform permeates the whole country,

for which deputies to the People’s Congress have also made their proposals.

4. 心率不齐即是心跳不规律，几乎每个人都有心率不齐的经历。（arrhythmia）

Arrhythmia means the irregular heartbeat, which nearly every individual can experience.

5.为了婴儿饮食安全，他们正在努力研制尽善尽美的新牛奶配方。（formula）They are working on the perfection of their new milk formula to ensure the diet safety of the babies.

Unit4

III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their

daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite

machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.

生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构

复杂而灵巧的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律控制。

2. Although it is helpful to study how each organ performs its functions,

it is essential to recognize that the activity of the body as a whole is

dependent on the intricate interactions between the various organ

systems.

虽然研究各器官如何行使功能很有益处，但我们必须认识到机体作为一个整体所

做的活动依赖于各器官系统间错综复杂的相互作用。

3.If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the

cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at

inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.

如果细胞外液中钾离子过多，心肌细胞兴奋性增强，可能出现不规律的收缩。4. A negative feedback loop requires a sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables. 负反馈环是在机体出现紊乱时，将一些变量控制在限定范围内的一个控制系统。

5.Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment.

每个功能结构都在维持细胞外液稳态方面发挥其作用，这称之为内环境。

IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. 血小板和血浆蛋白通过阻止受伤后的机体血液流失、修复伤口控制稳态。（hemostasis）

Platelets and plasma proteins control hemostasis, a process that stops blood loss after injury and promotes wound healing.

2. 钠钾泵将钠离子主动转运至细胞外，钾离子转运到细胞内。每三个钠离子被转运出细胞，就有两个钾离子被转运到细胞内。（transport）

A sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions (Na+) to the outside and potassium ions (K+) to the inside, with three Na+ moved out for every two K+ moved in.

3. 体内水平衡由位于大脑下丘脑的的渗透压感受器自动调控。（regulate）Water is autonomically regulated by osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus of the brain.

4.营养物质和液体由小肠绒毛内的毛细血管进入血液循环系统。(absorb) Capillaries within the villi of the small intestine are sites where nutrients and fluids are absorbed into the circulatory system.

5. 所有的细胞每时每刻都需要氧气，并不断排出二氧化碳等新陈代谢废物。(eliminate)

) and must continuously All cells require a continuous supply of oxygen (O

2

eliminate a metabolic waste product, carbon dioxide (CO

).

2

III. Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1.The body is constantly striving to maintain a constant internal

environment in the midst of ever-changing conditions.

身体一直在不断变化的条件下保持内环境恒定。

2.Cardiac output then becomes inadequate to meet the demands of the body,

and the patient loses consciousness because insufficient blood reaches the brain.

心输出量不足以满足身体的需要，病人就会因为没有足够的血液到达大脑而失去意识。

3.The liver releases stored glucose into the blood when stimulated by

the sympathetic nervous system, thus providing an increased energy source for actively metabolizing cells.

当受到交感神经系统的刺激时，肝脏会释放储存的葡萄糖到血液里，因此为活跃的新陈代谢细胞提供更多的能量源。

4.People subject to migraine headaches are generally hard-working and

like order; a threat or a conflict causes them to become tense and fatigued.

受偏头痛影响的人通常是努力工作的和喜欢有规律的人。恐吓或冲突会引起他们紧张和疲乏。

5.Asthma, a disease characterized by marked changes in the diameter of

the bronchi and obstruction of the air passageways, usually has an allergic basis

哮喘通常有过敏的基础，这种疾病表现出支气管直径明显变化和气道阻塞。

各种过敏源和刺激物都可以引起哮喘发作。

IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. 他受到严刑拷打, 但没泄露秘密。(subject to)

He had been subjected to punishment, but he didn’t tell the secret.

2. 如身体伤残或患上疾病，以致不能安全驾驶，就不应驾驶。(suffer)

You should not drive if you suffer from any disability or illness that may make it difficult for you to drive safely.

3. 爱迪生说：“天才是99%的血汗加上1%的灵感!”（perspiration）

Thomas Edison said, “genius is 99% perspiration plus 1% of inspiration.”

4.中国养老保险体制的改革与完善提出具有针对性和可操作性的合理化建议，更好地为社会经济实践服务。(provide)

It seeks to provide with reasonable suggestions for the improvement of pension reform in china and better serve for social practice.

5. 较年轻的职员和那些做辅助性工作的人更容易感到无聊。(prone)

Younger employees and those with more menial jobs were also more prone to boredom.

III. Translation

Part A

1. Pathology, in the context of human medicine, is not only a basic or theoretical science but also a clinical medical specialty.

从人类医学上讲，病理学不仅是一门基础或理论学科，也是具有临床医学特色的一个学科。

2. However, on closer scrutiny, the concept of normalcy turns out to be complex and can not be defined succinctly; correspondingly, the concept of disease is far from simple.

然而，从更严谨的角度来看，常态的概念很复杂，不能草草给出定义；相应的，疾病的概念远非如此简单。

3. To place the above considerations in perspective, concepts of normalcy and even of disease are, to an extent, arbitrary and influenced by cultural values as well as by biologic realities.

从这样的角度考虑问题，常态的概念，甚至疾病的概念，在某种程度上是武断的，也可能受到文化价值和生物现实的影响。

4. In the etiology of a particular disease, then, a range of extrinsic or exogenous factors in the environment must be considered along with a variety of intrinsic or endogenous characteristics of the individual. 而且，在一种特定疾病的病因学中，一系列环境中的外在的或外生的因素必须与个体的内在的或内生的特性相结合。

5. Fortunately, many diseases can also undergo what is termed resolution, and the host returns to a completely normal state, without sequelae or complications.

幸运的是，许多疾病也经历病理症状消退的过程，宿主完全恢复正常而无后遗症或并发症。

Part B

1. 在经济领域,政府最大的失败是能源方面。(in terms of)

In terms of economy, the government’s biggest failure is energy.

2. 有时利用周末进行短期旅行时,我会在钱包里专门留一个隔层放收据。(designate)

Sometimes if I’m going on a trip for a quick weekend, I designate a compartment of my wallet, and throw my receipts in.

3. 中餐馆菜单上吓人的错误,让来自世界各地的外国人觉得好笑。(provoke) Terrible mistakes on Chinese restaurant menus provoke the mirth of foreigners all over the world.

4. 人们长期以来一直认为外貌对于女性获得职场晋升至关重要,但研究人员称, 外貌对于男性更为重要。(essential)

While looks have long been thought essential for women to climb the corporate

ladder, researchers say, they are even more important for men.

5. 联想对中国市场的专注将使其进入其他市场的时间较晚,但这也有望成为其最大的优势。(focus)

Lenovo’s focus on China, which will make it a late-comer in other markets, is expected to be the group’s biggest strength.