四级阅读基本功1
四级阅读基本功
Exercise
Clearly,protecting will come only through coordinated international efforts to control human population, stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth's complex web of life.
When first given to individuals,animals, and places they were chosen carefully with a hope of endowing whatever was named with some sort of magic.
If you think as much of others as of yourself, you will not make any of these mistakes.
要点：to control....,stabilize...,and preserve...为三个并列的动词不定式,修饰efforts."stabilize"和'preserve"两词前省略"to"
译文：很清楚,保护只有通过国际间的合作努力才能实现,通过这些努力来控制人口,稳定大气结构,使地球上复杂的生物网完好无损.
要点：when引导的时间状语从句中,主语是"they",即句子中的"names",谓语动词是"were given",为了避免重复,与主句中相同的部分省略了.whatever引导的从句作动名词endowing的宾语.
译文:当首次给人,动物和地方取名时,总要非常谨慎地进行选择,希望不管取的名字叫什么,都能为其赋予某种魔力.
要点：句中as much ....as连接的平行结构有两个: think of others和(think) of yourself.在连词as后面省略了与前半句相同的部分think.全句应为: If you think of
others as much as you think of yourself....
译文：如果你像关心自己那样去关心别人,你就不会犯这些错误中的任何一种
第六章省略
英语句子有时复杂难辨的另一个原因是由于句子中的某些成分被省略掉了。为了避免重复，增强所表达的意思的紧凑性、逻辑性和新颖性，常常把句子前部分已经交代过的人、事或动作在不影响语义内容表达连贯的情况下，从句子后部分的成分中省略掉。省略一般出现在平行结构的后半部分或各类从句中。被省略的部分大多是主语，谓语或者谓语的助动词等。
Exercise
When a man has a gun against your head you do what you're told. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict one.
The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs.
要点：what you're told后面省略了"to do"。在ask，order等动词后一般都出现这种省略。
译文：当有人拿枪顶着你的脑袋时，你就该照他说的去做。
要点：while连词在句中表示转折。while句中省略了部分表语成分，补全成分应为"...,while the parties to a conflict are aware of one another."
译文：竞争者可能彼此并不了解对方，然而冲突双方却互相了解。
要点：set...against...意为“把。。。和。。。对立”。those指代前面interests，避免重复。and后面省略了those。
译文：这种未可预料的形势把环境保护者的利益与公司的利益以及要承受失业的个人的利益对立起来。
Excrise
Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
Most Asian-American students owe their success to the influence of parents who are determined that their children take full advantage of what the American educational system has to offer.
But a committee faced with a major decision can't always move as quickly as the events it's trying to respond to.
要点：谓语动词"concluded"在句中带有两个that引导的宾语从句，即:"that it was not primarily the sight..."和"that there exists a ..."。第一个宾语从句实际上是一个强调句。"success"后面有一个定语从句"they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill"对其进行修饰。
译文：帕普塞克得出结论，使他们开心的不是灯光，而是由于他们在解决问题，掌握技能时所取得的成功。而且人类还有一种基本欲望：认识并支配世界。
要点："owe...to"意为"。。。归功于。。。"，"owe their success to the influence of parents"意为"他们的成功归功于父母的影响。"parents"后有"who"引导的定语从句，其
中"are determined"后又有一个that引导的宾语从句，谓语要求用动词原形"take"。"take advantage of"后又有一个what 引导的宾语从句。
译文：大多数亚裔美国学生把成功归功于父母的影响，因为他们的父母决心要自己的孩子充分利用美国教育体制所能提供的一切有利条件。
要点：句子虽然很短却是主从复合句。句子的主句是a committee can't move as quickly as the events。句中faced with...是过去分词短语作定语，修饰committee。在as quickly as中，第二个as是连词，后面省略了谓语。it's trying to respond是省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰events;it指代committee。faced with a major decision在意义上表示时间，翻译时可把它译成时间状语。
译文：委员会在面临重大决策时，未必总是能对迅速变化的事件作出及时的反应
Excrise
Someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more congnitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
When building space on the ground becomes scarce use must be made of the space in the air.
Ｗhen a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.
要点：句首的someone后有介词短语with a history of doing more rather than less 对其进行修饰。第二个someone后有一个定语从句who has not had an active mind
对其进行修饰。“sound”在此句中的意思为“健康，健全”。
译文:经常积极思考的人进入老年后,比不积极思考的人在认知方面更加健康.
要点：主句的谓语use must be made of the space in the air.是被动语态。在英语中“动词＋名词＋介词”类的短语将主动语态改为被动语态有两种改法。一种是将词组中的名词上升为主语；另一种是将介词后面的宾语升为主语。
举例：主语态：They take care of the babies.
被动态１Care of the babies are taken by them.
被动态２The babies are taken care by them.
在本句中是采用了第一种做法，全句的主动语态为Ｗe must take use of the space in the air.
译文：当地面的建筑空间变得紧张时，我们必须在空中拓展空间。
要点：when引导时间状语从句，直到逗号为止。"an item"后有定语从句"she or he bought "对其修饰，" in some way "意为在某一方面，"live up to"意为达到。。。标准。译文：消费者一旦发现所购商品有缺陷或者在某一方面不能达到生产厂家宣称的标准，应采取的第一步是向购物商店出示保单或其他有效的证据。
Excrise
In fact, "learning to use a computer" is like "learning to play a game", but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same.
Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation.
My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.
要点："learning to use a computer"和" learning to play a game"均为动名词短语，分别做主语和表语。but连接两个并列句，其中后一句里"whose rules may not be the same"为非限制性定语从句，修饰"a second game."
译文：事实上，学习使用计算机就像学玩游戏一样，但是学了一个游戏规则可能无助于你玩第二个游戏，因为游戏的规则可能有所不同。
要点："those"后有定语从句修饰。该定语从句为：who oppose the building of flats."the assumption"后有一同位语从句修饰，即"that everyone prefers an individual home and garden". "base on"有"the assumption"和" the high cost"两个并列短语。
译文：那些反对建公寓的人所根据的主要理由是，他们认为每个人都想拥有单独的住宅和花园，另外，公寓楼每个居住单元的成本太高。
要点：that引导的是一个表语从句，这个表语从句的主干结构为"the complaint is inevitable"."complaint"由后面的介词短语"of one generation about the
one(generation) immediately following it"修饰。
译文：我要强调的是一代人对其下一代的抱怨是不可避免的.
Exercise
Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.
Rich bodies were carefully wrapped in yards of cloth, leaving diamond-shaped spaces which were decorated with precious stones and pieces of gold.
He merely swallows this theory because there is something about that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.
要点:主句为" I applied"."Being...and wanting..."为分句短语作原因状语,"fearing"为分词作伴随状语.that引导的从句为"fearing"的宾语从句.
译文:我因为手头很拮据,同时也想干点有用的事,于是便提出了申请,但是提出申请时我也担心:自己一无学位二无教学经验,得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的.
要点:分词短语"leaving diamond-shaped spaces..."在句子中作补充说明状语.定语从句"which were decorated with precious stones and pieces of gold" 修饰"space". 译文:富有人的尸体用成匹的布料细心地包裹起来,留出一块钻石形状的空间用宝石及碎金将其装饰好.
要点:本句中because引导的是原因状语从句.省略了主语that/which的定语从句"appeals to..."修饰something. "there be +n..."结构是一种表达法.
译文:他丝毫不加怀疑地接受这一理论,只是因为这一理论中有一种迎合20世纪的精神力量.