心理学专业外语翻译第20页
Controversial applications of psychology ——psychometric testing Kline（1992）suggests that psychological tests fall into one of five categories：
●Ability tests—those measuring
intelligence，general reasoning，
verbal，numerical or spatial ability.
●Aptitude tests—those measuring
specialised skills , such as hand-eye
co-ordination or attention in pilot
selection .
●Personality tests –those measuring
traits or characteristics such as
Eysenck’s personality inventory
(which assesses extroversion, ect.).
●Motivational tests - those measuring
drive and interest for the purpose of
vocational guidance.
●Other tests –those measuring mental
disorders or learning deficits.
A psychometric test is one that measures some aspect of a person’s psychological functioning to provide a score which can
●enable comparisons to be made with
the scores of other people (some
tests are standardized around a
population
心理学应用的争议——心理测量
保罗·克兰（1922）提议将心理测量分为五种类型：
●能力测试——它们测量智力、一般
推理，语言、数字运算或空间关系
的能力。
●能力倾向测试——测试特殊能力，
像手眼协调能力或是飞行员选拔
中的注意力分配。
●人格测试——测试的是特质或特
性，像艾森克的人格问卷（用于评
估外倾力等等）
●动机测试——测试内驱力以及有
目标导向的兴趣
其它测试——测试精神疾病或学习障碍。
心理测试通过测量一个人心理机能的某些方面来得到一个分数。
这个分数可以用来与他人的进行比较（一些测验标准是依据人们的平均数或标准制定的，使得分数在比较中更为准确）
average or norm, enabling scores to be more accurately compared).
●enable predictions to be made
concerning future behavior and
performance .
Psychometric tests are, thus, obviously of use in selection purposes, to distinguish between individuals and to decide which are the most suitable for certain tasks, careers or special treatment. Given their significant potential importance, the key controversial issues become:
IS THE TEST FAIRLY CONDUCTED
The psychologist must take into account ●conditions of testing -which must be
the same for all those being tested
or differences may be due , for
example , to distractions
●experience of testing - experience of
testing may lead to better
performance due to practice , or just
familiarity leading to less anxiety .
●motivation and intentions of those
tested –unmotivated subjects will
perform under their
capability ,highly motivated subjects may give socially desirable answers or lie ●这些分数还可以对未来的行为和
成绩作出预测。
心理学测量常用在选拔性项目上，用来分辨个体间的不同，以确定哪一个人最适合特定任务，职业或是专业化操作。由于心理学测验具有重大的潜在价值，产生了以下争论：
测试的实施是否公平？
心理学家必须考虑
●测试条件——所用被试的测试条
件必须相同，或者说测试结果与预
期的不同是因为例如，注意力的分
配。
●测试经验——测试经验可能导致
较好的成绩，这是因为进行了练习
或者是因为熟悉性导致焦虑减少。
●被测者的动机和意图——动机不强的被试，成绩会在他们的能力之下，而动机过强的被试，可能会为给出社会所期望的答案或说谎。
IS THE TEST FAIRLY CONSTRUCTED?
Tests constructed to measure a universal ability should not be biased in favor of one type of population. This is especially important if tests are applied in cross-cultural contexts
IS THE TEST TECHNICALLY SOUND?
Tests need to show
validity–measure what they are supposed to measure
reliability–measure consistently and fairly
standardisation and discriminatory pow er –to be able to properly differentiate between subjects taking the test
ARE THE TEST RESULTS PROPERLY USED AND APPLIED? Psychologists should take care that they ●do not assume the results are
perfectly stable –abilities may
change over time, so a single
assessment may be unfair
●do not assume the results are perfectly predictive –there may not be a correspondence between test responses and real life behavior do not use the results to label people
测验的实施是否公平？
测量一般能力的测试所包含的成分不能偏向于支持一类人。这在测验应用于跨文化测试时显得尤为重要。
测试技术是否完善？
测试需要展示出
效度——测量它们被假定测试的。
信度——测量一致性和公正性。
标准化和分辨力——能将参加测验的被试进行合理的区分。
测试结果是否恰当使用及应用？
心理学家应该注意，
●不要假设结果是非常稳定的——
能力可能随时间而改变，所以，单
一的评估可能不公平。
●不要认为结果是完全具有可预测
性——测试的反应和真实的生活
行为可能不相符。不要用测验结果
给人们贴上标
●–negative as well as positive effects
can follow testing, e.g. a
self-fulfilling prophecy
●do not use the results to compare
people if the test was not devised
for the purpose –tests not
standardized on a common scale
should not be used to compare
different people, e.g. ipsative tests ●do not fail to take into account
other important factors, or use the
test results as the only source of
data
Given their potentially controversial aspects and applications, why are psychometric tests still employed? Psychometric testing has several advantages
●It is easy, quick and cheap to
conduct
●If the tests are well constructed they
can be more objective and fairer
than the subjective views of an
interviewer for selection purposes. They have been shown to be very useful for
a employers
b employees
c people suffering problems ●——消极影响和积极影响会伴随
测验而生，例如，自我实现的预言。
●不要用测验结果去比较人，如果测
验不是为了这个目的而设计的—
—没有用一个标准的等级尺度加
以标准化的测验不应该用于比较
不同的人。例如，自比测验
●不要忘了考虑其他重要的因素，并
且用测验结果作为唯一的数据源。
尽管考虑到心理测验存在潜在的有争议的方面和应用，为什么他们仍然会被采用呢？
心理测验有以下优点：
●实施起来简单，快捷，而且便宜。
●如果这些测试中成分能被很好的
建构，他们就会比采访者因为有选
择性的目的而进行的主观观点采
择更加的客观，公平。
心理测验对以下人员很有帮助：
a雇主
b 雇员
c 遭受麻烦的人
计算机专业毕业设计说明书外文翻译(中英对照)
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安全工程专业英语部分翻译
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效 Most senior executive 高级主管 Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识 Safety performance 安全性能 One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” 译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可，因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员，让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。 The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management. 译文：组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成：个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任，以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。 Unit 2 System Safety Engineering System safety engineering 系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果
计算机专业外文翻译--c 的起源一个小的历史
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毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
Unit5A-工商管理英语-第二版-课文翻译参考-雷涯邻主编-高等教育出版社
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计算机专业外文文献翻译6
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英语 安全工程专业翻译
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英语四六级段落翻译常用词汇：中国社会多元文化论 cultural pluralism 文化适应 acculturation 社会保障 social security 班车 shuttle bus 相定迁户 a relocated unit or household 大龄青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age 独生子女 the only child in a family 单亲 single parent 福利彩票 welfare lotteries 家政服务 household management service 民工 migrant laborers 名人 celebrity 农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labor/laborers 青春期 puberty 全民健身运动 nationwide fitness campaign 全国人口普查 nationwide census 社会保险 social insurance 暂住证 temporary residence permit/card 青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency 性骚扰 sexual harassment 走私 smuggling 性别歧视 gender/sexual discrimination 年龄歧视 age discrimination 工作歧视 job discrimination 享乐主义hedonism 文盲 illiteracy 贫富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor 盗版 pirated/illegal copies 一国两制 One Country, Two Systems 三个代表 the Three Represents Theory 两会（人大、政协）Two Conferences (NPC and CPPCC) 南南合作 South-South Cooperation 南北对话 North-South Dialog 人大常委会 People’s Congress Standing Committee 法制观念 awareness of law 法制国家 a country with an adequate legal system 改革开放 reform and opening-up 公务员 civil servants 官僚主义作风 the bureaucratic style of work 和谐并存 harmonious coexistence 计划生育 family planning 计划生育基本国策 the basic state policy of family planning
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
工商管理专业英语
工商管理专业英语重点 一．名词解释： 1.what is a manager? 答： A manager is a person who plans,organizes,directs,and controls the allocation of human ,material,financial,and information resources in pursuit of the organization’s goals. 2.What is the difference between middle managers and first-line managers? 答：The heavier emphasis onmanaging group performance and allocating resources represent the most important differences between first-line ang middle managers. 3.How can you characterize top-managers’ work? 答：Top managers spend most of their day(over 75 percent) planning and leading.pressures and demands on top managers can be intense. 4.What is the one of natural outcomes of outsourcing? 答：Modular corporations come into being. 二．选词填空 1.Adrian was in charge of the allocation of available funds. 2.Our firm is oriented towards the export side of the business. 3.The on-time delivery of goods is required in the contract. 4.The graphic display s will be heloful to illustrate the increase of the output. https://www.360docs.net/doc/7a3667129.html,panies cannot survive fierce competition without innovative personnels. 6.Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job. 7.The CEO and other high-level executives are often referred to as top management. 8.The tasks that managers do include planning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling the work of an organization. 9.Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area,such as accounting,humanresources,sales,finance,marketing,or production. 10.general managers are responsible for the operations of a more complex unit,such as a company or a division. 11.He carried out a number of frauds on trusting people who lent him money.. 12.He would not havesucceeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur. 13.They could not tell the commcnding officer from his subordinates. 14.The two old rivals vie for the frist place. 15.Some people cannot be trusted to work wihout supervision. 16.Half of the medical supplies have already been allocated to the victims of the earthquake. 17.Can you differentiate this kind of rose from the others? 18.The factory has laid off workers because of the drop in sales. 19.They were blame for their failure to hold down expenditure. 20.The company has slashed the costs of the project in order to seize the last chance to survive. 21.The company is try ing to diversify its range of products so that they can get more market shares. 22.Mr. Black realized that his company was in dire straits and it went bey ond him to deal with the whole situation. 23.Tom, my next door neighbor, is exempt form military service because of his poor health. 24.With the economic environment improved , his company’s sale in that area is getting less susceptible to the crisis. 25.Mr.White declared that he was not liable for his partner’s debts.