上海行知中学高一下英语选词填空专练

=========专项训练·词汇=========

(A)

A German entrepreneur named Lasse Rheingans has become a subject of attention since The Wall Street Journal recently reported on a novel idea he has put in place at his 16-person technology start-up: a five-hour workday. They arrive at 8 a.m. and leave at 1 p.m., at which __1__ they’re not expected to work until the next morning.

This __2__ between time in the office and time spent working is critical. In our current age of email and smartphones, work has pervaded (渗透) more and more of our waking hours, making the idea of a(n) __3__ workday seem quaint (古怪的). We’re driven to these extremes by some __4__ sense that all of this crazy communicating will make us more productive.

Mr. Rheingans is betting that we have this wrong. His experiment is based on the idea that once you remove time-wasting distractions and constrain (约束) __5__ conversation about your work, five hours should be sufficient to accomplish most of the core activities.

To __6__ this new approach, he has employees leave their phones in their bags at the office and blocks access to social media on the company network. Strict rules reduce time spent in meetings. Perhaps most important, his employees now check work email only twice each day.

The Wall Street Journal described it as “radical (激进的).” However, many people are heartened to see Mr. Rheingans’s idea of short workday and, as was reported this week, Microsoft Japan’s __7__ with a four-day week during the summer. It’s not yet clear that these innovations are exactly the right way to run technology companies, or whether they can __8__ to other business contexts. But what is right in this case is the __9__ mind-set that led to these experiments in the first place. If like many digital knowledge workers, you’re exhausted by endless work and flooded inboxes, the good news is that better and more sustainable ways of producing valuable __10__ with your brain might be coming — if we can find enough visionaries willing to try out “radical” new ideas about how best to get things done.

(B)

Contemporary worries about the impact of technology are part of a historical pattern.

Faster, cheaper, better — technology is one field many people rely upon to offer a __1__ of a brighter future. But as the 2020s __2__, optimism is in short supply. The new technologies that dominated the past decade seem to be making things worse. Social media were supposed to bring people together. In the Arab Spring of 2011 they were hailed (赞扬) as a liberating __3__. Today they are better known for invading privacy and undermining democracy. E -commerce, ride -hailing and the gig economy may be convenient, but they are __4__ with underpaying workers and crowding the streets with vehicles. Parents worry that smartphones have turned their children into screen -addicted zombies.

The technologies expected to dominate the new decade also seem to __5__ a dark shadow. Artificial intelligence (AI) may well entrench (使根深蒂固) bias and prejudice, threaten your job and shore up authoritarian rulers. 5G is at the heart of the Sino -American trade war. Autonomous cars still do not work, but manage to kill people all the same. Polls show that internet firms are now less __6__ than the banking industry. At the very moment banks are striving to

rebrand

themselves as tech firms, and internet giants have become the new banks.

Today’s gloomy (忧郁的) mood is __7__ on smartphones and social media, which took off a decade ago. Yet concerns that humanity has taken a technological wrong turn, or that particular technologies might be doing more harm than good, have arisen before. In the 1970s the despondency (沮丧) was prompted by concerns about overpopulation and environmental damage. The 1920s __8__ a backlash (强烈抵制) against cars, which had earlier been seen as a good answer to the pain of horse -drawn vehicles.

In each of these __9__ cases disappointment arose from a mix of unrealized hopes and unforeseen consequences. However, the pessimism can be overdone. Too often people focus on the drawbacks of a new technology while taking its benefits for granted. Worries about screen time should be weighed against the much greater benefits of convenient communication and the __10__ access to information and entertainment that smartphones make possible.

(C)

Climate protests drew millions around the world in September. Many of the

Democratic

presidential candidates have rolled out ambitious plans to cut carbon while making the economy greener. And yet a leading cause of climate change remains persistently __1__: clothing.

The clothing and footwear industry is responsible for 8 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Without intervention(干预), the industry’s impact on the climate is on __2__ to increase by almost half by 2030.

Clothes are easy to __3__ because they are made far away and have throughout history been made by low-paid laborers. But clothing affects every other environmental problem we care about.

A cotton T-shirt requires thousands of gallons of water to make. And when the polyester or nylon clothes get washed, they junk up our oceans with microplastic pollution.

But __4__, some clothing companies are waking up to the climate crisis. A growing number of brands are __5__ to grass-roots pressure and consumer surveys that show that sustainability and ethics are top concerns for young shoppers.

But fashion can’t go green by itself. It won’t even make a dent (凹痕) in the problem without international cooperation and mainstream __6__.

The clothing industry, like most industries, is also __7__ reliant on fossil fuels. They’re used to fire up boilers in textile mills, to make the pesticides dumped onto cotton fields and to produce the gobs of chemicals that dye and finish fabrics. Getting clothing off oil will not be easy.

Consumers have an important part to play in making fashion sustainable. We can work to __8__ the life of all clothes by switching more of our purchases to secondhand and online resale, renting for special occasions, and repairing clothes instead of throwing them away.

We need activists, journalists, scientists and academics who focus on sustainability to include clothing in their work. And we need government action and innovative policy that addresses the global impact of the stuff we buy. For example, France has passed a bill __9__ the destruction of unsold clothing.

But first we need all people who care about climate change to understand that they’re part of the problem and the __10__, just by wearing clothes.

(D)

LONDON — One by one, the pubs are disappearing in Hampstead, a jewel -box village of cobbled lanes and Georgian homes that has become one of this city’s most fashionable neighborhoods.

Changing economics and shifting tastes have __1__ roughly one out of every five pubs during the last two decades in Britain, and things are growing worse. Since the 2008 financial crisis, 7,000 have shut, leaving some small communities facing something __2__: life without a “local,” as pubs are known.

And that has spurred (鼓励) the government into __3__. New legislation is letting people petition (请愿) to have a pub considered an “asset (财产) of community value,” a(n) __4__ that provides a degree of protection from destruction and helps community groups buy pubs themselves.

Still, the traditional pub is being __5__ as never before, even after George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, reversed course last March and reduced the tax paid on every pint of beer, by a penny. Antismoking laws are keeping smokers away. Cut -price beer for sale at supermarkets is __6__ into business.

And then there is a cultural shift on beer: People in Britain are drinking about 23 percent less beer than a decade ago. Pubs have been trying to take up the slack (萧条) with other beverages and __7__ food menus.

One battleground here in Hampstead is at the Old White Bear. A handsome, two -chimney building of red brick, the Bear has __8__ its spot on Well Road for three centuries.

But after the Old White Bear was bought by a group of developers through a company on the Isle of Man, 2,000 people signed a petition to save the pub. The Bear has been declared an asset of community value, and the local council has so far refused permission to turn it into a six -

bedroom

house. Even so, the pub closed on Feb. 2. With the developers determined to fight, the Bear’s future is __9__.

Guy Wingate, a longtime patron, pointed to Hampstead’s __10__ locals. While the village has other pubs, the Old White Bear, he said, had become the center of his community.

“You destroy that, and we’re either all going to wander the streets or stay indoors and not see each other ever again,” Mr. Wingate said.

(E)

Many employees have the intention to query the orders when they see their bosses headed down the wrong track. But __1__, for fear of appearing foolish and thus possibly at the risk of losing their jobs, often leads workers to keep silent.

A __2__ of silence can be dangerous, argues a new book The Fearless Organization, by Amy Edmondson, a professor at Harvard Business School. Some of her examples are from the airline

industry. One was its deadliest accident: a crash between Boeing 747s in the Canary Islands in 1977 when a co-pilot felt unable to query his captain’s decision to __3__ based on a misunderstanding of instructions from air-traffic control. Another case was that of the Columbia space shuttle in 2003; an engineer who may have __4__ damage to the shuttle’s wing before the flight felt unable to speak as he was “too low down” at NASA.

In a corporate culture based on fear, it may appear that __5__ are being achieved in the short term. But in the long run the effect is likely to be counterproductive. Studies show that fear inhibits (阻碍) learning. And when faced with a problem, scared workers find ways of covering it up or getting around it with inefficient __6__.

The solution is to create an atmosphere of “psychological safety” whereby workers can speak their minds. It does not mean that workers, or their ideas, are __7__ from criticism, or that they should complain continuously.

Pixar, the production firm, created what it called a “Braintrust” to give feedback to film directors. The rules were that feedback should be constructive and about the idea, not the person, and that filmmakers should not be __8__ in response.

And psychological safety is not about whistleblowing(检举). Indeed, if an employee feels the need to act as a whistleblower by speaking to external authorities, it suggests managers have not created an environment within the firm where criticism can be __9__. Nor is such a culture only about safety or avoiding mistakes. As mundane (单调的) tasks are automated, and workers __10__ computers for data analysis, the added value of humans will stem from their creativity. But as Ms Edmondson’s book amply demonstrates, it is hard to be either constructive or creative if you are not confident about speaking out.

(F)

With a name like The Daily Orange , you might think the Syracuse University student -run newspaper prints a new issue every day.

The newspaper began __1__ at the Syracuse, New York -based school in 1903. It has trained generations of reporters since. But The Daily Orange only prints a new issue three times a week. Editor -in -chief Haley Robertson __2__ about where she will find former students willing to donate money so the newspaper can send reporters on the road to cover the university’s sports teams.

Media executives many years older than Robertson are __3__ similar problems. The news industry’s financial difficulties have spread to colleges and universities across the United States. College journalism educators are changing the way they teach to ensure what their students are learning __4__ useful in an ever -changing media environment.

Chris Evans is president of the College Media Association, or CMA. He notes that __5__ college newspapers have shut but some have had to cut the number of times they publish each week.

Maddy Arrowood is the editor -in -chief of the University of North Carolina’s Daily Tar Heel . The newspaper moved to three days a week in 2017 when its directors realized they were almost out of money, she says.

The Hilltop newspaper at Howard University in Washington, D.C., __6__ with a $280,000 debt, printed its first edition of the school year in October. The Maneater at the University

of

Missouri used to print twice a week, then once. Now it is __7__ to once a month. It operates separately from a newspaper run by professors and students that covers the town of Columbia.

Editor Leah Glasser says The Maneater now __8__ workers yearly dues. In other words, they must actually pay money to work there. They can avoid the dues if they find a former student to support them or sell enough advertising to cover it.

Newspapers like The Daily Orange and Daily Tar Heel do not take money from the university or fellow students. The newspapers believe that represents a(n) __9__ of interest. However, most student newspapers do receive this kind of financial support.

Many journalism educators have at some point wondered to themselves: Am I preparing young people for a(n) __10__ industry?

=========专项训练·词汇=========

(A) EAGIBJHCKD (B) DAJBCIFHGK

(C) GHEFKDBICJ (D) FKGCHAIEBD

(E) BGFCHJKDEI (F) AEFGDIHKBC