跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细
Intercultural communication in English
1. Globalization (what & why)
1)Dictionary: to organize or establish worldwide
2)Wiki: Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people and
economic activity.
3)Globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are
becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.
4)Globalization refers to “time-spaces compression”. That is, the way in which the world
appears to be getting smaller. (Reasons: the increasing global mobility of people; the impact of new electronic media on human communications)
5)At the same time, people all over the world are faced with the same environmental issues
that affect all cultures.
6)Global instability stems from clashes between cultures as humankind creates
catastrophes(灾难) that are far worse than natural disasters.
7)Culture interdependence: people from different cultures attempt to get along with each
other and try to decrease conflicts.
Driving force: technology, particularly telecommunications, computers
2. Culture
1)People who are raised or live in a particular place probably speak the same language, hold
many of the same values, and communicate in similar ways.
2)the group of people who share the same ancestry
3)commodities or products that are internationally exported and imported
4) a particular way to satisfy our human needs. Maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness,
esteem, self-actualization
5)The coherent learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that ranks
what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate and dictates behavior.
6)Culture is coherent, learned, the view of a group of people, ranks what is important,
furnishes attitudes
2.1 elements of communication
1)Context: the interrelated conditions of communication(aspects: physical settings, historical,
psychological, culture)
2)Participants: the participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver,
sometimes of the messages simultaneously.
3)Messages: elements: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.
4)Channels: a channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means of
transportation.
5)Noise: noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the
sharing of meaning. They include: external noise, internal noise, semantic noise
6)Feedback: some kind of verbal or nonverbal response
3. Different lands, different friendships
1)European: friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and is
differently related to family life.
2)American: a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.
3)French: F is one to one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’s
intellect, temperament and particular interests; friends generally are of the same sex;
disagreement and argument are the breath of live; compartmentalized (a man play chess with a friend for years without knowing his political opinion)
4)Germany: F is much more articulately a matter of feeling; friends are brought to the family;
disagreement on any subject that matters to both is a tragedy.
5)English: F is based on shared activity, and are formed outside the family circle.
4. Comparing and contrasting cultures
Frederick:
Human nature orientation; man-nature orientation; time orientation; activity orientation; social orientation
Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck:
Human nature; relationship of man to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships
4.1Cultural dimensions (Geert Hofstede)
Individualism versus collectivism
Uncertainty avoidance
Power distance
Masculinity versus femininity
Long-term versus short-term orientation
5. High & low context cultures
Adding: from wikipedia
Low context culture and the contrasting "high context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his book Beyond Culture. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context.
High context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.
6. How is language related to culture?
1)Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.
2)Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as
our perceptions of the universe.
3)All languages have social questions and information questions. The meaning comes out of
the context, the cultural usage.
4)Language reflects cultural values.
5)Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. The
results can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances.
6)Even if two people from different cultures can speak a common language, they may
misinterpret the cultural signals.
7)To summarize, in the culture itself, language-and-culture is embedded in cultural products,
practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. One reflects the other, and they are best seem as joined. Language , as a product of culture, is infused with culture.
7. The sapir-whort hypothesis
8. Nonverbal communication (what)
Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.
I.e. voices, handshakes, hand gestures, eyes movement, face expressions (smile, laugh),touching behavior
It is governed by culture.
Functions: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, and contradicting.
9. Social time
the peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection.
10. Improving intercultural communication
1)To begin with your own culture, regardless of what that culture might be.
2)To identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that bias
the way the world appears to us.
3)To learn to recognize your communication style.
Advices:
1)Both parties involved in intercultural communication should seek a common language and
attempt to understand cultural differences in using the language.
2)To develop empathy - be able to see things from the point of view of others so that we can
better know and adjust to the other people.
3)To be flexible when deciding on how to present yourself to another person.
高中化学重要知识点详细总结
高中化学重要知识点详细总结 一、俗名 无机部分： 纯碱、苏打、天然碱 、口碱：Ｎa 2CO 3 小苏打：NaHCO 3 大苏打：Na 2S 2O 3 石膏（生石膏）：CaSO 4.2H 2O 熟石膏：2CaSO 4·.H 2O 莹石：CaF 2 重晶石：BaSO 4（无毒） 碳铵：NH 4HCO 3 石灰石、大理石：CaCO 3 生石灰：CaO 食盐：NaCl 熟石灰、消石灰：Ca(OH)2 芒硝：Na 2SO 4·7H 2O (缓泻剂) 烧碱、火碱、苛性钠：NaOH 绿矾：FaSO 4·7H 2O 干冰：CO 2 明矾：KAl (SO4)2·12H 2O 漂白粉：Ca (ClO)2 、CaCl 2（混和物） 泻盐：MgSO 4·7H 2O 胆矾、蓝矾：CuSO 4·5H 2O 双氧水：H 2O 2 皓矾：ZnSO 4·7H 2O 硅石、石英：SiO 2 刚玉：Al 2O 3 水玻璃、泡花碱、矿物胶：Na 2SiO 3 铁红、铁矿：Fe 2O 3 磁铁矿：Fe 3O 4 黄铁矿、硫铁矿：FeS 2 铜绿、孔雀石：Cu 2 (OH)2CO 3 菱铁矿：FeCO 3 赤铜矿：Cu 2O 波尔多液：Ca (OH)2和CuSO 4 石硫合剂：Ca (OH)2和S 玻璃的主要成分：Na 2SiO 3、CaSiO 3、SiO 2 过磷酸钙（主要成分）：Ca (H 2PO 4)2和CaSO 4 重过磷酸钙（主要成分）：Ca (H 2PO 4)2 天然气、沼气、坑气（主要成分）：CH 4 水煤气：CO 和H 2 硫酸亚铁铵（淡蓝绿色）：Fe (NH 4)2 (SO 4)2 溶于水后呈淡绿色 光化学烟雾：NO 2在光照下产生的一种有毒气体 王水：浓HNO 3与浓HCl 按体积比1：3混合而成。 铝热剂：Al + Fe 2O 3或其它氧化物。 尿素：CO （NH 2) 2 有机部分： 氯仿：CHCl 3 电石：CaC 2 电石气：C 2H 2 (乙炔) TNT ：三硝基甲苯 酒精、乙醇：C 2H 5OH 氟氯烃：是良好的制冷剂，有毒，但破坏O 3层。 醋酸：冰醋酸、食醋 CH 3COOH 裂解气成分（石油裂化）：烯烃、烷烃、炔烃、H 2S 、CO 2、CO 等。 甘油、丙三醇 ：C 3H 8O 3 焦炉气成分（煤干馏）：H 2、CH 4、乙烯、CO 等。 石炭酸：苯酚 蚁醛：甲醛 HCHO 福尔马林：35%—40%的甲醛水溶液 蚁酸：甲酸 HCOOH 葡萄糖：C 6H 12O 6 果糖：C 6H 12O 6 蔗糖：C 12H 22O 11 麦芽糖：C 12H 22O 11 淀粉：（C 6H 10O 5）n 硬脂酸：C 17H 35COOH 油酸：C 17H 33COOH 软脂酸：C 15H 31COOH 草酸：乙二酸 HOOC —COOH 使蓝墨水褪色，强酸性，受热分解成CO 2和水，使KMnO 4酸性溶液褪色。 二、 颜色 铁：铁粉是黑色的；一整块的固体铁是银白色的。 Fe 2+——浅绿色 Fe 3O 4——黑色晶体 Fe(OH)2——白色沉淀 Fe 3+——黄色 Fe (OH)3——红褐色沉淀 Fe (SCN)3——血红色溶液 FeO ——黑色的粉末 Fe (NH 4)2(SO 4)2——淡蓝绿色 Fe 2O 3——红棕色粉末 FeS ——黑色固体 铜：单质是紫红色 Cu 2+——蓝色 CuO ——黑色 Cu 2O ——红色 CuSO 4（无水）—白色 CuSO 4·5H 2O ——蓝色 Cu 2 (OH)2CO 3 —绿色 Cu(OH)2——蓝色 [Cu(NH 3)4]SO 4——深蓝色溶液 BaSO 4 、BaCO 3 、Ag 2CO 3 、CaCO 3 、AgCl 、 Mg (OH)2 、三溴苯酚均是白色沉淀 Al(OH)3 白色絮状沉淀 H 4SiO 4（原硅酸）白色胶状沉淀 Cl 2、氯水——黄绿色 F 2——淡黄绿色气体 Br 2——深红棕色液体 I 2——紫黑色固体 HF 、HCl 、HBr 、HI 均为无色气体，在空气中均形成白雾 CCl 4——无色的液体，密度大于水，与水不互溶 KMnO 4--——紫色 MnO 4-——紫色 Na 2O 2—淡黄色固体 Ag 3PO 4—黄色沉淀 S —黄色固体 AgBr —浅黄色沉淀 AgI —黄色沉淀 O 3—淡蓝色气体 SO 2—无色，有剌激性气味、有毒的气体 SO 3—无色固体（沸点44.8 0C ） 品红溶液——红色 氢氟酸：HF ——腐蚀玻璃 N 2O 4、NO ——无色气体 NO 2——红棕色气体 NH 3——无色、有剌激性气味气体 三、 现象： 1、铝片与盐酸反应是放热的，Ba(OH)2与NH 4Cl 反应是吸热的； 2、Na 与H 2O （放有酚酞）反应，熔化、浮于水面、转动、有气体放出；(熔、浮、游、嘶、红) 3、焰色反应：Na 黄色、K 紫色（透过蓝色的钴玻璃）、Cu 绿色、Ca 砖红、Na +（黄色）、K +（紫色）。 4、Cu 丝在Cl 2中燃烧产生棕色的烟； 5、H 2在Cl 2中燃烧是苍白色的火焰； 6、Na 在Cl 2中燃烧产生大量的白烟； 7、P 在Cl 2中燃烧产生大量的白色烟雾； 8、SO 2通入品红溶液先褪色，加热后恢复原色； 9、NH 3与HCl 相遇产生大量的白烟； 10、铝箔在氧气中激烈燃烧产生刺眼的白光； 11、镁条在空气中燃烧产生刺眼白光，在CO 2中燃烧生成白色粉末（MgO ），产生黑烟； 12、铁丝在Cl 2中燃烧，产生棕色的烟； 13、HF 腐蚀玻璃：4HF + SiO 2 ＝ SiF 4 + 2H 2O 14、Fe(OH)2在空气中被氧化：由白色变为灰绿最后变为红褐色； 15、在常温下：Fe 、Al 在浓H 2SO 4和浓HNO 3中钝化； 16、向盛有苯酚溶液的试管中滴入FeCl 3溶液，溶液呈紫色；苯酚遇空气呈粉红色。 17、蛋白质遇浓HNO 3变黄，被灼烧时有烧焦羽毛气味； 18、在空气中燃烧：S ——微弱的淡蓝色火焰 H 2——淡蓝色火焰 H 2S ——淡蓝色火焰 CO ——蓝色火焰 CH 4——明亮并呈蓝色的火焰 S 在O 2中燃烧——明亮的蓝紫色火焰。 19．特征反应现象：])([])([32OH Fe OH Fe 红褐色白色沉淀空气??→? 20．浅黄色固体：S 或Na 2O 2或AgBr 21．使品红溶液褪色的气体：SO 2（加热后又恢复红色）、Cl 2（加热后不恢复红色） 22．有色溶液：Fe 2+（浅绿色）、Fe 3+（黄色）、Cu 2+（蓝色）、MnO 4-（紫色） 有色固体：红色（Cu 、Cu 2O 、Fe 2O 3）、红褐色[Fe(OH)3] 黑色（CuO 、FeO 、FeS 、CuS 、Ag 2S 、PbS ）
跨文化交际知识点
跨文化交际知识点： 1.L.S.Hams认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生、文字的使用、印刷术的发明、近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展、跨文化交际。近20年来的交际是以跨文化交际为特征的。 2.跨文化交际学首先在美国兴起，与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切。 3.Edwar Hall《无声的语言》是跨文化交际的奠基之作。 4.1970年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。 5.1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议在日本东京召开。 6.70年代影响最大的书籍是《跨文化交际学选读》。 7.Jenny Thomas《跨文化语用失误》：语用—语言失误；社交—语用失误。 8.前苏联的跨文化交际学主要表现在国情语言学方面。 9.传播种类：(1)人类传播①社会传播A交集传播B组织传播C大众传播②非社会传播(2)非人类传播 10.早期影响最大的传播模式是Harold Lasswell提出的5w模式。即who、say what、in what channel、to whom、with what rffects。 11.1949年Claude Shannon和Warren Weaver共同提出了线性模式，增加了“噪音”（干扰因素），把媒介分解。 12.50年代，Charles Osgood和Wilbur Schramm提出循环式的模式，加入“反馈”。 13.社会学家Jack Lyle与M.Lyle把传播过程看作是社会过程之一，特点是把传播放在社会环境中考察。 14.我国最早的辞书《尔雅》。 15.萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说基于对印第安语的研究。 16.red caipet treatment用红毯接待red-light district红灯区red flags提高警惕预防出事的状况in the red赤字 17.politics—“中性”含贬义，为争权夺利不惜采取各种手段的意思；政治—“中性”，实际用时有褒义。 18.intellectual—致力于研究的人，衍生出纸上谈兵的贬义；知识分子—受过大学教育的脑力劳动者。 19.peasant—没有受过教育，举止粗鲁、思想狭隘的人；农民—直接从事农业生产劳动的人。 20.dragon—表示罪恶、邪恶，令人感到恐怖，战争的旗帜，形容人指飞扬跋扈令人讨厌；龙—用于好的意思。 21.phoenix—“再生”、“复活”；凤凰—天下太平，有圣德的人。 22.owl—智慧的鸟，比喻人聪明；猫头鹰—不详之鸟。 23.peacock—通常是贬义，含有骄傲、炫耀、洋洋得意的意思；孔雀—吉祥的象征，大吉大利。 24.dog—中性褒义的情况多；狗—一般用于贬义。 25.Cinderella（灰姑娘）泛指不受重视的人或部门或指有才干但一时未被赏识的人。 26.Shylock（夏洛克）指心肠狠毒唯利是图的小人。 27.to meet one’s Waterloo遭到决定性失败 28.Catch-22进退维谷，左右为难 29.韩国人写文章—归纳法；美国人写文章—演绎法。 30.美国人的思维模式是“桥式”，直接明白地传达给对方。 31.日本人的思维方式是“垫脚石式”，采取迂回、隐含的手法。 32.非语言交际的特点：（1）没有正式的规则和模式，没有固定的结构（2）没有一套具有明确意义的符号（3）有连续性的（4）一部分是本能，一部分是后天习得（5）信息右脑处理 33.阿拉伯人在讲话时总是盯着对方的眼睛。 34.将手掌平放在脖子下面，中国指杀头，英国指吃饱了。 35.食指和中指轻叩桌面，广东指感谢，北方表示不耐烦。 36.美国人站在公路旁边伸出拇指（thunb a ride）表示希望搭车。 37.英美人把中指放在食指上面（let’s keep our fingers crossed.）表示希望某事成功。 38.手兜起来，放在耳后，表示听不见或听不清楚。
跨文化交际期末试题[完整]
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
跨文化交际 期末复习资料
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
重要知识点详细总结2017高考化学
2017高考化学重要知识点详细总结一、俗名
有机部分
四、考试中经常用到的规律： 1、溶解性规律——见溶解性表； 2、常用酸、碱指示剂的变色范围：
3、在惰性电极上，各种离子的放电顺序： 阴极（夺电子的能力）：Au3+>Ag+>Hg2+>Cu2+>Pb2+>Fa2+>Zn2+>H+>Al3+>Mg2+>Na+>Ca2+>K+ 阳极（失电子的能力）：S2- >I->Br–>Cl->OH- >含氧酸根 注意：若用金属作阳极，电解时阳极本身发生氧化还原反应（Pt、Au除外） 4、双水解离子方程式的书写： （1）左边写出水解的离子，右边写出水解产物； （2）配平：在左边先配平电荷，再在右边配平其它原子； （3）H、O不平则在那边加水。 例：当Na2CO3与AlCl3溶液混和时： 3 CO32-+ 2Al3++ 3H2O = 2Al(OH)3↓+ 3CO2↑ 5、写电解总反应方程式的方法：（1）分析：反应物、生成物是什么；（2）配平。 例： 电解KCl溶液：2KCl + 2H2O == H2↑+ Cl2↑+ 2KOH 配平：2KCl + 2H2O == H2↑+ Cl2↑+ 2KOH 6、将一个化学反应方程式分写成二个电极反应的方法： （1）按电子得失写出二个半反应式； （2）再考虑反应时的环境（酸性或碱性）； （3）使二边的原子数、电荷数相等。 例：蓄电池内的反应为：Pb + PbO2+ 2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4+ 2H2O 试写出作为原电池(放电)时的电极反应。 写出二个半反应：Pb –2e- →PbSO4 PbO2+2e- →PbSO4 分析：在酸性环境中，补满其它原子： 应为：负极：Pb + SO42--2e- = PbSO4正极：PbO2 + 4H++ SO42-+2e- = PbSO4+ 2H2O 注意：当是充电时则是电解，电极反应则为以上电极反应的倒转： 为：阴极：PbSO4+2e-= Pb + SO42-阳极：PbSO4+ 2H2O -2e- = PbO2 + 4H++ SO42- 7、在解计算题中常用到的恒等：原子恒等、离子恒等、电子恒等、电荷恒等、电量恒等，用到的方法有：质量守恒、差量法、归一法、极限法、关系法、十字交法和估算法。（非氧化还原反应：原子守恒、电荷平衡、物料平衡用得多，氧化还原反应：电子守恒用得多） 8、电子层结构相同的离子，核电荷数越多，离子半径越小； 9、晶体的熔点：原子晶体>离子晶体>分子晶体中学学到的原子晶体有：Si、SiC 、SiO2=和金刚石。原子晶体的熔点的比较是以原子半径为依据的：金刚石> SiC > Si （因为原子半径：Si> C> O）. 10、分子晶体的熔、沸点：组成和结构相似的物质，分子量越大熔、沸点越高。 11、胶体的带电：一般说来，金属氢氧化物、金属氧化物的胶体粒子带正电，非金属氧化物、金属硫化物的胶体粒子带负电。 12、氧化性：MnO4->Cl2>Br2>Fe3+>I2>S=4(+4价的S) 例：I2+SO2 + H2O = H2SO4+ 2HI 13、含有Fe3+的溶液一般呈酸性。 14、能形成氢键的物质：H2O 、NH3 、HF、CH3CH2OH 。 15、氨水（乙醇溶液一样）的密度小于1，浓度越大，密度越小，硫酸的密度大于1，浓度越大，密度越大，98%的浓硫酸的密度为：1.84g/cm3。 16、离子是否共存： （1）是否有沉淀生成、气体放出； （2）是否有弱电解质生成； （3）是否发生氧化还原反应；
跨文化交际基础知识
跨文化交际基础知识
跨文化交际基础知识 【复习指南】 这部分内容主要涉及跨文化交际的基本理论及较为常见的日常交际礼仪，在选择题、填空题、判断题中所占比例较少，但与案例分析部分紧密结合；建议考生复习此块内容时，注意相关理论概念在实际案例中的运用。考生可重点看胡文仲《跨文化交际学》或吴为善的《跨文化概论》，这两本书对于跨文化交际的基本概念、基础理论等都有全面介绍。 【知识点归纳】 1.重点概念： （1）文化：culture，涉及内容十分广泛，不同研究者有不同定义。 广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。 狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式；自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。 总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。 其特性是：人类独有；来自后天习得；大部分存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动态，与一定历史时期相联系。 （2）交际：就是人与人之间的往来交际活动，文化在交际中得到发展与传播。跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。 （3）编码与解码 交际是一个编码和解码的过程；编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程，解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。
“他定势” 定势概念应用到跨文化交际上后，称为文化定势(又译文化定型或刻板印象)，是指人们在跨文化交际研究或跨文化实际交往中对不同文化背景的民族和国家成员的笼统的、先验的看法。 （4）文化冲突 指两种或者两种以上的文化相互接触所产生的竞争和对抗状态。最早由由哈佛大学国际关系教授萨缪尔·亨廷顿（Samuel Huntington )在《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》中提出。 （5）文化曲解 不同民族、社区和集团的的文化，有不同的价值目标和价值取向，并且常常各自以自己的文化为优越，视其他文化为危险物；当其他文化在传播、接触的时候，便会有不顾客观事实歪曲原意或作错误理解。文化曲解既是文化冲突的诱发因素，也是文化冲突的表现。 （6）主流文化与亚文化 主流文化是一个社会、一个时代受到倡导的、起着主要影响、具有群体认同的文化。 亚文化（subculture）:又称小文化、集体文化或副文化，指某一文化群体所属次级群体的成员共有的独特信念、价值观和生活习惯，与主文化相对应的那些非主流的、局部的文化现象。 （7）文化距离 是指不同文化之间的差异程度，主要包括语言方面的差异、生活习惯的差异、社会文化方面的差异等。 （8）文化休克 “文化休克”，Cultural Shock，是1958年美国人类学家奥博格(Kalvero Oberg)提出来的概念。是指一个人进入到不熟悉的文化环境时，因失去自己熟悉的所有社会交流的符号与手段而产生的一种迷失、疑惑、排斥甚至恐惧的感觉。 文化休克常见于移民当中或者是在一个社会内，不同文化背景的民族因文化生活环境发生根本性改变的时候。
跨文化交际期末
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of