被动语态语法知识系统归纳完整版
被动语态语法知识系统
归纳
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被动语态语法知识系统归纳
定义
（1）英语的语态共有两种：和被动语态。
（2）被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。
（3）被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。
（4）疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。
类型
一般类型
1、一般现在时：
主：We believe him.
被：He is believed by us.
2、一般过去时：
主：He bought his children some pens.
被：Some pens were bought for his children by him.
3、一般将来时：
主：Everyone will know the truth soon .
被：The truth will be known by everyone.
4、现在进行时：
主动：The workers are repairing the main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute.
被动：The main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute is being repaired by the workers.
5、过去进行时：
主：They were carrying the hurt player.
被：The hurt player was being carried by them .
6、现在完成时：
主：He has received the letter.
被：The letter has been received by him.
7、过去完成时：
主：They had built ten bridges.
被：Ten bridges had been built by them
特殊类型
1、疑问句和否定句的被动语态
What kind of device is needed to make the control system simple?
My car was not repaired yesterday.
2、含情态动词和等的被动态
带情态动词和等的被动态如何处理比较复杂，要随新的来变化。
主动：We shall not use the washing machine again.
被动：The washing machine will not be used again.
主动：We shall take more measures to prevent corrosion.
被动：More measures will be taken to prevent corrosion.
3.含情态动词的疑问句和否定句的被动语态
Must this work be done at once？
Should your homework be finished before six？
When must this work be done
This dustbin shouldn't be put here．
4、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。有：
It is said that…据说……
It is reported that…据报道……
It is believed that…大家相信……
It is hoped that…大家希望……
It is well-known that…众所周知……
It is thought that…大家认为……
It is suggested that…据建议……
主动语态变被动语态特殊句型
1.如果是接双宾语的改为被动语态时，（物）作主语，那么动词后要用，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 2.一些用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care
of by the nurse.
3. 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，
其余不动。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
主动语态表示被动含义
1、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。The door won't lock．（指门本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked．（指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
（1）表示“发生、进行”（即多数的）的不及物动词和短语无被动语态，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
（错）The accident was happened last week.
（对）The accident happened last week.
（2）英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth washes well.
（3）系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, look, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
2.动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义
（1）在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
（2）形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
The picture-book is well worth reading．（=The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）
（3）动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．(to do与things是动宾关系，与I 是主谓关系。) 试比较：
I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted (此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
（4）在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting 等。例
This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.
（5）在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
（6）在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例
There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁lost time不明确。）
3.介词in，on等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。
（1）“under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion （在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。
The building is under construction.
（2）“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control （无法控制），beyond our hope．我们的成功始料不及。
The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
（3）“above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过……、高于……”。
His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
（4）“for+名词”结构，表示“适于……、为着……”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
（5）“in+名词”结构，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。
The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)